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from another source, but from its having been composed by him in reply 1.1.61 to the former speech. For that speech had the name 20Apology20; but when our teacher objected, that an apology is appropriate only for those who are accused, and if someone wrote on his own authority, the thing being composed is something else and not an apology, he does not argue against the point that one ought not to make an apology in response to a pre-existing accusation, because of the obvious absurdity, but he says that as one accused of the greatest crimes he made his apology in response to the judgment brought against him. But how much falsehood there is in these things, I think, will become very clear from the very things that have been said. 1.1.62 He alleged that 20many and unbearable sufferings20 had been inflicted on him by those who condemned him; and it is possible to learn these things from the very writings composed by him. How then did he suffer these things, if indeed he had made an apology for the charges? For if he had used the apology to escape the charges, that tragic tale is certainly false and has been fabricated in vain; but if he suffered the things he said, it is clear that he suffered because he had not 1.1.63 made an apology. For this is the purpose of every apology: not to allow those in control of the vote to be deceived by slander; unless perhaps he will attempt to say this, that he put forward the apology at the trial, but being unable to win over those chosen to judge, he was defeated by his opponents. But he neither said any such thing at the trial, nor was he about to. For how could he? since he confesses somewhere in his writing that he was unwilling to use his enemies and foes as judges; 20For we20, he says, 20admit that we were condemned while silent, since wicked and evil men had 1.1.64 forced their way into the position of judges20. Where also, writhing violently, as I think, and with his mind on other things, he did not gracefully notice the solecism woven into his speech, affecting a very grand Attic style with the word of 20those who forced their way in20; since its usage is one thing among those who have perfected their speech, which those familiar with the orator's speeches know, and was considered another thing by the new Atticist. But this has nothing to do with our purpose. 1.1.65 And proceeding a little further, he adds this as well: 20For if, because I did not use my accusers as judges, he thinks for this reason to invalidate the apology, he has failed to notice that he himself is being extremely naive20. When then, and before whom, did this sharp man make his apology, he who objected to the judges on account of their enmity, and at the trial, as he himself affirms, remained silent? See the vehement champion of truth, how after a short time he changes and deserts to falsehood, and while honoring truth in word, in his deeds 1.1.66 he opposes it. But this is a charming point, that he is too weak even for the advocacy of falsehood. For how can the same man have both justly made an apology in response to the judgment brought against him and again prudently remained silent because the trial was among enemies? And yet, even through that very speech, which he entitled the 20Apology20, it is clearly shown that in no way was a court 1.1.67 convened for him. For the proemium of the speech is not addressed to specified judges, but to certain indefinite people, both those living at that time and those who would be born later; on which points I myself also agree that he is in need of a great apology, not like the one now written, which in turn requires another apology for its defense, but some noble and sensible one, able to persuade the hearers that he was not in his right mind when he composed these things, he who convened for himself a court of men who were not present, and perhaps not even born, and was making his apology to those who did not exist and was entreating those not yet born 20not yet to distinguish falsehood from the truth by the majority, attaching what is better to the greater portion 1.1.68.20 For it is truly fitting to offer such an apology to such judges, who are still in the loins of their fathers, and to think that he speaks justly, because he has decided to oppose alone the opinions of all, and more trustworthy than those throughout the whole world who glorify the name of Christ

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ἑτέρωθεν ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ ἀντει 1.1.61 πόντος αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸν πρότερον γεγενῆσθαι λόγον. ἐκείνῳ μὲν γὰρ ἦν τῷ λόγῳ 20Ἀπολογία τὸ20 ὄνομα· λαβομένου δὲ τοῦ διδασκάλου ἡμῶν, ὡς μόνοις τοῖς κατηγορουμένοις τῆς ἀπολογίας πρεπούσης, εἰ δέ τις ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ κατ' ἐξου σίαν γεγράφοι, ἄλλο τι καὶ οὐκ ἀπολογίαν εἶναι τὸ συγγρα φόμενον, τὸ μὲν μὴ δεῖν ἐπὶ προλαβούσῃ κατηγορίᾳ τὴν ἀπολογίαν ποιεῖσθαι διὰ τὸ περιφανὲς τῆς ἀτοπίας οὐκ ἀντι λέγει, ὡς δὲ κατηγορηθεὶς ἐπὶ τοῖς μεγίστοις πρὸς τὴν ἐπενεχθεῖσαν κρίσιν ἀπολογήσασθαί φησιν. ὅσον δὲ τὸ ψεῦ δός ἐστιν ἐν τούτοις, πρόδηλον ἐξ αὐτῶν οἶμαι τῶν εἰρη μένων γενήσεσθαι. 1.1.62 20Πολλὰ καὶ δυσβάστακτα πάθη20 παρὰ τῶν κατα κρινάντων αὐτοῦ γεγενῆσθαι κατῃτιάσατο· καὶ ταῦτα ἔξεστιν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν παρ' αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένων μαθεῖν. πῶς οὖν ταῦτα πέπονθεν, εἴπερ ἐπὶ ταῖς αἰτίαις ἀπολελόγηται; εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐχρήσατο πρὸς ἀποφυγὴν τῶν ἐγκλημάτων τῇ ἀπο λογίᾳ, ψευδὴς ἡ τραγῳδία πάντως ἐκείνη καὶ μάτην συμ πέπλασται· εἰ δὲ πέπονθεν ἅπερ εἴρηκε, δηλονότι μὴ ἀπο 1.1.63 λογησάμενος πέπονθε. πάσης γὰρ ἀπολογίας οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ σκοπός, τὸ μὴ ἐᾶσαι παρακρουσθῆναι διὰ συκοφαντίας τοὺς κυρίους τῆς ψήφου· εἰ μὴ ἄρα τοῦτο λέγειν ἐπιχειρή σει, ὅτι τὴν μὲν ἀπολογίαν ἐπὶ τῆς κρίσεως προεβάλετο, προσαγαγέσθαι δὲ τοὺς δικάζειν λαχόντας οὐ δυνηθεὶς τῶν ἀντιδικούντων ἠλαττώθη. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ εἶπεν ἐπὶ τῆς κρίσεως τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν οὐδ' ἐμέλλησε. πῶς γάρ; ὅς γε ὁμολογεῖ διὰ τοῦ συγγράμματός που τοῖς ἐχθροῖς τε καὶ πολεμίοις δι κασταῖς χρήσασθαι μὴ ἐθελῆσαι· 20ἡμεῖς γάρ20, φησίν, 20ὅτι σιωπῶντες ἑάλωμεν, ὁμολογοῦμεν, κακούργων καὶ πονηρῶν εἰς τὴν τῶν δικαζόντων χώραν 1.1.64 εἰσφρησάντων20. ἔνθα καὶ σφόδρα σφαδάζων, ὡς οἶμαι, καὶ τῷ λογισμῷ πρὸς ἑτέροις ὤν, ἐμπλακέντα τῷ λόγῳ τὸν σολοικισμὸν εὐπαρύφως οὐ κατενόησε, πάνυ σοβαρῶς τῇ λέξει τῶν 20εἰσφρησάντων20 ὑπαττικίσας· ὡς ἡ χρῆσις ἄλλη μὲν παρὰ τοῖς κατωρθωκόσι τὸν λόγον, ἣν ἴσασιν οἱ τοῖς τοῦ ῥήτορος λόγοις καθομιλήσαντες, ἄλλη δὲ παρὰ τῷ νέῳ ἀττι κιστῇ ἐνομίσθη. ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν σκοπὸν τὸν ἡμέτερον. 1.1.65 Μικρὸν δὲ προελθὼν καὶ τοῦτο προστίθησιν· 20εἰ γὰρ ὅτι μὴ τοῖς κατηγόροις δικασταῖς ἐχρησάμην, διὰ τοῦτο ἀναιρεῖν οἴεται τὴν ἀπολογίαν, λέ ληθεν αὑτὸν λίαν ὢν ἀκέραιος20. πότε οὖν ὁ δριμὺς καὶ ἐπὶ τίνων ἀπολελόγηται ὁ τοὺς μὲν δικαστὰς διὰ τὴν ἔχθραν παραγραψάμενος, παρὰ δὲ τὴν κρίσιν, ὡς αὐτὸς διαβεβαιοῦται, σιγήσας; ὁρᾶτε τὸν σφοδρὸν τῆς ἀληθείας ἀγωνιστήν, ὡς δι' ὀλίγου μεταβαλλόμενος αὐτομολεῖ πρὸς τὸ ψεῦδος καὶ τῷ ῥήματι τιμῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τῶν ἔργων 1.1.66 ἀντικαθίσταται. ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο χαρίεν, ὅτι καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἀτονεῖ τὴν συνηγορίαν τοῦ ψεύδους. πῶς γὰρ ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ δικαίως πρὸς τὴν ἐπενεχθεῖσαν κρίσιν ἀπολελόγηται καὶ φρονίμως πάλιν διὰ τὸ ἐν ἐχθροῖς εἶναι τὴν κρίσιν ἀπεσιώ πησε; καίτοι καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ τοῦ λόγου, ᾧ τὴν 20Ἀπολο γίαν20 ἐπέγραψε, φανερῶς δείκνυται τὸ μηδαμῶς συστῆναι 1.1.67 αὐτῷ δικαστήριον. οὐ γὰρ πρὸς δικαστὰς ὡρισμένους τὸ προοίμιον τοῦ λόγου προτείνεται, ἀλλὰ πρός τινας ἀορί στους ἀνθρώπους, τούς τε κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον ὄντας καὶ τοὺς ὕστερον γενησομένους· ἐφ' οἷς ἔγωγε καὶ αὐτὸς συντίθεμαι μεγάλης αὐτῷ δεῖν τῆς ἀπολογίας, οὐ κατὰ τὴν νῦν συγγραφεῖσαν ἑτέρας πάλιν ἀπολογίας εἰς συνηγορίαν προσδεομένην, ἀλλά τινος γεννικῆς τε καὶ ἔμφρονος πεῖσαι τοὺς ἀκούοντας δυναμένης, ὅτι μὴ ἐν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ λογισμοῖς ἦν ὅτε ταῦτα συνέγραφεν, ὃς δικαστήριον ἑαυτῷ συνεκρότει τῶν μήτε παρόντων, τάχα δὲ μηδὲ γενηθέντων ἀνθρώπων, καὶ τοῖς οὐκ οὖσιν ἀπελογεῖτο καὶ παρῃτεῖτο τοὺς μὴ γεγο νότας 20μήπω τῷ πλήθει διακρίνειν τῆς ἀληθείας τὸ ψεῦδος, τῇ πλείονι μοίρᾳ τὸ κρεῖττον συνά 1.1.68 πτοντας20. πρέπει γὰρ ὄντως πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους δικαστὰς τοὺς ἔτι ἐν τῇ ὀσφύϊ τῶν πατέρων ὄντας τὴν τοιαύτην ἀπολογίαν προτείνεσθαι καὶ οἴεσθαι δίκαια λέγειν, ὅτι ταῖς πάντων δόξαις μόνος ἀντιβαίνειν ἔγνωκε καὶ τῶν κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Χριστοῦ δοξαζόντων ἀξιοπιστο τέραν