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When he died, Marwan holds power for six years. And when Marwan died, Abdallah becomes lord of the dominion of the Arabs, and holds it for 21 years. When he died, Mahdi becomes leader of the Arabs, and holds power for nine years. When he passed away, Harun becomes lord of the dominion of the Arabs, and holds power for 23 years. In this time, that is, of the dominion of the Romans *** of Irene and Constantine, in the year 6388 from the creation of the world. And in the same year Harun, the leader of the Arabs, died in inner Persia, the one called Khorasan, and Muhammad, his son, succeeded to the rule, being inept in all things and incoherent, against whom Abdallah, his brother, having rebelled from the same country of Khorasan along with the paternal forces, became the cause of civil war. And from there those in Syria and Egypt and Libya, having been cut up into different dominions, destroyed both public affairs and one another, being confounded by slaughters and plunderings and all sorts of outrages both toward themselves and the Christians under them. Where indeed also the churches in the holy city of Christ our God were desolated, and the monasteries of the two great lauras, of Chariton and Cyriacus among the saints and of Saint Sabas, and the other coenobia of Saints Euthymius and Theodosius. And the slaughter among one another and against us from such an anarchy prevailed for five years. Thus far Theophanes among the saints, who established the monastery of the so-called Great Field, chronicled the times of the Arabs, being the maternal uncle of the great and pious and most Christian emperor Constantine, son of Leo, the most wise and good emperor, and grandson of Basil, who of blessed memory held the scepters of the Roman empire. 23 Concerning Iberia and Hispania. There are two Iberias: the one towards the Pillars of Heracles, from the Iberus river, which Apollodorus mentions in the second book of *On the Earth*: "And within the Pyrenees is the great Iberus river, carried further inward." And they say that many nations of this land are distinguished, just as † Herodotus † has written in the tenth book of his *History concerning Heracles* thus: "This Iberian race, which I say inhabits the coastal regions of the voyage through, is distinguished by names, being one race according to its tribes: first, those dwelling in the outermost parts towards the west are called Cynetes (and from them, going now toward the north, Gletes); and after them Tartessians; and after them Elbysinians; and after them Mastieni; and after them Celciani; and then † the Hediorodanos †." And Artemidorus in the second book of the *Geographoumena* says it is divided thus: "And from the Pyrenees mountains as far as the places around Gadeira inward it is synonymously called both Iberia and Hispania. And it has been divided by the Romans into two provinces *** extending from the Pyrenees mountains all {and} as far as New Carthage and the sources of the Baetis, and of the second province the parts as far as Gadeira and Lusitania." It is also called Iberites. Parthenius in the *Leucadian Women*: "He will sail on the Iberian shore." And the other Iberia is towards the Persians. The nation is Iberes, like Pieres, Byzeres. Dionysius: "Near the pillars, the nation of the great-souled Iberians." And Aristophanes in *Triphales*: "Learning of the Iberians of Aristarchus long ago" and "That the Iberians, whom you supply me, help at a run." And Artemidorus in the second of the *Geographoumena*: "And those of the Iberians who live by the sea use the writing of the Italians." And from the genitive *Iberos*, the feminine *Iberis*. "A Greek woman, not an Iberian" Menander in *The Shield* It is also called *Iberikos*: "† First indeed from someone † Iberian for beginners." And Iberia was divided into two, but now into three, as Marcian in his *Periplus* of it: "Previously, then, Iberia was divided into two by the Romans, but now into three: Baetican Spania and Spania and Tarraconensis." From the genitive *Iberos* a nominative, Apollonius, as *tes phylakos*, *ho phylakos*. In his *On Paronyms* he says: "Nominatives are derived from genitives, † the water indeed † two syllables similarly to the nominative paroxytone in accent, and either in

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τελευτήσαντος, κρατεῖ τῆς ἀρχῆς Μαρουὰμ ἔτη ἕξ. Μαρουὰμ δὲ τελευτήσαντος, Ἀβδελᾶς τῆς τῶν Ἀράβων ἀρχῆς κύριος γίνεται, καὶ κρατεῖ ἔτη καʹ. Τούτου τελευτήσαντος, Μαδὶς ἀρχηγὸς Ἀράβων γίνεται, καὶ κρατεῖ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἔτη ἐννέα. Τούτου παρελθόντος, Ἀρὼν τῆς τῶν Ἀράβων ἀρχῆς κύριος γίνεται, καὶ κρατεῖ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἔτη κγʹ. Ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ, ἤγουν τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχῆς *** Εἰρήνης καὶ Κωνσταντίνου, ἔτους ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου σπηʹ. Τῷ δ' αὐτῷ ἔτει Ἀαρών, ὁ τῶν Ἀράβων ἀρχηγός, τέθνηκεν εἰς τὴν ἐνδοτέραν Περσίδα, τὴν καλουμένην Χωρασάν, καὶ διεδέξατο τὴν ἀρχὴν Μοάμεδ, ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, ἀφυὴς κατὰ πάντα καὶ ἀσυνάρτητος ὑπάρχων, πρὸς ὃν Ἀβδελᾶς, ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ, στασιάσας ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς χώρας τοῦ Χωρασὰν ἅμα ταῖς πατρικαῖς δυνάμεσιν, ἐμφυλίου πολέμου γέγονεν αἴτιος. Κἀντεῦθεν οἱ κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν καὶ Αἴγυπτον καὶ Λιβύην εἰς διαφόρους κατατμηθέντες ἀρχὰς τά τε δημόσια πράγματα καὶ ἀλλήλους κατέστρεψαν, σφαγαῖς καὶ ἁρπαγαῖς καὶ παντοίαις ἀτοπίαις πρός τε ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τοὺς ὑπ' αὐτοὺς Χριστιανοὺς συγκεχυμένοι. Ἔνθα δὴ καὶ αἱ κατὰ τὴν ἁγίαν Χριστοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν πόλιν ἐκκλησίαι ἠρήμωνται, τά τε μοναστήρια τῶν δύο μεγάλων λαυρῶν, τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις Χαρίτωνος καὶ Κυριακοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου Σάβα, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ κοινόβια τῶν ἁγίων Εὐθυμίου καὶ Θεοδοσίου. Ἐπεκράτησεν δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης ἀναρχίας ἡ κατ' ἀλλήλων καὶ ἡμῶν μιαιφονία ἔτη πέντε. Ἕως ὧδε ἐκανόνισεν τοὺς χρόνους τῶν Ἀράβων ὁ ἐν ἁγίοις Θεοφάνης, ὁ τὴν μονὴν συστήσας τοῦ καλουμένου μεγάλου Ἀγροῦ, μητρόθειος τυγχάνων τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ εὐσεβοῦς καὶ χριστιανικωτάτου βασιλέως Κωνσταντίνου, υἱοῦ Λέοντος, τοῦ σοφωτάτου καὶ ἀγαθοῦ βασιλέως, ἐγγόνου δὲ Βασιλείου, τοῦ ἐν μακαρίᾳ τῇ μνήμῃ τὰ σκῆπτρα τῆς τῶν Ῥωμαίων βασιλείας κρατήσαντος. 23 Περὶ Ἰβηρίας καὶ Ἱσπανίας. Ἰβηρίαι δύο· ἡ μὲν πρὸς ταῖς Ἡρακλείαις στήλαις, ἀπὸ Ἴβηροςποταμοῦ, οὗ μέμνηται Ἀπολλόδωρος ἐν τῇ Περὶ γῆς βʹ· "Ἐντὸς δὲ Πυρήνης Ἴβηρ τ' ἐστὶ μέγας ποταμὸς φερόμενος ἐνδοτέρω." Ταύτης δὲ πολλά φασιν ἔθνη διαιρεῖσθαι, καθάπερ † Ἡρόδοτος † ἐν τῇ ιʹ Τῇ καθ' Ἡρακλέα γέγραφεν ἱστορίᾳ οὕτως· "Τὸ δὲ Ἰβηρικὸν γένος τοῦτο, ὅπερ φημὶ οἰκεῖν τὰ παράλια τοῦ διάπλου, διώρισται ὀνόμασιν ἓν γένος ἐὸν κατὰ φῦλα· πρῶτον μὲν οἱ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐσχάτοις οἰκοῦντες τὰ πρὸς δυσμέων Κύνητες ὀνομάζονται (ἀπ' ἐκείνων δὲ ἤδη πρὸς βορέαν ἰόντι Γλῆτες)· μετὰ δὲ Ταρτήσιοι· μετὰ δὲ Ἐλευσίνιοι· μετὰ δὲ Μαστινοί· μετὰ δὲ Κελκιανοί· ἔπειτα δὲ † ἡδιορόδανος †." Ἀρτεμίδωρος δὲ ἐν τῇ βʹ τῶν Γεωγραφουμένων οὕτως διαιρεῖσθαί φησιν· "Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἕως τῶν κατὰ Γάδειρα τόπων ἐνδοτέρω καὶ συνωνύμως Ἰβηρία τε καὶ Ἱσπανία καλεῖται. ∆ιῄρηται δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων εἰς δύοἐπαρχίας *** διατείνουσα ἀπὸ τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν ἅπασα {καὶ} μέχρι τῆς Καινῆς Καρχηδόνος καὶ τῶν τοῦ Βαίτιος πηγῶν, τῆς δὲ δευτέρας ἐπαρχίας τὰ μέχρι Γαδείρων καὶ Λυσιτανίας." Λέγεται δὲ καὶ Ἰβηρίτης. Παρθένιος ἐν Λευκαδίαις· "Ἰβηρίτῃ πλεύσει ἐν αἰγιαλῷ." Ἡ δ' ἑτέραἸβηρία πρὸς Πέρσας ἐστίν. Τὸ ἔθνος Ἴβηρες, ὡς Πίερες, Βύζηρες. ∆ιονύσιος· "Ἀγχοῦ στηλάων μεγαθύμων ἔθνος Ἰβήρων." Καὶ Ἀριστφάνης Τριφάλητι· "Μανθάνοντες τοὺς Ἴβηρας τοὺς Ἀριστάρχου πάλαι" καὶ "Τοὺς Ἴβηρας, οὓς χορηγεῖς μοι, βοηθῆσαι δρόμῳ." Καὶ Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἐν δευτέρῳ Γεωγραφουμένων· "Γραμματικῇ δὲ χρῶνται τῇ τῶν Ἰταλῶν οἱ παρὰ θάλατταν οἰκοῦντες τῶν Ἰβήρων." Καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἴβηροςγενικῆς Ἰβηρὶς τὸ θηλυκόν. "Ἑλληνίς, οὐκ Ἰβηρίς" Μένανδρος Ἀσπίδι Λέγεται καὶ Ἰβηρικός· "† Πρῶτος μὲν πρός τινος † Ἰβηρικὸς ἀρχομένοισι." ∆ιῃρεῖτο δὲ ἡ Ἰβηρία εἰς δύο, νῦν δὲ εἰς τρεῖς, ὡς Μαρκιανὸς ἐν Περίπλῳ αὐτῆς· "Πρότερον μὲν οὖν ἡ Ἰβηρία εἰς δύο διῃρεῖτο ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων, νυνὶ δὲ εἰς τρεῖς· Βαιτικὴν Σπανίαν καὶ Σπανίαν καὶ Ταρρακωνησίαν." Ἀπὸ τῆς γενικῆς Ἴβηρος εὐθεῖαν Ἀπολλώνιος, ὡς τῆςφύλακος ὁ φύλακος. Ἐν τοῖς Παρωνύμοις φησίν· "Ἀπὸ γενικῶν εὐθεῖαι παράγονται, † τὸ μὲν ὕδωρ † δύο συλλαβὰς ὁμοίως τῇ εὐθείᾳ κατὰ τὸν τόνον παροξυνόμενον, καὶ ἢ ἐν