her lion that was killed by Heracles? What profit would there be in Attic diction and heaps of philosophers and plausible syllogisms and measures of the earth and positions of the stars and courses of the sun? For to be occupied with such an inquiry is the work of one who legislates his own doctrines for himself. 28.1 For this reason I also condemned the legislation among you. For there ought to have been one and a common polity for all; but now, as many as are the kinds of cities, so many are the enactments of laws, with the result that what is shameful among some is excellent among others. At any rate, the Greeks think it is to be avoided to have intercourse with a mother, but such a practice is most excellent among the Persian magi; and pederasty is prosecuted by barbarians, but has been deemed worthy of privilege by the Romans, who try to collect herds of boys just like brood mares. Having seen these things, then, and having also partaken of the mysteries and examined the religions among all peoples, which are established by effeminates and androgynes, and having found among the Romans their Latiarian Zeus delighting in human gore and the blood from slaughters, and Artemis not far from the great city taking up the same sort of practices, and another demon elsewhere working the uprisings of evil-doing, having come to myself, I sought in what way I might be able to discover the truth. And as I was considering serious matters, it happened that I came upon certain barbaric writings, older in comparison to the doctrines of the Greeks, and more divine in comparison to their error; and I happened to be persuaded by them because of the 29.2 lack of pretension in the language and the artlessness of the speakers and the easy comprehension of the creation of the universe and the foreknowledge of future events and the extraordinariness of the precepts and the doctrine of a single ruler over all. And when my soul became taught of God, I understood that the one set of doctrines leads to condemnation, but the other set frees us from the slavery that is in the world and rescues us from many rulers and ten thousand tyrants, and gives us not what we had not received, but what we, having received, were prevented by error from possessing. 30.1 Having then apprehended these things, I wish to put off *** like infant babes. For we know the constitution of wickedness is like that of the smallest seeds, since through a small occasion this has been strengthened, but will in turn be dissolved again, if we obey the word of God and do not scatter ourselves. For through a certain hidden treasure he has gained power over what is ours, and while digging for it we have been filled with dust, and we have furnished him with the occasion for his existence. For everyone who accepts his own possession has mastered the power of the more precious wealth. Let these things, then, be said to our own people; but to you Greeks, what else can I say than not to revile what is better, nor, if they 30.2 are called barbarians, to take this as an occasion for mockery? For you will be able to find the reason why all are not able to understand one another's dialect, if you wish; for to those wishing to examine our doctrines I will make the narrative easy and abundant. 31.1 But now I think it is fitting for me to show that our philosophy is older than the practices among the Greeks; and our boundaries will be set by Moses and Homer. For since each of them is most ancient, the one being the most ancient of poets and historians, and the other the originator of all barbarian wisdom, let them now be taken by us for a comparison; for we shall find that our doctrines are superior not only to the learning of the Greeks, but also to the invention of letters. And I will not take witnesses from our own people, but will rather make use of Greek helpers. For what is unjudged is not even acceptable by us, but what is proved will be wonderful, when, resisting you with your own weapons, I receive from 31.2 you refutations that are above suspicion. For concerning the poetry of Homer, and his lineage and the time in which he flourished, there have investigated before us the most ancient writers, Theagenes of Rhegium, who lived in the time of Cambyses, and Stesimbrotus the Thasian and Antimachus the Colophonian

αὐτῆς λέοντα τὸν ὑφ' Ἡρακλέους φονευθέντα; τί δ' ἂν ὠφελήσειε λέξις Ἀττικὴ καὶ φιλοσόφων σωρεία καὶ συλλογισμῶν πιθανότητες καὶ μέτρα γῆς καὶ ἄστρων θέσεις καὶ ἡλίου δρόμοι; τὸ γὰρ περὶ τοιαύτην ἀσχολεῖσθαι ζήτησιν νομοθετοῦντός ἐστιν ἔργον ἑαυτῷ τὰ δόγματα. 28.1 ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῆς παρ' ὑμῖν κατέγνων νομοθεσίας. μίαν μὲν γὰρ ἐχρῆν εἶναι καὶ κοινὴν ἁπάντων τὴν πολιτείαν· νυνὶ δὲ ὅσα γένη πόλεων, τοσαῦται καὶ τῶν νόμων θέσεις ὡς εἶναι τὰ παρ' ἐνίοις αἰσχρὰ παρά τισι σπουδαῖα. νομίζουσιν γοῦν Ἕλληνες φευκτὸν εἶναι τὸ συγγενέσθαι μητρί, κάλλιστον δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν ἐπιτήδευμα παρὰ τοῖς Περσῶν μάγοις· καὶ παιδεραστία μὲν ὑπὸ βαρβάρων διώκεται, προνομίας δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων ἠξίωται, παίδων ἀγέλας ὥσπερ ἵππων φορβάδων συναγείρειν αὐτῶν πειρωμένων. Ταῦτ' οὖν ἰδών, ἔτι δὲ καὶ μυστηρίων μεταλαβὼν καὶ τὰς παρὰ πᾶσι θρησκείας δοκιμάσας διὰ θηλυδριῶν καὶ ἀνδρογύνων συνισταμένας, εὑρὼν δὲ παρὰ μὲν Ῥωμαίοις τὸν κατ' αὐτοὺς Λατιάριον ∆ία λύθροις ἀνθρώπων καὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνδροκτασιῶν αἵμασι τερπόμενον, Ἄρτεμιν δὲ οὐ μακρὰν τῆς μεγάλης πόλεως τῶν αὐτῶν πράξεων ἐπανῃρημένην τὸ εἶδος ἄλλον τε ἀλλαχῆ δαίμονα κακοπραγίας ἐπαναστάσεις πραγματευόμενον, κατ' ἐμαυτὸν γενόμενος ἐζήτουν ὅτῳ τρόπῳ τἀληθὲς ἐξευρεῖν δύνωμαι. περινοοῦντι δέ μοι τὰ σπουδαῖα συνέβη γραφαῖς τισιν ἐντυχεῖν βαρβαρικαῖς, πρεσβυτέραις μὲν ὡς πρὸς τὰ Ἑλλήνων δόγματα, θειοτέραις δὲ ὡς πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων πλάνην· καί μοι πεισθῆναι ταύταις συνέβη διά τε τῶν λέξεων 29.2 τὸ ἄτυφον καὶ τῶν εἰπόντων τὸ ἀνεπιτήδευτον καὶ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς ποιήσεως τὸ εὐκατάληπτον καὶ τῶν μελλόντων τὸ προγνωστικὸν καὶ τῶν παραγγελμάτων τὸ ἐξαίσιον καὶ τῶν ὅλων τὸ μοναρχικόν. θεοδιδάκτου δέ μου γενομένης τῆς ψυχῆς συνῆκα ὅτι τὰ μὲν καταδίκης ἔχει τρόπον, τὰ δὲ ὅτι λύει τὴν ἐν κόσμῳ δουλείαν καὶ ἀρχόντων μὲν πολλῶν καὶ μυρίων ἡμᾶς ἀποσπᾷ τυράννων, δίδωσι δὲ ἡμῖν οὐχ ὅπερ μὴ ἐλάβομεν, ἀλλ' ὅπερ λαβόντες ὑπὸ τῆς πλάνης ἔχειν ἐκωλύθημεν. 30.1 Τούτων οὖν τὴν κατάληψιν πεποιημένος βούλομαι καθάπερ τὰ νήπια τῶν βρεφῶν *** _ἀ_π_ο_δ_ύ_σ_α_σ_θ_α_ι. τὴν γὰρ τῆς πονηρίας σύστασιν ἐοικυῖαν τῇ τῶν βραχυτάτων σπερμάτων ἴσμεν ἅτε διὰ μικρᾶς ἀφορμῆς τούτου κρατυνθέντος, πάλιν δ' αὖ λυθησομένου, ἡμῶν πειθομένων λόγῳ θεοῦ καὶ μὴ σκορπιζόντων ἑαυτούς. διά τινος γὰρ _ἀ_π_ο_κ_ρ_ύ_φ_ο_υ_ _θ_η_σ_α_υ_ρ_ο_ῦ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐπεκράτησεν, ὃν ὀρύττοντες κονιορτοῦ μὲν ἡμεῖς ἐνεπλήσθημεν, τούτῳ δὲ τοῦ συνεστάναι τὴν ἀφορμὴν παρέσχομεν. τὸ γὰρ αὑτοῦ πᾶς ὁ ἀποδεχόμενος κτῆμα τοῦ πολυτιμοτέρου πλούτου τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐχειρώσατο. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν πρὸς τοὺς ἡμῶν οἰκείους εἰρήσθω· πρὸς δὲ ὑμᾶς τοὺς Ἕλληνας τί ἂν ἕτερον ἢ τὸ μὴ τοῖς κρείττοσιν λοιδορεῖσθαι μηδ', εἰ βάρβαροι 30.2 λέγοιντο, ταύτην λαμβάνειν τῆς χλεύης τὴν ἀφορμήν; τοῦ γὰρ πάντας ἀλλήλων ἐπακούειν τῆς διαλέκτου μὴ δύνασθαι τὴν αἰτίαν εὑρεῖν, ἢν ἐθέλητε, δυνήσεσθε· τοῖς ἐξετάζειν γὰρ βουλομένοις τὰ ἡμέτερα ῥᾳδίαν καὶ ἄφθονον ποιήσομαι τὴν διήγησιν. 31.1 Νῦν δὲ προσήκειν μοι νομίζω παραστῆσαι πρεσβυτέραν τὴν ἡμετέραν φιλοσοφίαν τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἐπιτηδευμάτων· ὅροι δὲ ἡμῖν κείσονται Μωυσῆς καὶ Ὅμηρος. τῷ γὰρ ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν εἶναι παλαίτατον καὶ τὸν μὲν ποιητῶν καὶ ἱστορικῶν εἶναι πρεσβύτατον, τὸν δὲ πάσης βαρβάρου σοφίας ἀρχηγόν, καὶ ὑφ' ἡμῶν νῦν εἰς σύγκρισιν παραλαμβανέσθωσαν· εὑρήσομεν γὰρ οὐ μόνον τῆς Ἑλλήνων παιδείας τὰ παρ' ἡμῖν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῆς τῶν γραμμάτων εὑρέσεως ἀνώτερα. μάρτυρας δὲ οὐ τοὺς οἴκοι παραλήψομαι, βοηθοῖς δὲ μᾶλλον Ἕλλησι καταχρήσομαι. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἄγνωμον, ὅτι μηδὲ ὑφ' ἡμῶν παραδεκτόν, τὸ δ' ἂν ἀποδεικνύηται θαυμαστόν, ὅτ' ἂν ὑμῖν διὰ τῶν ὑμετέρων ὅπλων ἀντερείδων ἀνυπόπτους παρ' 31.2 ὑμῶν τοὺς ἐλέγχους λαμβάνω. περὶ γὰρ τῆς Ὁμήρου ποιήσεως γένους τε αὐτοῦ καὶ χρόνου καθ' ὃν ἤκμασεν προηρεύνησαν πρεσβύτατοι μὲν Θεαγένης τε ὁ Ῥηγῖνος κατὰ Καμβύσην γεγονὼς καὶ Στησίμβροτος ὁ Θάσιος καὶ Ἀντίμαχος ὁ Κολοφώνιος