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I make your enemies a footstool for your feet. Are they not all ministering spirits sent forth to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation? What wonder is it, he says, if they minister to the Son, when they also minister for our salvation? See how he elevates their minds, and shows God's great honor towards us, if indeed he appointed angels, who are above us, to have this ministry, the one on our behalf. As one might say, For this he has used them, he says, this is the ministry of angels, to serve God for our salvation. So this is an angelic work, to do all things for the salvation of the brethren; or rather it is the work of Christ himself; for he saves as Lord, but they as servants. And we, though servants, are yet fellow-servants of angels. Why do you gape at the angels, he says? They are servants of the Son of God, and are sent in many places for our sake, and minister for our salvation; so they are our fellow-servants. Consider how he does not allow much difference among created things; and yet the distance between angels and men is great; but nevertheless he brings them down near us, all but saying: For us they labor, for us they run about, for us, as one might say, they serve. This is their ministry, to be sent everywhere for our sakes. 3. And of these examples the Old Testament is full, and the New is also full. For when angels bring good tidings to shepherds, when to Mary, when to Joseph, when they sit at the tomb, when they are sent to say to the disciples, 'Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into heaven?' when they release Peter from the prison, when they speak with Philip, how are they not ministering to us? Consider then the honor, how great it is, when God sends the angels as ministers to friends, when an angel appears to Cornelius, when an angel brings all the apostles out of the prison, and says, 'Go, stand and speak in the temple to the people all the words of this life.' Why do I say other things? An angel appears even to Paul himself. Do you see them 63.31 ministering to us for God's sake, and ministering in the greatest matters? For this reason Paul says, 'All things are yours, whether life or death, or the world, or things present, or things to come.' The Son, then, was also sent, but not as a deacon, nor as a minister, but as a Son and Only-begotten, and willing the same things as the Father. Or rather he was not even sent; for he did not move from place to place, but assumed flesh; but these change places, and having left the former places where they are, they thus come to other places where they were not. And this again he says, encouraging them: 'What do you fear? Angels minister to us.' And having spoken about the Son, both concerning the economy, and concerning the creation, and concerning the kingdom, and having shown his equality of honor, and that as Lord he rules, not only over men, but also over the powers above, he then exhorts them, having prepared his argument, so that we should pay attention to what was heard, and says, 'Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed to the things which we have heard.' Here wishing to say, that we must pay more attention than to the law, he was silent about it, but nevertheless makes this clear in the structure of his argument, not in counsel nor in exhortation; for thus it was better. 'For if the word spoken by angels,' he says, 'was steadfast, and every transgression and disobedience received a just recompense of reward; how shall we escape, if we neglect so great a salvation?' which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him. Why must we pay more attention to the things which we have heard? Are not those things also of God, and these things too? Either therefore he says 'more' than the law, or that we must pay great attention; not comparing, far from it. For since, because of the great length of time, they had a great opinion of the Old [Covenant], while these things as new were still despised, he shows from abundance, that we must pay more attention to these things. How? By all but saying, that both these things and those are of God, but not in the same way. And this he shows us later; but for the time being more superficially it

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θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου. Οὐχὶ πάντες εἰσὶ λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα, εἰς διακονίαν ἀποστελλόμενα διὰ τοὺς μέλλοντας κληρονομεῖν σωτηρίαν; Τί θαυμαστὸν, φησὶν, εἰ τῷ Υἱῷ λειτουργοῦσιν, ὅταν καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν λειτουργῶσιν; Ὅρα πῶς ἐπαίρει αὐτῶν τὰ φρονήματα, καὶ πολλὴν δείκνυσι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν εἰς ἡμᾶς τιμὴν, εἴπερ ἀγγέλους τοὺς ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς ταύτην ἔταξεν ἔχειν διακονίαν, τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. Ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, Εἰς τοῦτο κέχρηται αὐτοῖς, φησὶ, τοῦτο ἀγγέλων λειτουργία, τὸ διακονεῖν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς σωτηρίαν ἡμετέραν. Ὥστε ἀγγελικὸν ἔργον τοῦτό ἐστι, τὸ πάντα ποιεῖν εἰς σωτηρίαν τῶν ἀδελφῶν· μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὸ ἔργον ἐστίν· αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ ὡς ∆εσπότης σώζει, οὗτοι δὲ ὡς δοῦλοι. Καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰ καὶ δοῦλοι, ἀλλὰ σύνδουλοι ἀγγέλων. Τί κεχήνατε πρὸς τοὺς ἀγγέλους, φησί; ∆οῦλοί εἰσι τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ πολλαχοῦ δι' ἡμᾶς πέμπονται, καὶ πρὸς σωτηρίαν τὴν ἡμετέραν λειτουργοῦσιν· ὥστε ὁμόδουλοι ἡμῶν εἰσιν. Ἐννοήσατε πῶς οὐ πολλὴν δίδωσι τοῖς κτίσμασι διαφοράν· καίτοι πολὺ τὸ μέσον ἀγγέλων καὶ ἀνθρώπων· ἀλλ' ὅμως πλησίον ἡμῶν αὐτοὺς κατάγει, μονονουχὶ λέγων· Ἡμῖν κάμνουσι, δι' ἡμᾶς περιτρέχουσιν, ἡμῖν, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, ὑπηρετοῦσιν. Αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ διακονία αὐτῶν, τὸ δι' ἡμᾶς πανταχοῦ πέμπεσθαι. γʹ. Καὶ τούτων τῶν ὑποδειγμάτων μεστὴ μὲν ἡ Παλαιὰ, μεστὴ δὲ καὶ ἡ Καινή. Ὅταν γὰρ ἄγγελοι ποιμένας εὐαγγελίζωνται, ὅταν τὴν Μαριὰμ, ὅταν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ, ὅταν ἐπὶ τοῦ μνήματος καθέζωνται, ὅταν πέμπωνται εἰπεῖν τοῖς μαθηταῖς· Ἄνδρες Γαλιλαῖοι, τί ἑστήκατε βλέποντες εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν; ὅταν Πέτρον ἀπολύωσι τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου, ὅταν Φιλίππῳ διαλέγωνται, πῶς ἡμῖν οὐχ ὑπουργοῦσιν; Ἐννόησον τοίνυν τὴν τιμὴν, ὅση τυγχάνει, ὅταν ὡς πρὸς φίλους πέμπῃ διακόνους τοὺς ἀγγέλους ὁ Θεὸς, ὅταν Κορνηλίῳ ἄγγελος φαίνηται, ὅταν πάντας τοὺς ἀποστόλους ἀπὸ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου ἄγγελος ἐκβάλλῃ, καὶ λέγῃ· Πορευθέντες στῆτε, καὶ λαλεῖτε ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῷ λαῷ τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζωῆς ταύτης. Τί τὰ ἄλλα λέγω; καὶ αὐτῷ Παύλῳ ἄγγελος φαίνεται. Ὁρᾷς αὐτοὺς 63.31 διακονοῦντας ἡμῖν διὰ τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ εἰς τὰ μέγιστα διακονοῦντας; ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησιν ὁ Παῦλος· Πάντα ὑμῶν, εἴτε ζωὴ, εἴτε θάνατος, εἴτε κόσμος, εἴτε ἐνεστῶτα, εἴτε μέλλοντα. Ἐπέμφθη μὲν οὖν καὶ ὁ Υἱὸς, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς διάκονος, οὐδὲ ὡς λειτουργὸς, ἀλλ' ὡς Υἱὸς καὶ μονογενὴς, καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ τῷ Πατρὶ βουλόμενος. Μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπέμφθη· οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τόπου εἰς τόπον μετέβη, ἀλλὰ σάρκα ἀνέλαβεν· οὗτοι δὲ τόπους ἀμείβουσι, καὶ τοὺς προτέρους ἀφέντες ἐν οἷς εἰσιν, οὕτως εἰς ἑτέρους ἔρχονται ἐν οἷς οὐκ ἦσαν. Καὶ τοῦτο δὲ πάλιν παραθαῤῥύνων αὐτοὺς λέγει· Τί δεδοίκατε; ἄγγελοι διακονοῦσιν ἡμῖν. Καὶ εἰπὼν περὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ, καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκονομίαν, καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν δημιουργίαν, καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν βασιλείαν, καὶ τὸ ὁμότιμον δείξας, καὶ ὅτι ὡς ∆εσπότης κρατεῖ, οὐχὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄνω δυνάμεων, λοιπὸν παρακαλεῖ αὐτοὺς, κατασκευάσας τὸν λόγον, ὥστε προσέχειν ἡμᾶς τοῖς ἀκουσθεῖσι, καί φησι· ∆ιὸ χρὴ περισσοτέρως ἡμᾶς προσέχειν τοῖς ἀκουσθεῖσιν. Ἐνταῦθα βουλόμενος εἰπεῖν, ὅτι δεῖ περισσοτέρως τοῦ νόμου προσέχειν, ἐσιώπησεν αὐτὸ, δῆλον δὲ ὅμως τοῦτο ποιεῖ ἐν τῇ κατασκευῇ, οὐκ ἐν συμβουλῇ οὐδὲ ἐν παρακλήσει· οὕτω γὰρ ἄμεινον ἦν. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγγέλων λαληθεὶς λόγος, φησὶν, ἐγένετο βέβαιος, καὶ πᾶσα παράβασις καὶ παρακοὴ ἔλαβεν ἔνδικον μισθαποδοσίαν· πῶς ἡμεῖς ἐκφευξόμεθα, τηλικαύτης ἀμελήσαντες σωτηρίας; ἥτις ἀρχὴν λαβοῦσα λαλεῖσθαι διὰ τοῦ Κυρίου, εἰς ἡμᾶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκουσάντων ἐβεβαιώθη. ∆ιὰ τί περισσοτέρως ἡμᾶς δεῖ προσέχειν τοῖς ἀκουσθεῖσιν; οὐχὶ κἀκεῖνα Θεοῦ, καὶ ταῦτα; Ἢ τοίνυν περισσοτέρως τοῦ νόμου φησὶν, ἢ ὅτι μεγάλως· οὐχὶ συγκρίνων, μὴ γένοιτο. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ πολλοῦ μεγάλην εἶχον περὶ τῆς Παλαιᾶς ὑπόληψιν, ταῦτα δὲ ὡς νέα ἔτι καταπεφρόνητο, δείκνυσιν ἐκ περιουσίας, ὅτι τούτοις δεῖ μᾶλλον προσέχειν. Πῶς; Μονονουχὶ λέγων, ὅτι τοῦ Θεοῦ μὲν καὶ ταῦτα κἀκεῖνα, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁμοίως. Καὶ τοῦτο ἡμῖν ὕστερον δείκνυσι· τέως δὲ ἐπιπολαιότερον αὐτὸ