14

to be apostolic. For to vote for oneself, and to take no one as a partner in one's opinion, seems to be a matter of folly. For I have seen, it says, a man who seemed to be wise in his own eyes, but the fool has more hope than he; and, Woe to them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight; and he himself again, Be not wise in your own conceits. 10. Therefore, one who has heard so many things from others, and who himself exhorts others to the same things, would not have fallen into these errors—not Paul, nor even any ordinary man. But as I said, this saying, when examined by itself, can both lie in wait and be an offense to some of the hearers; but if we add the reason for which these things were said, all will both applaud and admire 61.629 the one who said them.

Let us therefore do this. For one must not examine the words by themselves, since many errors will follow; nor scrutinize the expression by itself, but pay attention to the mind of the writer. For even in our own conversations, if we do not use this method and examine the mind of the speaker, we will incur many enmities, and everything will be overturned. And what need to speak of words, when even in the case of actions, if one does not observe this rule, all things will be turned upside down? For both physicians cut and break some bones, and robbers often do these things. Of how great misery would it be, then, if we could not distinguish a robber from a physician? Again, murderers and martyrs endure the same pains when being tortured; but great is the difference between them. And if we do not maintain this rule, we will not be able to know these things, but we will call Elijah a murderer, and Samuel and Phinehas, and Abraham a child-killer, if we were to examine their actions by themselves, without adding to them the intention of the doers. Let us examine, therefore, the mind of Paul, from which he wrote these things; let us see his purpose, and what it was in general concerning the apostles, and then we will know from what intention these things were said. For neither did he say these things, nor the previous ones, to disparage them, nor to praise himself; for how could he, when he even anathematized himself? but everywhere preserving the security of the Gospel. For since those who were ravaging the Church said that one must follow the apostles who did not forbid these things, not Paul who did forbid them, and from this the Judaizing error was gradually being introduced, he is compelled to stand nobly against these things, not wishing to speak ill of the apostles, but wishing to suppress the folly of those who were not rightly exalting themselves. For this reason he says, I did not confer with flesh and blood. For it was the height of absurdity for one who had learned from God to then confer with men. For one who learns from men rightly takes men as partners again; but one who was deemed worthy of that divine and blessed voice, and was taught all things by him who holds the treasure of wisdom, for what reason would he then confer with men? For such a person would rightly not learn from men, but teach men. Therefore, he did not say these things out of recklessness, but in order to show the authority of his own preaching. Nor did I go up, he says, to those who were apostles before me. For since they were saying this up and down, that they were before him, they were called before him, I did not go up to them, he says. For if it had been necessary to communicate with them, he who revealed the preaching to him would have commanded this of him also. 61.630 What then, did he not go up there? And yet he did go up, and not simply, but to learn something from them. When? When in the city of the Antiochenes, in the Church which from the beginning had shown much zeal, a dispute arose about this very matter now before us, and they were seeking

14

εἶναι τοῦ ἀποστολικοῦ. Τὸ γὰρ ἑαυτῷ ψηφίζεσθαι, καὶ μηδένα λαμβάνειν κοινωνὸν τῆς γνώμης, ἀνοίας εἶναι δοκεῖ. Εἶδον γὰρ, φησὶν, ἄνθρωπον φρόνιμον δόξαντα εἶναι παρ' ἑαυτῷ, ἐλπίδα δὲ ἔχει μᾶλλον αὐτοῦ ὁ ἄφρων· καὶ, Οὐαὶ οἱ συνετοὶ παρ' ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν ἐπιστήμονες· καὶ αὐτὸς πάλιν, Μὴ γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι παρ' ἑαυτοῖς. ιʹ. Οὐκ ἂν οὖν ὁ τοσαῦτα παρ' ἑτέρων ἀκούσας, καὶ αὐτὸς τὰ αὐτὰ παραινῶν ἑτέροις, τούτοις περιέπεσεν, οὐχ ὅτι Παῦλος, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ὁ τυχὼν ἄνθρωπος. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἔφην, γυμνὴ μὲν αὕτη ἐξεταζομένη ἡ ῥῆσις καὶ ὑφορμεῖν καὶ προσίστασθαι δύναταί τισι τῶν ἀκροατῶν· ἂν δὲ τὴν αἰτίαν προσθῶμεν δι' ἣν ταῦτα ἐλέγετο, καὶ κροτήσουσι καὶ θαυμάσονται πάντες 61.629 τὸν εἰρηκότα.

Τοῦτο τοίνυν ποιῶμεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ δεῖ τὰ ῥήματα γυμνὰ ἐξετάζειν, ἐπεὶ πολλὰ ἕψεται τὰ ἁμαρτήματα· οὐδὲ τὴν λέξιν καθ' ἑαυτὴν βασανίζειν, ἀλλὰ τῇ διανοίᾳ προσέχειν τοῦ γράφοντος. Καὶ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς ἡμετέραις διαλέξεσιν, ἂν μὴ τούτῳ ὦμεν κεχρημένοι τῷ τρόπῳ, καὶ τὴν γνώμην ἐξετάζωμεν τοῦ λέγοντος, πολλὰς ὑποστησόμεθα τὰς ἀπεχθείας, καὶ πάντα ἀνατραπήσεται. Καὶ τί δεῖ λέγειν ἐπὶ ῥημάτων, ὅπου καὶ ἐπὶ πραγμάτων ἂν μή τις τὸν κανόνα τοῦτον φυλάττῃ, πάντα ἄνω καὶ κάτω γενήσεται; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἰατροὶ καὶ τέμνουσι καὶ διακλῶσί τινα τῶν ὀστέων, καὶ λῃσταὶ ταῦτα ποιοῦσι πολλάκις. Πόσης οὖν ἀθλιότητος ἂν εἴη, ὅταν λῃστὴν καὶ ἰατρὸν μὴ δυνηθῶμεν διελεῖν; Πάλιν ἀνδροφόνοι καὶ μάρτυρες τὰς αὐτὰς ὑπομένουσιν ὀδύνας βασανιζόμενοι· ἀλλὰ πολὺ τὸ μέσον ἑκατέρων. Κἂν μὴ τοῦτον διατηρῶμεν τὸν κανόνα, οὐ δυνησόμεθα εἰδέναι ταῦτα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν Ἠλίαν ἀνδροφόνον ἐροῦμεν, καὶ τὸν Σαμουὴλ καὶ τὸν Φινεὲς, τὸν δὲ Ἀβραὰμ καὶ παιδοκτόνον, εἰ τὰ πράγματα μέλλοιμεν ἐξετάζειν γυμνὰ, μὴ προστιθέντες αὐτοῖς τὴν τῶν ποιούντων γνώμην. Ἐξετάσωμεν τοίνυν καὶ τοῦ Παύλου τὴν διάνοιαν, ἀφ' ἧς ταῦτα ἔγραφεν· ἴδωμεν αὐτοῦ τὸν σκοπὸν, καὶ τίς ἦν διόλου περὶ τοὺς ἀποστόλους, καὶ τότε εἰσόμεθα ταῦτα ἐκ ποίας ἐλέγετο γνώμης. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξευτελίζων ἐκείνους, οὔτε ἑαυτὸν ἐπαινῶν, οὔτε ταῦτα εἴρηκεν, οὔτε τὰ πρότερα· πῶς γὰρ, ὅπου καὶ ἑαυτὸν ἀνεθεμάτισεν; ἀλλὰ πανταχοῦ τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἀσφάλειαν διατηρῶν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἔλεγον οἱ τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν πορθοῦντες, ὅτι Τοῖς ἀποστόλοις ἕπεσθαι δεῖ τοῖς μὴ κωλύουσι ταῦτα, οὐχὶ τῷ Παύλῳ τῷ κωλύοντι, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ κατὰ μικρὸν ἡ Ἰουδαϊκὴ πλάνη εἰσήγετο, ἀναγκάζεται στῆναι πρὸς ταῦτα γενναίως, οὐ τοὺς ἀποστόλους εἰπεῖν κακῶς βουλόμενος, ἀλλὰ τῶν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἐπαιρόντων ἑαυτοὺς τὴν ἄνοιαν καταστεῖλαι βουλόμενος. ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησιν, Οὐ προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι. Καὶ γὰρ ἦν ἀτοπίας ἐσχάτης τὸν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ μαθόντα, ἀνθρώποις ἀνατίθεσθαι λοιπόν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ παρὰ ἀνθρώπων μανθάνων, εἰκότως ἀνθρώπους λαμβάνει κοινωνοὺς πάλιν· ὁ δὲ τῆς θείας ἐκείνης καὶ μακαρίας ἀξιωθεὶς φωνῆς, καὶ παρ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ τὸν θησαυρὸν ἔχοντος τῆς σοφίας πάντα διδαχθεὶς, τίνος ἕνεκεν λοιπὸν ἀνθρώποις ἀνετίθετο; Ὁ γὰρ τοιοῦτος οὐ μανθάνειν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλὰ διδάσκειν ἀνθρώπους δίκαιος ἂν εἴη. Οὐ τοίνυν ἀπονοίας ἕνεκεν ταῦτα ἔλεγεν, ἀλλ' ὥστε δεῖξαι τοῦ οἰκείου κηρύγματος τὸ ἀξίωμα. Οὐδὲ ἀνῆλθον, φησὶ, πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀποστόλους. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἄνω καὶ κάτω τοῦτο ἔλεγον, ὅτι πρὸ αὐτοῦ ἦσαν ἐκεῖνοι, πρὸ αὐτοῦ ἐκλήθησαν, οὐκ ἀνῆλθον πρὸς ἐκείνους, φησίν. Εἰ δὲ ἐχρῆν αὐτοῖς κοινώσασθαι, ὁ ἀποκαλύψας αὐτῷ τὸ κήρυγμα, καὶ τοῦτο ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκέλευσε. 61.630 Τί οὖν, οὐκ ἀνῆλθεν ἐκεῖ; Καὶ μὴν ἀνῆλθε, καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ μαθησόμενός τι παρ' αὐτῶν. Πότε; Ὅτε ἐν τῇ πόλει τῶν Ἀντιοχέων, τῇ τὸν πολὺν ζῆλον ἄνωθεν ἐπιδειξαμένῃ Ἐκκλησίᾳ, γέγονε περὶ αὐτοῦ τούτου τοῦ νῦν προκειμένου, καὶ ἐζήτουν