CHAP. XIII. ---- When and to whom the lessons of philosophy may be profitable, in the explanation of the sacred Scriptures, with Scripture proof. The letter to Gregory.

1. Greeting in God, from Origen to my good lord and most reverend son,223 Gregory. Natural ability, as you know, if properly trained, may be of the utmost possible service in promoting what I may call the "object" of a man's training. You, for instance, have ability enough to make you an expert in Roman law, or a philosopher in. one of the Greek schools held in high esteem. I should like you, however, to make Christianity your "object," and to bring the whole force of your ability to bear upon it, with good effect. I am therefore very desirous that you should accept such parts even of Greek philosophy as may serve for the ordinary elementary instruction of our schools, and be a kind of preparation for Christianity: also those portions of geometry and astronomy likely to be of use in the interpretation of the sacred Scriptures, so that, what the pupils of the philosophers say about geometry and music, grammar, rhetoric, and astronomy, viz. that they are the handmaidens of philosophy, we may say of philosophy itself in relation to Christianity.

2. Perhaps something of the kind is hinted at in the command from the mouth of God Himself that the children of Israel be told to ask their neighbours and companions for vessels of silver and gold,224 and for clothing, so that by spoiling the Egyptians they might find materials to make the things of which they were told 225 for the Divine service. For out of the spoils which the children of Israel took from the Egyptians came the contents of the Holy of Holies, the ark with its cover, and the Cherubim, and the mercy-seat, and the golden pot wherein was treasured up the manna, the Angels' bread. These things, we may suppose, were made of the best of the Egyptian gold. From the second best came the candlestick throughout of solid gold, standing near the inner curtain, and the lamps upon it, and the golden table upon which was placed the shew-bread, and, between the two, the golden censer. If there was any third- or fourth-rate gold, the holy vessels were made of it. And from the Egyptian silver, also, came other things; for it was through sojourning in Egypt that the children of Israel had abundance of precious material to make things for the service of God. And out of the clothing of the Egyptians probably came whatever was required, as the Scripture says,226 in the way of things embroidered or sewn together, the work of embroiderers with the wisdom of God, different garments being sewed together to make the veils and the curtains, both the outer and the inner.

3. Why need I digress further to show how useful the things brought from Egypt were to the children of Israel, things which the Egyptians did not use properly, but the Hebrews through the wisdom of God turned to godly purposes? The Divine Scripture knows, however, that some were the worse for the going down of the children of Israel from their own land into Egypt, and darkly hints that some do lose by sojourning with the Egyptians, that is to say, by lingering in the learning of the world after being nourished in the law of God and the Divine worship of Israel. At all events, Hadad the Edomite,227 so long as he was in the land of Israel, and did not taste the Egyptian bread, made no idols; but when he ran away from wise Solomon and went down into Egypt, running away one might say from the wisdom of God, he became Pharaoh's kinsman by marrying Pharaoh's wife's sister, and begetting a son brought up with Pharaoh's sons. And so it happened that although he returned into the land of Israel, he returned to divide God's people into two parts, and make them say over the golden calf, "These be thy Gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt." 228 And, taught by his experience, I beg leave to tell you that a man is seldom found who takes the useful things of Egypt, leaves that land, and provides for the service of God; but Hadad the Edomite has many a brother. These are they who with a certain Greek smartness propagate heretical opinions, and, as it were, make golden calves in Bethel: which being interpreted is "the house of God." The word therefore seems to shadow forth the truth, viz. that these men set up their own inventions in the Scriptures----figuratively called "Bethel"----wherein dwelleth the Word of God. But the Word says that the other invention was set up in Dan. Now the boundaries of Dan are farthest off, and near those of the Gentiles, as is clear from the account given in the Book of Joshua, the son of Nun. So, then, some of these inventions are near the confines of the Gentiles----inventions, as we have interpreted, of Hadad's brethren.

4. Do you, then, my lord and my son, chiefly give heed to the reading of the Divine Scriptures; do give heed. For we need great attention when we read the Divine writings, that we may not speak or form notions about them rashly. And as you give heed to reading the Divine volume with a faithful anticipation well pleasing to God, knock at its closed doors and it shall be opened unto you by the porter, of whom Jesus said, "To him the porter openeth." 229 And as you give heed to the Divine reading, seek, in the right way and with an unfaltering faith in God, the meaning of the Divine writings, which is hidden from the many. Be not content, however, with knocking and seeking; for prayer is the most necessary qualification for the understanding of Divine things, and the Saviour urged us to this when He said, not only, Knock and it shall be opened, Seek and ye shall find,230 but also, Ask and it shall be given unto you. I have ventured thus far in my fatherly love for you; if I have done well or not in venturing, God and His Christ, and he that partaketh of the Spirit of God and of the Spirit of Christ, alone can know. Mayest thou be a partaker, and ever increase the participation, that thou mayest say not only, "We are become partakers of Christ," 231 but also, "We are become partakers of God."

[1] Πότε καὶ τίσι τὰ ἀπὸ φιλοσοφίας μαθήματα χρήσιμα εἰς τὴν τῶν ἱερῶν γραφῶν διήγησιν, μετὰ γραφικῆς μαρτυρίας. Χαῖρε ἐν θεῷ, κύριέ μου σπουδαιότατε καὶ αἰδεσιμώτατε υἱὲ Γρηγόριε, παρὰ Ὠριγένους. ἡ εἰς σύνεσιν, ὡς οἶσθα, εὐφυΐα ἔργον φέρειν δύναται ἄσκησιν προσλαβοῦσα, ἄγον ἐπὶ τὸ κατὰ τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον, ἵν' οὕτως ὀνομάσω, τέλος ἐκείνου, ὅπερ ἀσκεῖν τις βούλεται. δύναται οὖν ἡ εὐφυΐα σου Ῥωμαίων σε νομικὸν ποιῆσαι τέλειον, καὶ Ἑλληνικόν τινα φιλόσοφον τῶν νομιζομένων ἐλλογίμων αἱρέσεων. ἀλλ' ἐγὼ τῇ πάσῃ τῆς εὐφυΐας δυνάμει σου ἐβουλόμην καταχρήσασθαί σε, τελικῶς μὲν εἰς χριστιανισμὸν, ποιητικῶς δέ. διὰ τοῦτ' ἂν ηὐξάμην παραλαβεῖν σε καὶ φιλοσοφίας Ἑλλήνων τὰ οἱονεὶ εἰς χριστιανισμὸν δυνάμενα γενέσθαι ἐγκύκλια μαθήματα ἢ προπαιδεύματα, καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ γεωμετρίας καὶ ἀστρονομίας χρήσιμα ἐσόμενα εἰς τὴν τῶν ἱερῶν γραφῶν διήγησιν: ἵν', ὅπερ φασὶ φιλοσόφων παῖδες περὶ γεωμετρίας καὶ μουσικῆς, γραμματικῆς τε καὶ ῥητορικῆς καὶ ἀστρονομίας, ὡς συνερίθων φιλοσοφίᾳ, τοῦθ' ἡμεῖς εἴπωμεν καὶ περὶ αὐτῆς φιλοσοφίας πρὸς χριστιανισμόν.
[2] Καὶ τάχα τοιοῦτό τι αἰνίσσεται τὸ ἐν Ἐξόδῳ γεγραμμένον ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα λεχθῇ τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ αἰτεῖν παρὰ γειτόνων καὶ συσκήνων σκεύη ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ καὶ ἱματισμόν: ἵνα σκυλεύσαντες τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους εὕρωσιν ὕλην πρὸς τὴν κατασκευὴν τῶν παραλαμβανομένων εἰς τὴν πρὸς θεὸν λατρείαν. ἐκ γὰρ ὧν ἐσκύλευσαν τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ, τὰ ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις τῶν ἁγίων κατεσκεύασται, ἡ κιβωτὸς μετὰ τοῦ ἐπιθέματος καὶ τὰ χερουβὶμ καὶ τὸ ἱλαστήριον καὶ ἡ χρυσῆ στάμνος ἐν ᾗ ἀπέκειτο τὸ μάννα τῶν ἀγγέλων ὁ ἄρτος. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ τοῦ καλλίστου τῶν Αἰγυπτίων εἰκὸς γεγονέναι χρυσοῦ: ἀπὸ δὲ δευτέρου τινὸς παρ' ἐκεῖνον ἡ στερεὰ δι' ὅλου χρυσῆ λυχνία, πλησίον τοῦ ἐσωτέρου καταπετάσματος, καὶ οἱ ἐπ' αὐτῆς λύχνοι, καὶ ἡ χρυσῆ τράπεζα ἐφ' ἧς ἦσαν οἱ ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως, καὶ μεταξὺ ἀμφοτέρων τὸ χρυσοῦν θυμιατήριον. εἰ δέ τις ἦν τρίτος καὶ τέταρτος χρυσὸς, ἐξ ἐκείνου κατεσκευάζετο τὰ σκεύη τὰ ἅγια. καὶ ἀπὸ ἀργύρου δὲ Αἰγυπτίου ἄλλα ἐγίνετο: ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γὰρ παροικοῦντες οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκεῖ παροικίας κεκερδήκασι, τὸ εὐπορῆσαι τοσαύτης ὕλης τιμίας εἰς τὰ χρήσιμα τῇ λατρείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ. ἀπὸ δὲ Αἰγυπτίων ἱματισμοῦ εἰκὸς γεγονέναι ὅσα ἐδεήθη ἔργων, ὡς ὠνόμασεν ἡ γραφὴ, ῥαφιδευτῶν, συρραπτῶν, τῶν ῥαφιδευτῶν μετὰ σοφίας θεοῦ, τὰ τοιάδε ἱμάτια τοῖς τοιοισδὶ, ἵνα γένηται τὰ καταπετάσματα, καὶ αἱ αὐλαῖαι αἱ ἐξωτέρω καὶ ἐσωτέρω.
[3] Καὶ τί με δεῖ ἀκαίρως παρεκβαίνοντα κατασκευάζειν εἰς ὅσα χρήσιμά ἐστι τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ τὰ ἀπὸ Αἰγύπτου παραλαμβανόμενα, οἷς Αἰγύπτιοι μὲν οὐκ εἰς δέον ἐχρῶντο, Ἑβραῖοι δὲ διὰ τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ σοφίαν εἰς θεοσέβειαν ἐχρήσαντο; οἶδεν μέντοι ἡ θεία γραφή τισι πρὸς κακοῦ γεγονέναι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ εἰς Αἴγυπτον καταβεβηκέναι: αἰνισσομένη ὅτι τισὶ πρὸς κακοῦ γίνεται τὸ παροικῆσαι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις, τουτέστι τοῖς τοῦ κόσμου μαθήμασι, μετὰ τὸ ἐντραφῆναι τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῇ Ἰσραηλιτικῇ εἰς αὐτὸν θεραπείᾳ. Ἄδερ γοῦν ὁ Ἰδουμαῖος, ὅσον μὲν ἐν τῇ γῇ τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ ἦν, μὴ γευόμενος τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἄρτων, εἴδωλα οὐ κατεσκεύαζεν: ὅτε δὲ ἀποδρὰς τὸν σοφὸν Σολομῶντα κατέβη εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ὡς ἀποδρὰς ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ σοφίας, συγγενὴς γέγονε τῷ Φαραὼ, γήμας τὴν ἀδελφὴν τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ τεκνοποιῶν τὸν τρεφόμενον μεταξὺ τῶν παίδων τοῦ Φαραώ. διόπερ, εἰ καὶ ἐπανελήλυθεν εἰς τὴν γῆν Ἰσραὴλ, ἐπὶ τῷ διασχίσαι τὸν λαὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπανελήλυθε, καὶ ποιῆσαι αὐτοὺς εἰπεῖν ἐπὶ τῇ χρυσῇ δαμάλει: Οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ θεοί σου, Ἰσραὴλ, οἱ ἀναγαγόντες σε ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου. κἀγὼ δὲ τῇ πείρᾳ μαθὼν εἴποιμ' ἄν σοι, ὅτι σπάνιος μὲν ὁ τὰ χρήσιμα τῆς Αἰγύπτου λαβὼν καὶ ἐξελθὼν ταύτης καὶ κατασκευάσας τὰ πρὸς τὴν λατρείαν τοῦ θεοῦ: πολὺς δὲ ὁ τοῦ Ἰδουμαίου Ἄδερ ἀδελφός. οὗτοι δέ εἰσιν οἱ ἀπό τινος Ἑλληνικῆς ἐντρεχείας αἱρετικὰ γεννήσαντες νοήματα, καὶ οἱονεὶ δαμάλεις χρυσᾶς κατασκευάσαντες ἐν Βαιθὴλ, ὃ ἑρμηνεύεται οἶκος θεοῦ. δοκεῖ δέ μοι καὶ διὰ τούτων ὁ λόγος αἰνίσσεσθαι, ὅτι τὰ ἴδια ἀναπλάσματα ἀνέθηκαν ταῖς γραφαῖς, ἐν αἷς οἰκεῖ λόγος θεοῦ, τροπικῶς Βαιθὴλ καλουμέναις. τὸ δ' ἄλλο ἀνάπλασμα ἐν Δάν φησιν ὁ λόγος ἀνατεθεῖσθαι. τοῦ δὲ Δὰν τὰ ὅρια τελευταῖά ἐστι, καὶ ἐγγὺς τῶν ἐθνικῶν ὁρίων: ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τῶν ἀναγεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ τοῦ Ναυῆ Ἰησοῦ. ἐγγὺς οὖν εἰσὶν ἐθνικῶν ὁρίων τινὰ τῶν ἀναπλασμάτων, ἅπερ ἀνέπλασαν οἱ τοῦ Ἄδερ, ὡς ἀποδεδώκαμεν, ἀδελφοί.
[4] Σὺ οὖν, κύριε υἱὲ, προηγουμένως πρόσεχε τῇ τῶν θείων γραφῶν ἀναγνώσει: ἀλλὰ πρόσεχε. πολλῆς γὰρ προσοχῆς ἀναγινώσκοντες τὰ θεῖα δεόμεθα: ἵνα μὴ προπετέστερον εἴπωμέν τινα ἢ νοήσωμεν περὶ αὐτῶν. καὶ προσέχων τῇ τῶν θείων ἀναγνώσει μετὰ πιστῆς καὶ θεῷ ἀρεσκούσης προλήψεως, κροῦε τὰ κεκλεισμένα αὐτῆς καὶ ἀνοιγήσεταί σοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θυρωροῦ, περὶ οὗ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς: Τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει. καὶ προσέχων τῇ θείᾳ ἀναγνώσει ὀρθῶς ζήτει καὶ μετὰ πίστεως τῆς εἰς θεὸν ἀκλινοῦς τὸν κεκρυμμένον τοῖς πολλοῖς νοῦν τῶν θείων γραμμάτων. μὴ ἀρκοῦ δὲ τῷ κρούειν καὶ ζητεῖν: ἀναγκαιοτάτη γὰρ καὶ ἡ περὶ τοῦ νοεῖν τὰ θεῖα εὐχή: ἐφ' ἣν προτρέπων ὁ σωτὴρ οὐ μόνον εἶπε τό: Κρούετε καὶ ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν: καὶ τό: Ζητεῖτε καὶ εὑρήσετε: ἀλλὰ καὶ τό: Αἰτεῖτε καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν. ταῦτα ἀπὸ τῆς πρός σε ἐμοῦ πατρικῆς ἀγάπης τετόλμηται: εἰ δ' εὖ ἔχει τὰ τετολμημένα ἢ μὴ, θεὸς ἂν εἰδείη καὶ ὁ χριστὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ μετέχων πνεύματος θεοῦ καὶ πνεύματος χριστοῦ. μετέχοις δὲ σὺ, καὶ ἀεὶ αὔξοις τὴν μετοχὴν, ἵνα λέγῃς οὐ μόνον τό: Μέτοχοι τοῦ χριστοῦ γεγόναμεν, ἀλλὰ καί: Μέτοχοι τοῦ θεοῦ γεγόναμεν.