Homily XVI.

Matt. V. 17.

“Think not that I am come to destroy the Law or the Prophets.”

Why, who suspected this? or who accused Him, that He should make a defense against this charge? Since surely from what had gone before647   [τν ερημνων.]no such suspicion was generated. For to command men to be meek, and gentle, and merciful, and pure in heart, and to strive for righteousness, indicated no such design, but rather altogether the contrary.

Wherefore then can He have said this? Not at random, nor vainly: but inasmuch as He was proceeding to ordain commandments greater than those of old, saying, “It was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill;648   [The text has also “Ye have heard that,” as in Matt. v. 22: the latter half is not a direct quotation.—R.]but I say unto you, Be not even angry;” and to mark out a way for a kind of divine and heavenly conversation;649   [πολιτεα.]in order that the strangeness thereof might not disturb the souls of the hearers, nor dispose them quite to mutiny against what He said He used this means of setting them right beforehand.

For although they fulfilled not the law, yet nevertheless they were possessed with much conscientious regard to it; and whilst they were annulling it every day by their deeds, the letters thereof they would have remain unmoved, and that no one should add anything more to them. Or rather, they bore with their rulers adding thereto, not however for the better, but for the worse. For so they used to set aside the honor due to our parents by additions of their own, and very many others also of the matters enjoined them, they would free themselves of650   ἐξλυον.by these unseasonable additions.

Therefore, since Christ in the first place was not of the sacredotal tribe, and next, the things which He was about to introduce were a sort of addition, not however lessening, but enhancing virtue; He knowing beforehand that both these circumstances would trouble them, before He wrote in their mind those wondrous laws, casts out that which was sure to be harboring there. And what was it that was harboring there, and making an obstacle?

2. They thought that He, thus speaking, did so with a view to the abrogation of the ancient institutions. This suspicion therefore He heals; nor here only doth He so, but elsewhere also again. Thus, since they accounted Him no less than an adversary of God, from this sort of reason, namely, His not keeping the sabbath; He, to heal such their suspicion, there also again sets forth His pleas, of which some indeed were proper to Himself; as when He saith, “My Father worketh, and I work;”651   John v. 17.but some had in them much condescension, as when He brings forward the sheep lost on the sabbath day,652   Matt. xii. 11.and points out that the law is disturbed for its preservation, and makes mention again of circumcision, as having this same effect.653   John vii. 23.

Wherefore we see also that He often speaks words somewhat beneath Him, to remove the semblance of His being an adversary of God.

For this cause He who had raised thousands of the dead with a word only, when He was calling Lazarus, added also a prayer; and then, lest this should make Him appear less than Him that begat Him, He, to correct this suspicion, added, “I said these things, because of the people which standeth by, that they may believe that thou hast sent me.”654   John xi. 42. [“These things” does not occur in the New Testament passage, but is inserted here to complete the sense. Comp. R.V., “but because of the multitude which standeth around I said it, that they may believe that thou didst send me.”—R.] And neither doth He work all things as one who acted by His own power, that He might thoroughly correct their weakness; nor doth He all things with prayer, lest He should leave matter of evil suspicion to them that should follow, as though He were without strength or power: but He mingles the latter with the former, and those again with these. Neither doth He this indiscriminately, but with His own proper wisdom. For while He doeth the greater works authoritatively, in the less He looks up unto Heaven. Thus, when absolving sins, and revealing His secrets, and opening Paradise, and driving away devils, and cleansing lepers, and bridling death, and raising the dead by thousands, He did all by way of command: but when, what was much less than these, He was causing many loaves to spring forth out of few, then He looked up to Heaven: signifying that not through weakness He doth this. For He who could do the greater with authority, how in the lesser could He need prayer? But as I was saying, He doeth this to silence their shamelessness. The same reckoning, then, I bid thee make of His words also, when thou hearest Him speak lowly things. For many in truth are the causes both for words and for actions of that cast: as, for instance, that He might not be supposed alien from God; His instructing and waiting on all men; His teaching humility; His being encompassed with flesh; the Jews’ inability to hear all at once; His teaching us to utter no high word of ourselves. For this cause many times, having in His own person said much that is lowly of Himself, the great things He leaves to be said by others. Thus He Himself indeed, reasoning with the Jews, said, “Before Abraham was, I Am:”655   John viii. 58.but His disciple not thus, but, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”656   John i. 1.

Again, that He Himself made Heaven, and earth, and sea, and all things visible and invisible, in His own person He nowhere expressly said: but His disciple, speaking plainly out, and suppressing nothing, affirms this once, twice, yea often: writing that “all things were made by Him;” and, “without Him was not one thing made;” and, He was in the world, and the world was made by Him.”657   John i. 3, 10.

And why marvel, if others have said greater things of Him than He of Himself; since (what is more) in many cases, what He showed forth by His deeds, by His words He uttered not openly? Thus that it was Himself who made mankind He showed clearly even by that blind man; but when He was speaking of our formation at the beginning, He said not, “I made,” but “He who made them, made them male and female.”658   Matt. xix. 4. Again, that He created the world and all things therein, He demonstrated by the fishes, by the wine, by the loaves, by the calm in the sea, by the sunbeam which He averted on the Cross; and by very many things besides: but in words He hath nowhere said this plainly, though His disciples are continually declaring it, both John, and Paul, and Peter.

For if they who night and day hear Him discourse, and see Him work marvels; to whom He explained many things in private, and gave so great power as even to raise the dead; whom He made so perfect, as to forsake all things for Him: if even they, after so great virtue and self-denial, had not strength to bear it all, before the supply of the Spirit; how could the people of the Jews, being both void of understanding, and far behind such excellency, and only by hazard present when He did or said anything, how could they have been persuaded but that He was alien from the God of all, unless he had practised such great condescension throughout?

For on this account we see that even when He was abrogating the sabbath, He did not as of set purpose bring in such His legislation, but He puts together many and various pleas of defense. Now if, when He was about to cause one commandment to cease, He used so much reserve in His language,659   λγων οκονομ.that He might not startle the hearers; much more, when adding to the law, entire as it was, another entire code of laws, did He require much management and attention, not to alarm those who were then hearing Him.

For this same cause, neither do we find Him teaching everywhere clearly concerning His own Godhead. For if His adding to the law was sure to perplex them so greatly, much more His declaring Himself God.

3. Wherefore many things are uttered by Him, far below His proper dignity, and here when He is about to proceed upon His addition to the law, He hath used abundance for correction beforehand. For neither was it once only that He said, “I do not abrogate the law,” but He both repeated it again, and added another and a greater thing; in that, to the words, “Think not that I am come to destroy,” He subjoined, “I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.”

Now this not only obstructs the obstinacy of the Jews, but stops also the mouths of those heretics,660   The Gnostic and Manichæan sects.who say that the old covenant is of the devil. For if Christ came to destroy his tyranny, how is this covenant not only not destroyed, but even fulfilled by Him? For He said not only, “I do not destroy it;” though this had been enough; but “I even fulfill it:” which are the words of one so far from opposing himself, as to be even establishing it.

And how, one may ask, did He not destroy it? in what way did He rather fulfill either the law or the prophets? The prophets He fulfilled, inasmuch as He confirmed by His actions all that had been said concerning Him; wherefore also the evangelist used to say in each case, “That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet.” Both when He was born,661   Matt. i. 22, 23.and when the children sung that wondrous hymn to Him, and when He sat on the ass,662   Matt. xxi. 5–16.and in very many more instances He worked this same fulfillment: all which things must have been unfulfilled, if He had not come.

But the law He fulfilled, not in one way only, but in a second and third also. In one way, by transgressing none of the precepts of the law. For that He did fulfill it all, hear what He saith to John, “For thus it becometh us to fulfill all righteousness.”663   Matt. iii. 15. And to the Jews also He said, “Which of you convinceth me of sin.”664   John viii. 46. And to His disciples again, “The prince of this world cometh, and findeth nothing in me.”665   John xiv. 30. And the prophet too from the first had said that “He did no sin.”666   Isa. liii. 9.

This then was one sense in which He fulfilled it. Another, that He did the same through us also; for this is the marvel, that He not only Himself fulfilled it, but He granted this to us likewise. Which thing Paul also declaring said, “Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth.”667   Rom. x. 4. And he said also, that “He judged sin in the flesh, that the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us who walk not after the flesh.”668   Rom. viii. 3, 4. And again, “Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid! yea, we establish the law.”669   Rom. iii. 31. For since the law was laboring at this, to make man righteous, but had not power, He came and brought in the way of righteousness by faith, and so established that which the law desired: and what the law could not by letters, this He accomplished by faith. On this account He saith, “I am not come to destroy the law.”

4. But if any one will inquire accurately, he will find also another, a third sense, in which this hath been done. Of what sort is it then? In the sense of that future code of laws, which He was about to deliver to them.

For His sayings were no repeal of the former, but a drawing out, and filling up of them. Thus, “not to kill,” is not annulled by the saying, Be not angry, but rather is filled up and put in greater security: and so of all the others.

Wherefore, you see, as He had before unsuspectedly cast the seeds of this teaching; so at the time when from His comparison of the old and new commandments, He would be more distinctly suspected of placing them in opposition, He used His corrective beforehand. For in a covert way He had indeed already scattered those seeds, by what He had said. Thus, “Blessed are the poor,” is the same as that we are not to be angry; and, “Blessed are the pure in heart,” as not to “look upon a woman for lust;” and the “not laying up treasures on earth,” harmonizes with, “Blessed are the merciful;” and “to mourn” also, “to be persecuted” and “reviled,” coincide with “entering in at the strait gate;” and, “to hunger and thirst after righteousness,” is nothing else than that which He saith afterwards, “Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them.” And having declared “the peace-maker blessed,” He again almost said the same, when He gave command “to leave the gift,” and hasten to reconciliation with him that was grieved, and about “agreeing with our adversary.”

But there He set down the rewards of them that do right, here rather the punishments of them who neglect practice.670   [τν μ ποισυτων.] Wherefore as in that place He said, “The meek shall inherit earth;” so here, “He who calleth his brother fool, shall be in danger of hell-fire;” and there, “The pure in heart shall see God;” here, he is a complete adulterer who looks unchastely. And having there called “the peace-makers, sons of God;” here He alarms us from another quarter, saying, “Lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the judge.” Thus also, whereas in the former part He blesses them that mourn, and them that are persecuted; in the following, establishing the very same point, He threatens destruction to them that go not that way; for, “They that walk ‘in the broad way,’ saith He, ‘make their end there.’” And, “Ye cannot serve God and mammon,” seems to me the same with, “Blessed are the merciful,” and, “those that hunger after righteousness.”

But as I said, since He is going to say these things more clearly, and not only more clearly, but also to add again more than had been already said (for He no longer merely seeks a merciful man, but bids us give up even our coat; not simply a meek person, but to turn also the other cheek to him that would smite us): therefore He first takes away the apparent contradiction.

On this account, then, as I have already stated, He said this not once only, but once and again; in that to the words, “Think not that I am come to destroy,” He added, “I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.”

“For verily I say unto you, Till Heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all come to pass.”671   Matt. v. 18. [R.V., “Till Heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass away from the law, till all things be accomplished.”—R.]

Now what He saith is like this: it cannot be that it should remain unaccomplished, but the very least thing therein must needs be fulfilled. Which thing He Himself performed, in that He completed672   ἀπαρτσα.it with all exactness.

And here He signifies to us obscurely that the fashion of the whole world is also being changed. Nor did He set it down without purpose, but in order to arouse the hearer, and indicate, that He was with just cause introducing another discipline; if at least the very works of the creation are all to be transformed, and mankind is to be called to another country, and to a higher way of practising how to live.673   βιο παρασκευν ψηλοτραν.

5. “Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called least in the kingdom of Heaven.”674   Matt. v. 19.

Thus, having rid Himself of the evil suspicion, and having stopped the mouths of them who would fain gainsay, then at length He proceeds to alarm, and sets down a heavy, denunciation in support of the enactments He was entering on.

For as to His having said this in behalf not of the ancient laws, but of those which He was proceeding to enact, listen to what follows, “For I say unto you,” saith He, “Except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the Scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of Heaven.”675   [Matt. v. 20. The citation is accurate; the phrase “the righteousness” is supplied in English; see R.V.—R.]

For if He were threatening with regard to the ancient laws, how said He, “except it shall exceed?” since they who did just the same as those ancients, could not exceed them on the score of righteousness.

But of what kind was the required excess? Not to be angry, not even to look upon a woman unchastely.

For what cause then doth He call these commandments “least,” though they were so great and high? Because He Himself was about to introduce the enactment of them; for as He humbled Himself, and speaks of Himself frequently with measure, so likewise of His own enactments, hereby again teaching us to be modest in everything. And besides, since there seemed to be some suspicion of novelty, He ordered His discourse for a while with reserve.676   ὑπεσταλμνω .

But when thou hearest, “least in the kingdom of Heaven,” surmise thou nothing but hell and torments. For He was used to mean by “the kingdom,” not merely the enjoyment thereof, but also the time of the resurrection, and that awful coming. And how could it be reasonable, that while he who called his brother fool, and trangressed but one commandment, falls into hell; the breaker of them all, and instigator of others to the same, should be within the kingdom. This therefore is not what He means, but that such a one will be at that time least, that is, cast out, last. And he that is last will surely then fall into hell. For, being God, He foreknew the laxity of the many, He foreknew that some would think these sayings were merely hyperbolical, and would argue about the laws, and say, What, if any one call another a fool, is he punished? If one merely look on a woman, doth he become an adulterer? For this very cause He, destroying such insolence beforehand, hath set down the strongest denunciation against either sort, as well them who transgress, as them who lead on others so to do.

Knowing then His threat as we do, let us neither ourselves transgress, nor discourage such as are disposed to keep these things.

“But whosoever shall do and teach,” saith He, “shall be called great.”

For not to ourselves alone, should we be profitable, but to others also; since neither is the reward as great for him who guides himself aright, as for one who with himself adds also another. For as teaching without doing condemns the teacher (for “thou which teachest another,” it is said, “teachest thou not thyself”677   Rom. ii. 21.?) so doing but not guiding others, lessens our reward. One ought therefore to be chief in either work, and having first set one’s self right, thus to proceed also to the care of the rest. For on this account He Himself hath set the doing before the teaching; to intimate that so most of all may one be able to teach, but in no other way. For one will be told, “Physician, heal thyself.”678   Luke iv. 23. Since he who cannot teach himself, yet attempts to set others right, will have many to ridicule him. Or rather such a one will have no power to teach at all, his actions uttering their voice against him. But if he be complete in both respects, “he shall be called great in the kingdom of Heaven.”

6. “For I say unto you, Except your righteousness shall exceed the righteousness of the Scribes and Pharisees, ye shall in no case enter into the kingdom of Heaven.”679   Matt. v. 20.

Here by righteousness He means the whole of virtue; even as also discoursing of Job, He said, “He was a blameless man, righteous.”680   Job i. 1, LXX. “That man was true, blameless, righteous, devout, refraining from every evil deed.” According to the same signification of the word, Paul also called that man “righteous” for whom, as he said, no law is even set. “For,” saith he, “a law is not made for a righteous man.”681   1 Tim. i. 9. And in many other places too one might find this name standing for virtue in general.

But observe, I pray thee, the increase of grace; in that He will have His newly-come disciples better than the teachers in the old covenant. For by “Scribes and Pharisees” here, He meant not merely the lawless, but the well-doers. For, were they not doing well, He would not have said they have a righteousness; neither would He have compared the unreal to the real.

And observe also here, how He commends the old law, by making a comparison between it and the other; which kind of thing implies it to be of the same tribe and kindred. For more and less, is in the same kind. He doth not, you see, find fault with the old law, but will have it made stricter. Whereas, had it been evil,682   There is ms. authority for reading “of an evil one.” He would not have required more of it; He would not have made it more perfect, but would have cast it out.

And how one may say, if it be such, doth it not bring us into the Kingdom? It doth not now bring in them who live after the coming of Christ, favored as they are with more strength, and bound to strive for greater things: since as to its own foster-children, them it doth bring in one and all. Yea, for “many shall come,” saith He, “from east and west, and shall lie down in the bosoms of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.”683   Matt. viii. 11. And Lazarus also receiving the great prize, is shown dwelling in Abraham’s bosom. And all, as many as have shone forth with excellency in the old dispensation, shone by it, every one of them. And Christ Himself, had it been in anything evil or alien from Him, would not have fulfilled it all when He came. For if only to attract the Jews He was doing this, and not in order to prove it akin to the new law, and concurrent therewith; wherefore did He not also fulfill the laws and customs of the Gentiles, that He might attract the Gentiles also?

So that from all considerations it is clear, that not from any badness in itself doth it fail to bring us in, but because it is now the season of higher precepts.

And if it be more imperfect than the new, neither doth this imply it to be evil: since upon this principle the new law itself will be in the very same case. Because in truth our knowledge of this, when compared with that which is to come, is a sort of partial and imperfect thing, and is done away on the coming of that other. “For when,” saith He, “that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away:”684   1 Cor. xiii. 10.even as it befell the old law through the new. Yet we are not to blame the new law for this, though that also gives place on our attaining unto the Kingdom: for “then,” saith He, “that which is in part shall be done away:” but for all this we call it great.

Since then both the rewards thereof are greater, and the power given by the Spirit more abundant, in reason it requires our graces to be greater also. For it is no longer “a land that floweth with milk and honey,” nor a comfortable685   λιπαρν.old age, nor many children, nor corn and wine, and flocks and herds: but Heaven, and the good things in the Heavens, and adoption and brotherhood with the Only-Begotten, and to partake of the inheritance and to be glorified and to reign with Him, and those unnumbered rewards. And as to our having received more abundant help, hear thou Paul, when he saith, “There is therefore no condemnation now to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit:686   [This addition to Rom. viii. 1 (“who walk,” etc.), now rejected by all critical editors, is not found in any patristic authority older than Chrysostom. The argument above shows how it was added from an assumed application to sanctification.—R.]for the law of the Spirit of life hath made me free from the law of sin and death.”687   Rom. viii. 1, 2.

7. And now after threatening the transgressors, and setting great rewards for them that do right, and signifying that He justly requires of us something beyond the former measures; He from this point begins to legislate, not simply, but by way of comparison with the ancient ordinances, desiring to intimate these two things: first, that not as contending with the former, but rather in great harmony with them, He is making these enactments; next, that it was meet and very seasonable for Him to add thereto these second precepts.

And that this may be made yet clearer, let us hearken to the words of the Legislator. What then doth He Himself say?

“Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill.”688   Matt. v. 21.

And yet it was Himself who gave those laws also, but so far He states them impersonally. For if on the one hand He had said, “Ye have heard that I said to them of old,” the saying would have been hard to receive, and would have stood in the way of all the hearers. If again, on the other hand, after having said, “Ye have heard that it was said to them of old by my Father,” He had added, “But I say,” He would have seemed to be taking yet more on Himself.

Wherefore He hath simply stated it, making out thereby one point only; the proof that in fitting season He had come saying these things. For by the words, “It was said to them of old,” He pointed out the length of the time, since they received this commandment. And this He did to shame the hearer, shrinking from the advance to the higher class of His commandments; as though a teacher should say to a child that was indolent, “Knowest thou not how long a time thou hast consumed in learning syllables?” This then He also covertly intimates by the expression, “them of old time,” and thus for the future summons them on to the higher order of His instructions: as if He had said, “Ye are learning these lessons long enough, and you must henceforth press on to such as are higher than these.”

And it is well that He doth not disturb the order of the commandments, but begins first with that which comes earlier, with which the law also began. Yea, for this too suits with one showing the harmony between them.

“But I say unto you, that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause, shall be in danger of the judgment.”689   Matt. v. 22. [Chrysostom reads εκ in this verse, and interprets accordingly; see also Homily XVII. 2. The term is wanting in the two oldest mss. of the Greek Testament, and in the Vulgate. Comp. R.V. in loco.—R.]

Seest thou authority in perfection? Seest thou a bearing suited to a legislator? Why, which among prophets ever spake on this wise? which among righteous men? which among patriarchs? None; but, “Thus saith the Lord.” But the Son not so. Because they were publishing their Master’s commands, He His Father’s. And when I say, “His Father’s,” I mean His own. “For mine,” saith He, “are thine, and thine are mine.”690   John xvii. 10. And they had their fellow-servants to legislate for, He His own servants.

Let us now ask those who reject the law, “is, ‘Be not angry’ contrary to ‘Do no murder’? or is not the one commandment the completion and the development of the other?” Clearly the one is the fulfilling of the other, and that is greater on this very account. Since he who is not stirred up to anger, will much more refrain from murder; and he who bridles wrath will much more keep his hands to himself. For wrath is the root of murder. And you see that He who cuts up the root will much more remove the branches; or rather, will not permit them so much as to shoot out at all. Not therefore to abolish the law did He make these enactments, but for the more complete observation of it. For with what design did the law enjoin these things? Was it not, that no one might slay his neighbor? It follows, that he who was opposing the law would have to enjoin murder. For to murder, were the contrary to doing no murder. But if He doth not suffer one even to be angry, the mind of the law is established by Him more completely. For he that studies to avoid murder will not refrain from it equally with him that hath put away even anger; this latter being further removed from the crime.

8. But that we may convict them in another way also, let us bring forward all their allegations. What then do they affirm? They assert that the God who made the world, who “makes His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, who sends the rain on the just and on the unjust,” is in some sense an evil being.691   Epiph. Hær. 41, sec. 1. “Cerdon [circ. A.D. 150] with others preached two first principles, and so in fact two Gods: the one good, and unknown to all: whom he also called the Father of Jesus: the other, the Demiurgus, or artificer, evil, and open to knowledge, who spake in the law, and appeared in the prophets, and hath often become visible.” In this he agreed with the Oriental heretics generally. Marcion, his disciple, within a few years improved on him (Hær. 42, sec. 3), “saying, that there are three principles: one, that on high, unnamed, and unseen, which it pleases him to call the good God (this however, was not the Creator of any of the things that are in the world): another, a visible God, Creator and Artificer: and, in the third place, the devil.…Now the Creator, and Artificer, and visible One, they say, is the God of the Jews, and is also the Judge.” Cf. ibid. sec. 6; St. Aug. de Hæres. 22; Tertull. contr. Marc. i. 10 [Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. III. p. 278]; St. Iren. i. 28, 29 [Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. I. pp. 352, 353]. But the more moderate (forsooth) among them, though declining this, yet while they affirm Him to be just, they deprive Him of being good. And some other one, who is not, nor made any of the things that are, they assign for a Father to Christ. And they say that he, who is not good, abides in his own, and preserves what are his own; but that He, that is good, seeks what are another’s, and desires of a sudden to become a Saviour to them whose Creator He was not.692   St. Iren. v. 2. “Vain also are those who say that the Lord came to what was another’s, as though coveting it, in order to present that man who had been made by another, to that God, who had neither made nor ordered him, yea, rather, who had deserted him from men’s first original formation. His coming, therefore, is not just, coming as He did by their account to what was none of His.” [Ibid. pp. 527, 528.] In Lib. iii. 11, he specifies Marcion as teaching this doctrine. Seest thou the children of the devil, how they speak out of the fountain of their father, alienating the work of creation from God: while John cries out, “He came unto His own,” and, “The world was made by Him?”693   John i. 11, 10.

In the next place, they criticise the law in the old covenant, which bids put out “an eye for an eye,” and “a tooth for a tooth;”694   Tertull. adv. Marcion. ii. 18; Exod. xxi. 24. “Which of the good rules of the law should I rather defend, than those which heresy hath craved for her own purposes? As the rule of retaliation, requiring eye for eye, tooth for tooth, and bruise for bruise. There is no tinge here of any permission for repaying an injury in kind, but the whole drift of it is to restrain violence. That is, because that most stubborn and faithless people would count it hard or even inconceivable to await God’s redress, which the prophet was afterwards to proclaim, in the words, ‘Vengeance is mine, I will repay, saith the Lord;’ the commission of wrong during the interval was to be in a manner smothered by the fear of immediate retribution.” [Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. III. p. 311.] St. Augustin (contr. Adim. c. 8), says the same in reply to the Manichæans.and straightway they insult and say, “Why, how can He be good who speaks so?”

What then do we say in answer to this? That it is the highest kind of philanthropy. For He made this law, not that we might strike out one another’s eyes, but that fear of suffering by others might restrain us from doing any such thing to them. As therefore He threatened the Ninevites with overthrow, not that He might destroy them, (for had that been His will, He ought to have been silent), but that He might by fear make them better, and so quiet His wrath: so also hath He appointed a punishment for those who wantonly assail the eyes of others, that if good principle dispose them not to refrain from such cruelty, fear may restrain them from injuring their neighbors’ sight.

And if this be cruelty, it is cruelty also for the murderer to be restrained, and the adulterer checked. But these are the sayings of senseless men, and of those that are mad to the extreme of madness. For I, so far from saying that this comes of cruelty, should say, that the contrary to this would be unlawful, according to men’s reckoning. And whereas, thou sayest, “Because He commanded to pluck out “an eye for an eye,” therefore He is cruel;” I say, that if He had not given this commandment, then He would have seemed, in the judgment of most men, to be that which thou sayest He is.

For let us suppose that this law had been altogether done away, and that no one feared the punishment ensuing thereupon, but that license had been given to all the wicked to follow their own disposition in all security, to adulterers, and to murderers,695   [“And to thieves” should be inserted here. The omission was probably accidental.—R.]to perjured persons, and to parricides; would not all things have been turned upside down? would not cities, market-places, and houses, sea and land, and the whole world, have been filled with unnumbered pollutions and murders? Every one sees it. For if, when there are laws, and fear, and threatening, our evil dispositions are hardly checked; were even this security taken away, what is there to prevent men’s choosing vice? and what degree of mischief would not then come revelling upon the whole of human life?

The rather, since cruelty lies not only in allowing the bad to do what they will, but in another thing too quite as much; to overlook, and leave uncared for, him who hath done no wrong, but who is without cause or reason suffering ill. For tell me; were any one to gather together wicked men from all quarters, and arm them with swords, and bid them go about the whole city, and massacre all that came in their way, could there be anything more like a wild beast than he? And what if some other should bind, and confine with the utmost strictness those whom that man had armed, and should snatch from those lawless hands them, who were on the point of being butchered; could anything be greater humanity than this?

Now then, I bid thee transfer these examples to the law likewise; for He that commands to pluck out “an eye for an eye,” hath laid the fear as a kind of strong chain upon the souls of the bad, and so resembles him, who detains those assassins in prison; whereas he who appoints no punishment for them, doth all but arm them by such security, and acts the part of that other, who was putting the swords in their hands, and letting them loose over the whole city.

Seest thou not, how the commandments, so far from coming of cruelty, come rather of abounding mercy? And if on account of these thou callest the Lawgiver grievous, and hard to bear with; tell me which sort of command is the more toilsome and grievous, “Do no murder,” or, “Be not even angry”? Which is more in extreme, he who exacts a penalty for murder, or for mere anger? He who subjects the adulterer to vengeance after the fact, or he who enjoins a penalty even for the very desire, and that penalty everlasting? See ye not how their reasoning comes round to the very contrary? how the God of the old covenant, whom they call cruel, will be found mild and meek: and He of the new, whom they acknowledged to be good, will be hard and grievous, according to their madness? Whereas we say, that there is but one and the same Legislator of either covenant, who dispensed all meetly, and adapted to the difference of the times the difference between the two systems of law. Therefore neither are the first commandments cruel, nor the second hard and grievous, but all of one and the same providential care.

For that He Himself gave the old covenant also, hear the affirmation of the prophet, or rather (so we must speak), of Him who is both the one and the other: “I will make a covenant with you, not according to the covenant which I made with your fathers.”696   Jer. xxxi. 31, 32.

But if he receive not this, who is diseased with the Manichæan doctrines,697   Because they denied the authority of the Old Testament, but received the New, including St. Paul’s Epistles.let him hear Paul saying the very same in another place, “For Abraham had two sons, one by the bondmaid, and another by the freewoman; and these are two covenants.”698   Gal. iv. 22. As therefore in that case the wives are different, the husband the same; so here too the covenants are two, the Lawgiver one.

And to prove to thee that it was of one and the same mildness; in the one He saith, “An eye for an eye,” but in this other,

“If one smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also.”699   Matt. v. 39.

For as in that case He checks him that doth the wrong with the fear of this suffering, even so also in this. “How so,” it may be said, “when He bids turn to him the other cheek also?” Nay, what of that? Since not to take away his fear did He enjoin this, but as charging yourself to allow him to take his fill entirely. Neither did He say, that the other continues unpunished, but, “do not thou punish;” at once both enhancing the fear of him that smiteth, if he persist, and comforting him who is smitten.

9. But these things we have said, as one might say them incidentally, concerning all the commandments. Now we must go on to that which is before us, and keep to the thread of what had been affirmed. “He that is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment:” so He speaks. Thus He hath not altogether taken the thing away: first, because it is not possible, being a man, to be freed from passions: we may indeed get the dominion over them, but to be altogether without them is out of the question.

Next, because this passion is even useful, if we know how to use it at the suitable time.700   See Bp. Butler’s Sermon on Resentment. See, for instance, what great good was wrought by that anger of Paul, which he felt against the Corinthians, on that well-known occasion; and how, as it delivered them from a grievous pest, so by the same means again he recovered the people of the Galatians likewise, which had fallen aside; and others too beside these. What then is the proper time for anger? When we are not avenging ourselves, but checking others in their lawless freaks, or forcing them to attend in their negligence.

And what is the unsuitable time? When we do so as avenging ourselves: which Paul also forbidding, said “Avenge not yourselves, dearly beloved, but rather give place unto wrath.”701   Rom. xii. 19. When we are contending for riches: yea, for this hath he also taken away, where he saith, “Why do ye not rather take wrong? why do ye not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded?”702   1 Cor. vi. 7. For as this last sort is superfluous, so is the first necessary and profitable. But most men do the contrary; becoming like wild beasts when they are injured themselves, but remiss and cowardly when they see despite done to another: both which are just opposite to the laws of the Gospel.

Being angry then is not a transgression, but being so unseasonably. For this cause the prophet also said, “Be ye angry, and sin not.”703   Ps. iv. 5, LXX., comp. Eph. iv. 26. “Stand in awe, and sin not,” in our version. Another part of the same Hebrew verb is, however, rendered “rage” in our translation: 2 Kings xix. 27, 28; Is. xxxvii. 28, 29. [The R.V. has the marginal rendering, “Be ye angry,” in Ps. iv. 5. In Eph. iv. 26, the LXX. is accurately cited.—R.]

10. “And whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council.”

By the council in this place He means the tribunal of the Hebrews: and He hath mentioned this now, on purpose that He might not seem everywhere to play the stranger and innovator.

But this word, “Raca,” is not an expression of a great insolence, but rather of some contempt and slight on the part of the speaker. For as we, giving orders either to our servants, or to any very inferior person, say, “Away with thee; you here, tell such an one:”704   [The original repeats the emphatic and contemptuous σ.—R.]so they who make use of the Syrians’ language say, “Raca,” putting that word instead of “thou.” But God, the lover of man, roots up even the least faults, commanding us to behave to one another in seemly manner, and with due respect; and this with a view of destroying hereby also the greater.

“But whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.”705   [ε τν γενναν το πυρο. Comp. R.V. in loco.—R.]

To many this commandment hath appeared grievous and galling, if for a mere word we are really to pay so great a penalty. And some even say that it was spoken rather hyperbolically. But I fear lest, when we have deceived ourselves with words here, we may in deeds there suffer that extreme punishment.

For wherefore, tell me, doth the commandment seem overburdensome? Knowest thou not that most punishments and most sins have their beginning from words? Yea, for by words are blasphemies, and denials are by words, and revilings, and reproaches, and perjuries, and bearing false witness.706   [One ms. adds here κα ναιρεν (“and murdering”). The words are bracketed in Field’s Greek text; while the Latin version has ipsa homicidia.—R.] Regard not then its being a mere word, but whether it have not much danger, this do thou inquire. Art thou ignorant that in the season of enmity, when wrath is inflamed, and the soul kindled, even the least thing appears great, and what is not very reproachful is counted intolerable? And often these little things have given birth even to murder, and overthrown whole cities. For just as where friendship is, even grievous things are light, so where enmity lies beneath, very trifles appear intolerable. And however simply a word be spoken, it is surmised to have been spoken with an evil meaning. And as in fire: if there be but a small spark, though thousands of planks lie by, it doth not easily lay hold of them; but if the flame have waxed strong and high, it readily seizes not planks only, but stones, and all materials that fall in its way; and by what things it is usually quenched, by the same it is kindled the more (for some say that at such a time not only wood and tow, and the other combustibles, but even water darted forth upon it doth but fan its power the more); so is it also with anger; whatever any one may say, becomes food in a moment for this evil conflagration. All which kind of evils Christ checking beforehand, had condemned first him that is angry without a cause to the judgment, (this being the very reason why He said, “He that is angry shall be in danger of the judgment”); then him that saith “Raca,” to the council. But as yet these are no great things; for the punishments are here. Therefore for him who calleth “fool” He hath added the fire of hell, now for the first time mentioning the name of hell. For having before discoursed much of the kingdom, not until then did He mention this; implying, that the former comes of His own love and indulgence towards man, this latter of our negligence.

11. And see how He proceeds by little and little in His punishments, all but excusing Himself unto thee, and signifying that His desire indeed is to threaten nothing of the kind, but that we drag Him on to such denunciations. For observe: “I bade thee,” saith He, “not be angry for nought, because thou art in danger of the judgment. Thou hast despised the former commandment: see what anger hath produced; it hath led thee on straightway to insult, for thou hast called thy brother ‘Raca.’ Again, I set another punishment, ‘the council.’ If thou overlook even this, and proceed to that which is more grievous, I visit thee no longer with these finite punishments, but with the undying penalty of hell, lest after this thou shouldest break forth707   ἀποπηδσ.even to murder.” For there is nothing, nothing in the world more intolerable than insolence; it is what hath very great power708   ὁ μλιστα δναται δκνειν.to sting a man’s soul. But when the word too which is spoken is in itself more wounding than the insolence, the blaze becomes twice as great. Think it not then a light thing to call another “fool.” For when of that which separates us from the brutes, and by which especially we are human beings, namely, the mind and the understanding,—when of this thou hast robbed thy brother, thou hast deprived him of all his nobleness.

Let us not then regard the words merely, but realizing the things themselves, and his feeling, let us consider how great a wound is made by this word, and unto how much evil it proceeds. For this cause Paul likewise cast out of the kingdom not only “the adulterous” and “the effeminate,” but “the revilers”709   1 Cor. vi. 9, 10.also. And with great reason: for the insolent man mars all the beauty of charity, and casts upon his neighbor unnumbered ills, and works up lasting enmities, and tears asunder the members of Christ, and is daily driving away that peace which God so desires: giving much vantage ground unto the devil by his injurious ways, and making him the stronger. Therefore Christ Himself, cutting out the sinews of the devil’s power, brought in this law.

For indeed He makes much account of love: this being above all things the mother of every good, and the badge of His disciples, and the bond which holds together our whole condition. With reason therefore doth He remove with great earnestness the roots and the sources of that hatred which utterly spoils it.

Think not therefore that these sayings are in any wise hyperbolical, but consider the good done by them, and admire the mildness of these laws. For there is nothing for which God takes so much pains, as this; that we should be united and knit together one with another. Therefore both in His own person, and by His disciples, as well those in the Old, as in the New Testament, He makes so much account of this commandment; and is a severe avenger and punisher of those who despise the duty. For in truth nothing so effectually gives entrance and root to all wickedness, as the taking away of love. Wherefore He also said, “When iniquity abounds, the love of the many shall wax cold.”710   Matt. xxiv. 12. [“Shall be multiplied” is a more exact rendering of the verb in the first clause. Comp. R.V.—R.] Thus Cain became his brother’s murderer; thus Esau; thus Joseph’s brethren; thus our unnumbered crimes have come revelling in, this bond being dissevered. You see why He Himself also roots out whatever things injure this, on every side, with great exactness.

12. Neither doth He stop at those precepts only which have been mentioned, but adds also others more than those: whereby He signifies how much account He makes thereof. Namely, having threatened by “the council,” by “the judgment,” and by “hell,” He added other sayings again in harmony with the former, saying thus:

“If thou bring thy gift to the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath ought against thee; leave there thy gift before the altar, and go away;711   ἄπελθε, St. Chrys. ὕπαγεἄπελθε and ἀπελθν.—R.]first be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift.”712   Matt. v. 23, 24.

O goodness! O exceeding love to man! He makes no account of the honor due unto Himself, for the sake of our love towards our neighbor; implying that not at all from any enmity, nor out of any desire to punish, had He uttered those former threatenings, but out of very tender affection. For what can be milder than these sayings? “Let my service,” saith he, “be interrupted, that thy love may continue; since this also is a sacrifice, thy being reconciled to thy brother.” Yea, for this cause He said not, “after the offering,” or “before the offering;” but, while the very gift lies there, and when the sacrifice is already beginning, He sends thee to be reconciled to thy brother; and neither after removing that which lies before us,713   συνελντα τ προκεμενα. Mr. Field translates this, “quickly doing the work in hand:” alleging that the word συναιρεν cannot well stand for “removing.” But its strict meaning seems to be “to pack up,” or “put into a small compass.” So Odyss. xx. 95. χλαναν μν συνελν κα κεα, ποσιν νευδεν. And this meaning suits well enough with the word προκεμενα, taken in its liturgical sense. [The technical sense of the verb is “to contract,” and the context favors Field’s view. The command was neither “after hastening through the service (Latin, nec propere confecto sacrificio) nor before beginning it.”—R.]nor before presenting the gift, but while it lies in the midst, He bids thee hasten thither.

With what motive then doth He command so to do, and wherefore? These two ends, as it appears to me, He is hereby shadowing out and providing for. First, as I have said, His will is to point out that He highly values charity,714   [τν γπην, properly rendered “love” in the next sentence.—R.]and considers it to be the greatest sacrifice: and that without it He doth not receive even that other; next, He is imposing such a necessity of reconciliation, as admits of no excuse. For whoso hath been charged not to offer before he be reconciled, will hasten, if not for love of his neighbor, yet, that this may not lie unconsecrated,715   ἀτλεστον.to run unto him who hath been grieved, and do away the enmity. For this cause He hath also expressed it all most significantly, to alarm and thoroughly to awaken him. Thus, when He had said, “Leave thy gift,” He stayed not at this, but added, “before the altar” (by the very place again causing him to shudder); “and go away.” And He said not merely, “Go away,” but He added, “first, and then come and offer thy gift.” By all these things making it manifest, that this table receives not them that are at enmity with each other.

Let the initiated hear this, as many as draw nigh in enmity: and let the uninitiated hear too: yea, for the saying hath some relation to them also. For they too offer a gift and a sacrifice: prayer, I mean, and alms-giving. For as to this also being a sacrifice, hear what the prophet saith: “A sacrifice of praise will glorify me;”716   Ps. l. 23.and again, “Sacrifice to God a sacrifice of praise;”717   Ps. l. 14.and, “The lifting up of mine hands is an evening sacrifice.”718   Ps. cxli. 2. So that if it be but a prayer, which thou art offering in such a frame of mind, it were better to leave thy prayer, and become reconciled to thy brother, and then to offer thy prayer.

For to this end were all things done: to this end even God became man, and took order for all those works, that He might set us at one.

And whereas in this place He is sending the wrong doer to the sufferer, in His prayer He leads the sufferer to the wrong doer, and reconciles them. For as there He saith, “Forgive men their debts;” so here, “If he hath ought against thee, go thy way unto him.”

Or rather, even here too He seems to me to be sending the injured person: and for some such reason He said not, “Reconcile thyself to thy brother,” but, “Be thou rec onciled.” And while the saying seems to pertain to the aggressor, the whole of it really pertains to him that is aggrieved. Thus, “If thou art reconciled to him,” saith Christ, “through thy love to him thou wilt have me also propitious, and wilt be able to offer thy sacrifice with great confidence. But if thou art still irritated, consider that even I readily command that which is mine to be lightly esteemed, that ye may become friends; and let these thoughts be soothing to thine anger.”

And He said not, “When thou hast suffered any of the greater wrongs, then be reconciled; but, “Though it be some trifle that he hath against thee.” And He added not, “Whether justly or unjustly;” but merely, “If he hath ought against thee.” For though it be justly, not even in that case oughtest thou to protract the enmity; since Christ also was justly angered with us, yet nevertheless He gave Himself for us to be slain, “not imputing those trespasses.”719   2 Cor. v. 19.

For this cause Paul also, when urging us in another way to reconciliation, said, “Let not the sun go down upon your wrath.”720   Eph. iv. 26. For much as Christ by this argument of the sacrifice, so there Paul by that of the day, is urging us on to the self-same point. Because in truth he fears the night, lest it overtake him that is smitten alone, and make the wound greater. For whereas in the day there are many to distract, and draw him off; in the night, when he is alone, and is thinking it over by himself, the waves swell, and the storm becomes greater. Therefore Paul, you see, to prevent this, would fain commit him to the night already reconciled, that the devil may after that have no opportunity, from his solitude, to rekindle the furnace of his wrath, and make it fiercer. Thus also Christ permits not, though it be ever so little delay, lest, the sacrifice being accomplished, such an one become more remiss, procrastinating from day to day: for He knows that the case requires very speedy treatment. And as a skillful physician exhibits not only the preventives of our diseases, but their correctives also, even so doth He likewise. Thus, to forbid our calling “fool,” is a preventive of enmity; but to command reconciliation is a means of removing the diseases that ensue on the enmity.

And mark how both commands are set forth with earnestness. For as in the former case He threatened hell, so here He receives not the gift before the reconciliation, indicating great displeasure, and by all these methods destroying both the root and the produce.

And first of all He saith, “Be not angry;” and after that, “revile not.” For indeed both these are augmented, the one by the other: from enmity is reviling, from reviling enmity. On this account then He heals now the root, and now the fruit; hindering indeed the evil from ever springing up in the first instance: but if perchance it may have sprouted up and borne its most evil fruit, then by all means He burns it down the more.

13. Therefore, you see, having mentioned, first the judgment, then the council, then hell, and having spoken of His own sacrifice, He adds other topics again, thus speaking:

“Agree with thine adversary quickly, whilst thou art in the way with him.”721   Matt. v. 25.

That is, that thou mayest not say, “What then, if I am injured;” “what if I am plundered, and dragged too before the tribunal?” even this occasion and excuse He hath taken away: for He commands us not even so to be at enmity. Then, since this injunction was great, He draws His advice from the things present, which are wont to restrain the grosser sort more than the future. “Why, what sayest thou?” saith He. “That thine adversary is stronger, and doeth thee wrong? Of course then he will wrong thee more, if thou do not make it up, but art forced to go into court. For in the former case, by giving up some money, thou wilt keep thy person free; but when thou art come under the sentence of the judge, thou wilt both be bound, and pay the utmost penalty. But if thou avoid the contest there, thou wilt reap two good results: first, not having to suffer anything painful: and secondly, that the good done will be thereafter thine own doing, and no longer the effect of compulsion on his part. But if thou wilt not be ruled by these sayings, thou wrongest not him, so much as thyself.”

And see here also how He hastens him; for having said, “Agree with thine adversary,” He added, “quickly;” and He was not satisfied with this, but even of this quickness He hath required a further increase, saying, “Whilst thou art in the way with him;” pressing and hastening him hereby with great earnestness. For nothing doth so much turn our life upside down, as delay and procrastination in the performance of our good works. Nay, this hath often caused us to lose all. Therefore, as Paul for his part saith, “Before the sun set, do away the enmity;” and as He Himself had said above, “Before the offering is completed, be reconciled;” so He saith in this place also, “Quickly, whilst thou art in the way with him,” before thou art come to the doors of the court; before thou standest at the bar and art come to be thenceforth under the sway of him that judgeth. Since, before entering in, thou hast all in thine own control; but if thou set thy foot on that threshold, thou wilt not by ever so earnest efforts be able to arrange thy matters at thy will, having come under the constraint of another.

But what is it “to agree?” He means either, “consent rather to suffer wrong?” or, “so plead the cause, as if thou wert in the place of the other;” that thou mayest not corrupt justice by self-love, but rather, deliberating on another’s cause as thine own, mayest so proceed to deliver thy vote in this matter. And if this be a great thing, marvel not; since with this view did He set forth all those His blessings, that having beforehand smoothed and prepared the hearer’s soul, he might render it apter to receive all His enactments.

Now some say that He obscurely signifies the devil himself, under the name of the adversary; and bids us have nothing of his, (for this, they say, is to “agree” with him): no compromise being possible after our departure hence, nor anything awaiting us, but that punishment, from which no prayers can deliver. But to me He seems to be speaking of the judges in this world, and of the way to the court of justice, and of this prison.

For after he had abashed men by higher things, and things future, he alarms them also by such as are in this life. Which thing Paul also doth, using both the future and the present to sway his hearer: as when, deterring from wickedness, he points out to him that is inclined to evil, the ruler armed: thus saying, “But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain; for he is a minister of God.”722   Rom. xiii. 4. And again, enjoining us to be subject unto him, he sets forth not the fear of God only, but the threatening also of the other party, and his watchful care. “For ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake.”723   Rom. v. 5. Because the more irrational, as I have already said, are wont to be sooner corrected by these things, things which appear and are at hand. Wherefore Christ also made mention, not of hell only, but also of a court of justice, and of being dragged thither, and of the prison, and of all the suffering there; by all these means destroying the roots of murder. For he who neither reviles, nor goes to law, nor prolongs enmity, how will he ever commit murder? So that from hence also it is evident, that in the advantage of our neighbor stands our own advantage. For he that agrees with his adversary, will benefit himself much more; becoming free, by his own act, from courts of law, and prisons, and the wretchedness that is there.

14. Let us then be obedient to His sayings; let us not oppose ourselves, nor be contentious; for first of all, even antecedently to their rewards, these injunctions have their pleasure and profit in themselves. And if to the more part they seem to be burdensome, and the trouble which they cause, great; have it in thy mind that thou art doing it for Christ’s sake, and the pain will be pleasant. For if we maintain this way of reckoning at all times, we shall experience nothing burdensome, but great will be the pleasure we reap from every quarter; for our toil will no longer seem toil, but by how much it is enhanced, so much the sweeter and pleasanter doth it grow.

When therefore the custom of evil things, and the desire of wealth, keep on bewitching thee; do thou war against them with that mode of thinking which tells us, “Great is the reward we shall receive, for despising the pleasure which is but for a season;” and say to thy soul; “Art thou quite dejected because I defraud thee of pleasure? Nay, be of good cheer, for I am introducing thee into Heaven. Thou doest it not for man’s sake, but for God’s. Be patient therefore a little while, and thou shalt see how great is the gain. Endure for the present life, and thou shalt receive an unspeakable confidence.” For if we would thus discourse with our own soul, and not only consider that which is burdensome in virtue, but take account also of the crown that comes thereof, we shall quickly withdraw it from all wickedness.

For if the devil, holding out pleasure for a season, but pain for ever, is yet strong, and prevails; seeing our case is just the reverse in these matters, the labor temporary, the pleasure and profit immortal, what plea shall we have, if we follow not virtue after so great encouragement? Why, the object of our labors is enough to set against all, and our clear persuasion that for God’s sake we are enduring all this. For if one having the king his debtor, thinks he hath sufficient security for all his life; consider how great will he be, who hath made the Gracious and Everlasting God a debtor to himself, for good deeds both small and great. Do not then allege to me labors and sweats; for not by the hope only of the things to come, but in another way also, God hath made virtue easy, assisting us everywhere, and putting His hand to our work. And if thou wilt only contribute a little zeal, everything else follows. For to this end He will have thee too to labor a little, even that the victory may be thine also. And just as a king would have his own son present indeed in the array; he would have him shoot with the bow,724   [This clause is not found in the Greek text of Field, nor noticed in the critical notes. The Latin version has jacula viorare, and was probably inadvertently followed by the translator.—R.]and show himself, that the trophy may be reckoned his, while he achieves it all Himself: even so doth God in our war against the devil: He requires of thee one thing alone, that thou show forth a sincere hatred against that foe. And if thou contribute this to Him, He by Himself brings all the war to an end. Though thou burn with anger, with desire of riches, with any tyrannical passion whatever; if He see thee only stripping thyself and prepared against it, He comes quickly to thee, and makes all things easy, and sets thee above the flame, as He did those children of old in the Babylonian furnace: for they too carried in with them nought but their good will.

In order then that we also may extinguish all the furnace of disordered pleasure here, and so escape the hell that is there, let these each day be our counsels, our cares, and our practice, drawing towards us the favor of God, both by our full purpose concerning good works, and by our frequent prayers. For thus even those things which appear insupportable now, will be most easy, and light, and lovely. Because, so long as we are in our passions, we think virtue rugged and morose and arduous, vice desirable and most pleasing; but if we would stand off from these but a little, then both vice will appear abominable and unsightly, and virtue easy, mild, and much to be desired. And this you may learn plainly from those who have done well. Hear, for instance, how of those passions Paul is ashamed, even after his deliverance from them, saying, “For what fruit had ye then in those things, whereof ye are now ashamed?”725   Rom. vi. 21. But virtue, even after his labor, he affirms to be light, calling726   2 Cor. iv. 17, xii. 10; Rom. v. 3; Gal. vi. 17; Col. i. 24.the laboriousness of our affliction momentary and “light,” and rejoicing in his sufferings, and glorying in his tribulations, and taking a pride in the marks wherewith he had been branded for Christ’s sake.

In order then that we too may establish ourselves in this habit, let us order ourselves each day by what hath been said, and “forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, let us press on towards the prize of the high calling:”727   Phil. iii. 13, 14.unto which God grant that we may all attain, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory and power for ever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙϚʹ.Μὴ νομίσητε, ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας. αʹ. Τίς γὰρ τοῦτο ὑπώπτευσεν ἢ τίς ἐνεκάλεσεν ἵνα πρὸς τοῦτο ποιήσηται τὴν ἀπάντησιν; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τοιαύτη τις ὑποψία ἐτίκτετο: τὸ γὰρ κελεύειν πράους εἶναι, καὶ ἐπιεικεῖς, καὶ ἐλεήμονας, καὶ καθαροὺς τῇ καρδίᾳ, καὶ ὑπὲρ δικαιοσύνης ἀγωνίζεσθαι, οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον ἐνεδείκνυτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὐναντίον ἅπαν. Τί δήποτε οὖν τοῦτο εἴρηκεν; Οὐχ ἁπλῶς, οὐδὲ εἰκῆ: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ μείζονα τῶν παλαιῶν ἔμελλε νομοθετεῖν παραγγελμάτων, λέγων: Ἠκούσατε, ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις: Οὐ φονεύσεις: ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν: Μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθε: καὶ θείας τινὸς καὶ οὐρανίου πολιτείας τέμνειν ὁδόν: ἵνα μὴ τὸ ξένον ταράξῃ τῶν ἀκουόντων τὰς ψυχὰς, καὶ διαστασιάζειν παρασκευάσῃ πρὸς τὰ λεγόμενα, ταύτῃ κέχρηται τῇ προδιορθώσει. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μὴ ἐπλήρουν τὸν νόμον, ἀλλ' ὅμως πολλῇ κατείχοντο πρὸς αὐτὸν συνειδήσει, καὶ τοῖς πράγμασιν αὐτὸν καθ' ἑκάστην παραλύοντες τὴν ἡμέραν, τὰ γράμματα ἤθελον μένειν ἀκίνητα, καὶ μηδένα προσθεῖναι πλέον αὐτοῖς: μᾶλλον δὲ προστιθέντων μὲν ἠνείχοντο τῶν ἀρχόντων, οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον δὲ, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον. Καὶ γὰρ τὴν εἰς τοὺς γονέας τιμὴν οὕτω παρέλυον ταῖς ἑαυτῶν προσθήκαις: καὶ ἕτερα δὲ πλείονα τῶν ἐγκειμένων ἐξέλυον τοῖς ἀκαίροις τούτοις πλεονασμοῖς. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ὁ Χριστὸς οὔτε ἐξ ἱερατικῆς φυλῆς ἐτύγχανεν ὢν, καὶ ἅπερ ἔμελλεν εἰσηγεῖσθαι, προσθήκη τις ἦν, οὐ μὴν ἐλαττοῦσα, ἀλλ' ἐπιτείνουσα τὴν ἀρετήν: προειδὼς ἀμφότερα ταῦτα μέλλοντα αὐτοὺς ταράττειν, πρὶν ἢ τοὺς θαυμαστοὺς ἐκείνους ἐγγράψαι νόμους, ἐκβάλλει τὸ μέλλον αὐτῶν ὑφορμεῖν τῇ διανοίᾳ. Τί δὲ ἦν τὸ ὑφορμοῦν καὶ ἀντικροῦον; Ἐνόμιζον αὐτὸν ταῦτα λέγοντα ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τῶν παλαιῶν νομίμων ποιεῖν. Ταύτην τοίνυν ἰᾶται τὴν ὑπόνοιαν. Καὶ οὐκ ἐνταῦθα τοῦτο ποιεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρωθι πάλιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀντίθεον ἐντεῦθεν αὐτὸν ἐνόμιζον εἶναι, ἀπὸ τοῦ τὸ Σάββατον μὴ τηρεῖν, θεραπεύων αὐτῶν τὴν τοιαύτην ὑποψίαν, κἀκεῖ πάλιν τίθησιν ἀπολογίας, τὰς μὲν ἑαυτῷ πρεπούσας, ὥσπερ ὅταν λέγῃ, Ὁ Πατήρ μου ἐργάζεται, κἀγὼ ἐργάζομαι: τὰς δὲ πολὺ τὸ συγκαταβατικὸν ἐχούσας, οἷον ὡς ὅταν εἰς μέσον παράγῃ πρόβατον ἀπολλύμενον ἐν Σαββάτῳ, καὶ δεικνύῃ διὰ τὴν ἐκείνου σωτηρίαν τὸν νόμον κινούμενον, καὶ περιτομῆς μνημονεύῃ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιούσης πάλιν. Διὸ δὴ καὶ ταπεινότερα φθέγγεται πολλάκις ῥήματα, ἵνα τὸ δοκεῖν εἶναι ἀντίθεος ἀνέλῃ. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μυρίους νεκροὺς ἐγείρας λόγῳ μόνῳ, ἡνίκα τὸν Λάζαρον ἐκάλει, καὶ εὐχὴν προσέθηκεν: εἶτα, ἵνα μὴ τοῦτο ἐλάττονα αὐτὸν δείξῃ τοῦ γεγεννηκότος, διορθούμενος τὴν ὑπόνοιαν, ἐπήγαγεν, ὅτι Ταῦτα εἶπον διὰ τὸν ὄχλον τὸν περιεστῶτα, ἵνα πιστεύσωσιν ὅτι σύ με ἀπέστειλας. Καὶ οὔτε πάντα ὡς αὐθεντῶν ἐργάζεται, ἵνα τὴν ἐκείνων ἀσθένειαν διορθώσηται: οὔτε πάντα εὐχόμενος ποιεῖ, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα καταλίπῃ πονηρᾶς ὑποψίας ὑπόθεσιν, ὡς ἀσθενῶν καὶ ἀδυνάτως ἔχων: ἀλλὰ μίγνυσι ταῦτα ἐκείνοις, κἀκεῖνα τούτοις. Καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἁπλῶς ποιεῖ, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τῆς αὐτῷ προσηκούσης συνέσεως. Τὰ γὰρ μείζονα ἐξουσιαστικῶς ποιῶν, ἐν τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβλέπει. Ἁμαρτήματα μὲν γὰρ λύων, καὶ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα ἀποκαλύπτων, καὶ παράδεισον ἀνοιγνὺς, καὶ δαίμονας ἀπελαύνων, καὶ λεπροὺς καθαρίζων, καὶ θάνατον χαλινῶν, καὶ νεκροὺς ἐγείρων μυρίους, ἐξ ἐπιτάγματος πάντα ἐποίει. Ἡνίκα δὲ, ὃ πολλῷ τούτων ἔλαττον ἦν, ἄρτους ἐξ ὀλίγων πολλοὺς παρεσκεύαζε πηγάζειν, τότε εἰς οὐρανὸν ἀνέβλεπε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ δι' ἀσθένειαν τοῦτο ἐργάζεται. Ὁ γὰρ τὰ μείζονα δυνηθεὶς μετ' ἐξουσίας ποιῆσαι, πῶς ἂν ἐν τοῖς ἐλάττοσιν εὐχῆς ἐδεήθη; Ἀλλ', ὅπερ ἔφην, ἵνα ἐκείνων ἐπιστομίσῃ τὴν ἀναισχυντίαν, τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Τὸ αὐτὸ τοίνυν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ῥήμασιν, ὅταν ἀκούσῃς αὐτοῦ ταπεινὰ φθεγγομένου, λογίζου. Καὶ γὰρ πολλαὶ καὶ τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τῶν τοιούτων εἰσὶν αἰτίαι: οἷον, τὸ μὴ νομίζεσθαι ἀλλότριον εἶναι τοῦ Θεοῦ, τὸ πάντας παιδεύειν αὐτὸν καὶ θεραπεύειν, τὸ ταπεινοφροσύνην διδάσκειν, τὸ σάρκα περικεῖσθαι, τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι Ἰουδαίους πάντα ἀθρόως ἀκούειν, τὸ διδάσκειν μηδὲν μέγα περὶ ἑαυτῶν φθέγγεσθαι. Διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰ ταπεινὰ αὐτὸς περὶ ἑαυτοῦ πολλάκις εἰπὼν, τὰ μεγάλα ἑτέροις ἀφίησι λέγειν. βʹ. Αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ Ἰουδαίοις διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγε: Πρὸ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγώ εἰμι: ὁ μαθητὴς δὲ αὐτοῦ οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ', Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος, καὶ ὁ Λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ Λόγος. Πάλιν, ὅτι οὐρανὸν καὶ γῆν καὶ θάλατταν αὐτὸς ἐποίησε, καὶ τὰ ὁρώμενα καὶ τὰ ἀόρατα πάντα, αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδαμοῦ σαφῶς εἴρηκεν: ὁ δὲ μαθητὴς μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς παῤῥησίας, οὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος, καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς καὶ πολλάκις τοῦτό φησι, Πάντα δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, γράφων: καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἔν: καὶ, Ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ἦν, καὶ ὁ κόσμος δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις, εἰ ἕτεροι μείζονα περὶ αὐτοῦ εἰρήκασιν, ὧν αὐτὸς εἴρηκεν, ὅπου γε πολλὰ διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐπιδεικνύμενος, διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων σαφῶς οὐκ ἔλεγεν; Ὅτι γὰρ τὸν ἄνθρωπον αὐτὸς ἐποίησεν, ἔδειξε σαφῶς καὶ διὰ τοῦ τυφλοῦ: ἡνίκα δὲ περὶ τῆς ἐν ἀρχῇ πλάσεως ὁ λόγος ἦν αὐτῷ, οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἐγὼ ἐποίησα, ἀλλ', Ὁ ποιήσας, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς. Πάλιν, ὅτι τὸν κόσμον ἐδημιούργησε καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ, διὰ τῶν ἰχθύων, διὰ τοῦ οἴνου, διὰ τῶν ἄρτων, διὰ τῆς γαλήνης τῆς ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ, διὰ τῆς ἀκτῖνος, ἣν ἀπέστρεψεν ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ, διὰ πλειόνων ἑτέρων ἀπέδειξε: ῥήμασι δὲ οὐδαμοῦ τοῦτο σαφῶς εἶπεν, ἀλλ' οἱ μαθηταὶ συνεχῶς τοῦτο φθέγγονται, καὶ Ἰωάννης, καὶ Παῦλος καὶ Πέτρος. Εἰ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι, οἱ νύκτωρ καὶ μεθ' ἡμέραν ἀκούοντες αὐτοῦ διαλεγομένου, καὶ θαυματουργοῦντα βλέποντες, καὶ οἷς κατ' ἰδίαν πολλὰ ἐπέλυσε, καὶ τοσαύτην ἔδωκε δύναμιν, ὡς καὶ νεκροὺς ἐγείρειν, καὶ οὕτως ἀπηρτισμένους εἰργάσατο, ὡς πάντα ἀφεῖναι δι' αὐτὸν, μετὰ τὴν τοσαύτην ἀρετὴν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν οὐκ ἴσχυον τὰ πάντα βαστάσαι πρὸ τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος χορηγίας: πῶς δῆμος Ἰουδαϊκὸς, καὶ συνέσεως ἄμοιρος, καὶ τῆς τοσαύτης ἀρετῆς ἀπολιμπανόμενος, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ παρατυγχάνοντος παραγινόμενος τοῖς γινομένοις ἢ τοῖς λεγομένοις ποτὲ, μὴ ἀλλότριον αὐτὸν εἶναι τοῦ τῶν ὅλων Θεοῦ ἐπείσθη, εἰ μὴ τοσαύτῃ συγκαταβάσει διὰ πάντων ἐχρήσατο; Διὰ γάρ τοι τοῦτο, καὶ ὅτε τὸ Σάββατον ἔλυεν, οὐ προηγουμένως τὴν τοιαύτην εἰσῆγε νομοθεσίαν, ἀλλὰ ποικίλας καὶ πολλὰς συντίθησιν ἀπολογίας. Εἰ δὲ μίαν ἐντολὴν μέλλων ἀναπαύειν, τοσαύτῃ κέχρηται λόγων οἰκονομίᾳ, ἵνα μὴ πλήξῃ τοὺς ἀκούοντας: πολλῷ μᾶλλον προσθεὶς ὁλοκλήρῳ τῷ νόμῳ ὁλόκληρον ἑτέραν νομοθεσίαν, πολλῆς ἐδεῖτο τῆς κατασκευῆς καὶ τῆς θεραπείας, ὥστε μὴ θορυβῆσαι τοὺς ἀκροωμένους τότε. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο οὐδὲ περὶ τῆς θεότητος τῆς αὐτοῦ πανταχοῦ φαίνεται σαφῶς παιδεύων. Εἰ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ νόμου προσθήκη τοσοῦτον αὐτοὺς ἐθορύβει, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ Θεὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀποφαίνειν. Διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰ καταδεέστερα τῆς οἰκείας φθέγγεται ἀξίας: καὶ ἐνταῦθα μέλλων ἐκβαίνειν εἰς τὴν τοῦ νόμου προσθήκην, πολλῇ τῇ προδιορθώσει κέχρηται. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἅπαξ εἶπεν, ὅτι Οὐ λύω τὸν νόμον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δεύτερον αὐτὸ πάλιν ἀνέλαβε, καὶ ἕτερον προσέθηκε μεῖζον. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Μὴ νομίσητε ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἐπήγαγεν, Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ Ἰουδαίων ἐμφράττει τὴν ἀναισχυντίαν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν αἱρετικῶν ἀποῤῥάπτει τὰ στόματα, τῶν ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου λεγόντων εἶναι τὴν Παλαιάν. Εἰ γὰρ καταλῦσαι τὴν ἐκείνου τυραννίδα παρεγένετο ὁ Χριστὸς, πῶς ταύτην οὐ μόνον οὐ καταλύει, ἀλλὰ καὶ πληροῖ; Οὐ γὰρ μόνον εἴρηκεν, ὅτι Οὐ καταλύω: καίτοι ἤρκει τοῦτο: ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ Πληρῶ: ὅπερ οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐναντιουμένου ἦν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συγκροτοῦντος αὐτήν. Καὶ πῶς οὐ κατέλυσε; φησί: πῶς δὲ καὶ ἐπλήρωσεν, ἢ τὸν νόμον, ἢ τοὺς προφήτας; Τοὺς προφήτας μὲν, δι' ὧν τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ λεχθέντα ἅπαντα τοῖς ἔργοις ἐβεβαίωσε: διὸ καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἔλεγεν: Ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ προφήτου: καὶ ἡνίκα ἐτέχθη, καὶ ἡνίκα τὰ παιδία τὸν θαυμαστὸν ὕμνον ᾖδεν εἰς αὐτὸν, καὶ ἡνίκα ἐπὶ τῆς ὄνου ἐκάθισε, καὶ ἐφ' ἑτέρων δὲ πλειόνων τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐπλήρωσεν: ἅπερ πάντα ἔμελλον ἀπλήρωτα εἶναι, εἰ μὴ παρεγένετο. Τὸν δὲ νόμον οὐχ ἑνὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δευτέρῳ καὶ τρίτῳ ἐπλήρωσε τρόπῳ. Ἑνὶ μὲν, τῷ μηδὲν παραβῆναι τῶν νομίμων. Ὅτι γὰρ πάντα αὐτὸν ἐπλήρωσεν, ἄκουσον τί φησι τῷ Ἰωάννῃ: Οὕτω γὰρ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην. Καὶ Ἰουδαίοις δὲ ἔλεγε: Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐλέγχει με περὶ ἁμαρτίας; Καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς δὲ πάλιν: Ἔρχεται ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου, καὶ ἐν ἐμοὶ εὑρίσκει οὐδέν. Καὶ ὁ προφήτης δὲ ἄνωθεν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησεν. Ἑνὶ μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν ἐπλήρωσε τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ: ἑτέρῳ δὲ, τῷ καὶ δι' ἡμῶν τοῦτο ποιῆσαι. Τὸ γὰρ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον αὐτὸς ἐπλήρωσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐχαρίσατο τοῦτο. Ὅπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν: Ὅτι Τέλος νόμου Χριστὸς εἰς δικαιοσύνην παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι. Καὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν δὲ αὐτὸν ἔλεγε Κρῖναι ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ, ἵνα τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ νόμου πληρωθῇ ἐν ἡμῖν τοῖς μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσι. Καὶ πάλιν: Νόμον οὖν καταργοῦμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως; Μὴ γένοιτο. Ἀλλὰ νόμον ἱστῶμεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὁ νόμος τοῦτο ἐσπούδαζε, δίκαιον ποιῆσαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἠτόνει δὲ, ἐλθὼν αὐτὸς, καὶ τρόπον εἰσαγαγὼν δικαιοσύνης τὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως, ἔστησε τοῦ νόμου τὸ βούλημα: καὶ ὅπερ οὐκ ἴσχυσε διὰ γραμμάτων ἐκεῖνος, τοῦτο αὐτὸς διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἤνυσε. Διὰ τοῦτό φησιν: Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι τὸν νόμον. γʹ. Εἰ δέ τις ἀκριβῶς ἐξετάσειε, καὶ ἕτερον τρίτον τρόπον εὑρήσει, καθ' ὃν τοῦτο γέγονε. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτον; Τὸν τῆς μελλούσης νομοθεσίας, ἥνπερ ἔμελλε παραδιδόναι. Οὐ γὰρ ἀναίρεσις τῶν προτέρων, ἀλλ' ἐπίτασις καὶ πλήρωσις ἦν τὰ λεγόμενα. Τοῦ γὰρ μὴ φονεύειν οὐκ ἀναίρεσις τὸ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ πλήρωσις καὶ πλείων ἀσφάλεια: καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων. Διὸ δὴ καὶ τὰ σπέρματα τούτων προκαταβαλόμενος ἀνυπόπτως τότε, ὅτε σαφέστερον ἔμελλεν ἐκ τῆς παραθέσεως τῶν παλαιῶν καὶ νέων νομίμων ἐπὶ ἐναντιώσει ὑποπτεύεσθαι, τῇ προδιορθώσει κέχρηται. Αἰνιγματωδῶς μὲν γὰρ αὐτὰ καὶ ἤδη κατεβάλετο διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων. Τὸ γὰρ, Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ, ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι: καὶ τὸ, Μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ, τῷ μὴ ἐμβλέψαι εἰς γυναῖκα πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν: καὶ τὸ μὴ θησαυρίζειν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τῷ, Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες, συνᾴδει: καὶ τὸ πενθεῖν δὲ, καὶ τὸ διώκεσθαι, καὶ ὀνειδίζεσθαι, ἴσον ἐστὶ τῷ διὰ τῆς στενῆς πύλης εἰσιέναι: καὶ τὸ πεινᾷν καὶ διψᾷν τὴν δικαιοσύνην, οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἢ ἐκεῖνο, ὃ μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν, ὅτι Ὅσα ἂν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι, καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς. Καὶ τὸν εἰρηνοποιὸν μακαρίσας, πάλιν τὸ αὐτὸ σχεδὸν εἴρηκεν, ὅτε ἐκέλευσεν ἀφεῖναι τὸ δῶρον, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν καταλλαγὴν σπεύδειν τοῦ λελυπημένου, καὶ τὸ εὐνοεῖν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖ μὲν τὰ ἔπαθλα τῶν κατορθούντων τέθεικεν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ τῶν μὴ ποιούντων τὰς τιμωρίας. Διόπερ ἐκεῖ μὲν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι οἱ πραεῖς κληρονομήσουσι γῆν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ὁ μωρὸν καλῶν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ γεέννῃ τοῦ πυρός. Καὶ ἐκεῖ μὲν, ὅτι τὸν Θεὸν ὄψονται οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ: ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ὅτι μοιχός ἐστιν ἀπηρτισμένος ὁ ἀκολάστως ἰδών: καὶ τοὺς εἰρηνοποιοὺς υἱοὺς Θεοῦ καλέσας ἐκεῖ, ἐνταῦθα ἑτέρωθεν φοβεῖ λέγων: Μή ποτέ σε παραδῷ ὁ ἀντίδικος τῷ κριτῇ. Οὕτω καὶ τοὺς πενθοῦντας καὶ τοὺς διωκομένους μακαρίζων ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν, ἐν τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο κατασκευάζων, ἀπώλειαν ἀπειλεῖ τοῖς μὴ ταύτην ἐρχομένοις τὴν ὁδόν: οἱ γὰρ διὰ τῆς πλατείας βαδίζοντες, φησὶν, ἐκεῖ καταστρέφουσι. Καὶ τὸ, Οὐ δύνασθε Θεῷ δουλεύειν καὶ μαμωνᾷ, ἴσον εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ τῷ, Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες, καὶ, Οἱ πεινῶντες τὴν δικαιοσύνην. Ἀλλ', ὅπερ ἔφην, ἐπειδὴ μέλλει τρανότερον αὐτὰ λέγειν, καὶ οὐ τρανότερον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονα τῶν εἰρημένων προστιθέναι πάλιν (οὐκέτι γὰρ ἐλεήμονα ζητεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ χιτωνίσκου ἐξίστασθαι κελεύει: οὐδὲ πρᾶον ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἑτέραν σιαγόνα στρέφειν τῷ βουλομένῳ ῥαπίζειν), τὴν δοκοῦσαν ἀντίθεσιν εἶναι πρότερον ἀναιρεῖ. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, οὐδὲ ἅπαξ τοῦτο εἴρηκεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δεύτερον. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Μὴ νομίσητε, ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἐπήγαγεν: Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι. Ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν: Ἐὰν παρέλθῃ ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ, ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ τοῦ νόμου, ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: Ἀμήχανον ἀτέλεστον μεῖναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ βραχύτατον αὐτοῦ πληρωθῆναι δεῖ. Ὅπερ αὐτὸς ἐποίησε, μετὰ ἀκριβείας αὐτὸν ἁπάσης ἀπαρτίσας. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἡμῖν αἰνίττεται, ὅτι καὶ ὁ κόσμος ἅπας μετασχηματίζεται. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἐπάρῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν, καὶ δείξῃ δικαίως ἑτέραν εἰσαγαγὼν πολιτείαν: εἴγε μέλλοι καὶ τὰ τῆς κτίσεως ἅπαντα μετασχηματίζεσθαι, καὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος πρὸς ἑτέραν καλεῖσθαι πατρίδα, καὶ βίου παρασκευὴν ὑψηλοτέραν. Ὃς ἐὰν οὖν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων τῶν ἐλαχίστων, καὶ διδάξῃ οὕτω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐλάχιστος κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπήλλαξεν ἑαυτὸν τῆς πονηρᾶς ὑποψίας, καὶ τοὺς βουλομένους ἀντιλέγειν ἐπεστόμισε, τότε λοιπὸν καὶ φοβεῖ, καὶ ἀπειλὴν τίθησι μεγίστην ὑπὲρ τῆς μελλούσης νομοθεσίας. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῶν παλαιῶν νόμων εἴρηκεν, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτὸς ἔμελλε νομοθετεῖν, ἄκουσον τῶν ἑξῆς. Λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν, φησίν: Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν πλέον τῶν γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Εἰ δὲ περὶ τῶν παλαιῶν ἠπείλει νόμων, πῶς ἔλεγεν, Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ; Τοὺς γὰρ τὰ αὐτὰ ποιοῦντας, ἅπερ ἐποίουν ἐκεῖνοι, οὐκ ἦν περισσεῦσαι κατὰ τὸν τῆς δικαιοσύνης λόγον. Ἀλλὰ ποῖον ἦν τὸ περισσόν; Τὸ μὴ ὀργισθῆναι, τὸ μηδὲ ἐμβλέψαι εἰς γυναῖκα ἀκολάστως. δʹ. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐλαχίστας αὐτὰς ἐκάλεσε, καίτοι οὕτω μεγάλας καὶ ὑψηλὰς οὔσας; Ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς τὴν νομοθεσίαν εἰσάγειν ἔμελλεν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἑαυτὸν ἐταπείνωσε, καὶ μέτρια πολλαχοῦ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ φθέγγεται: οὕτω καὶ περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ νομοθεσίας, παιδεύων ἡμᾶς κἀν τούτῳ πανταχοῦ μετριάζειν. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ ἐπειδὴ καινοτομίας ἐδόκει τις ὑποψία εἶναι, ὑπεσταλμένως τέως κέχρηται τῷ λόγῳ. Ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσῃς ἐλάχιστον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν, μηδὲν ἄλλο ὑπόπτευε ἢ γέενναν καὶ κόλασιν. Βασιλείαν γὰρ οἶδεν οὐχὶ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν μόνον λέγειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς ἀναστάσεως, καὶ τὴν παρουσίαν ἐκείνην τὴν φοβεράν. Ἐπεὶ πῶς ἂν ἔχοι λόγον, τὸν μὲν εἰπόντα τὸν ἀδελφὸν μωρὸν, καὶ μίαν παραβάντα ἐντολὴν, εἰς τὴν γέενναν ἐμπεσεῖν: τὸν δὲ ὅλας λύοντα, καὶ ἑτέρους εἰς τοῦτο ἐνάγοντα, ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ εἶναι; Οὐ τοίνυν τοῦτό φησιν, ἀλλ' ὅτι ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ ἐλάχιστος ἔσται, ἀπεῤῥιμμένος, ἔσχατος: ὁ δὲ ἔσχατος πάντως εἰς τὴν γέενναν ἐμπεσεῖται τότε. Καὶ γὰρ Θεὸς ὢν προῄδει τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ῥᾳθυμίαν, καὶ ὅτι μέλλουσί τινες ὑπερβολῆς νομίζειν εἶναι τὰ εἰρημένα μόνης, καὶ συλλογίζεσθαι τοὺς νόμους, καὶ λέγειν: Ἐὰν οὖν τις μωρὸν καλέσῃ, κολάζεται; ἐὰν οὖν ἴδῃ τις ἁπλῶς, μοιχὸς γίνεται; Διὸ δὴ ταύτην προαναιρῶν τὴν ὀλιγωρίαν, ἀπειλὴν τέθεικε μεγίστην ἑκατέροις, καὶ τοῖς παραβαίνουσι, καὶ τοῖς ἑτέρους εἰς τοῦτο ἐνάγουσιν. Εἰδότες τοίνυν τὴν ἀπειλὴν, μήτε αὐτοὶ παραβαίνωμεν, μήτε τοὺς βουλομένους ταῦτα φυλάττειν ἐκλύωμεν. Ὃς δ' ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, φησὶ, μέγας κληθήσεται. Οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτοῖς δεῖ χρησίμους εἶναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέροις. Καὶ γὰρ οὐκ ἴσος ὁ μισθὸς τῷ ἑαυτὸν κατορθοῦντι, καὶ τῷ μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἕτερον προστιθέντι. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ διδάσκειν ἄνευ τοῦ ποιεῖν, κρίνει τὸν διδάσκοντα (Ὁ γὰρ διδάσκων, φησὶν, ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν οὐ διδάσκεις;): οὕτω τὸ ποιεῖν μὲν, ἑτέροις δὲ μὴ ὑφηγεῖσθαι, ἐλαττοῖ τὸν μισθόν. Δεῖ τοίνυν ἐν ἑκατέροις ἄκρον εἶναι, καὶ πρότερον ἑαυτὸν κατορθώσαντα, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἐκβῆναι ἐπιμέλειαν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς τὴν ποίησιν πρὸ τῆς διδασκαλίας ἔθηκε, δεικνὺς ὅτι οὕτω μάλιστά τις διδάξαι δυνήσεται, ἑτέρως δὲ οὐδαμῶς. Ἀκούσεται γάρ: Ἰατρὲ, θεράπευσον σεαυτόν. Ὁ γὰρ ἑαυτὸν διδάξαι μὴ δυνηθεὶς καὶ ἑτέρους ἐπιχειρῶν διορθοῦν, πολλοὺς ἕξει τοὺς κωμῳδοῦντας αὐτόν: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ διδάξαι ὁ τοιοῦτος δυνήσεται, τῶν πραγμάτων ἀντιφθεγγομένων αὐτῷ. Ἂν δὲ ἑκατέρωθεν ἀπηρτισμένος ᾖ, μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. Λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν: Ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ἡ δικαιοσύνη ὑμῶν πλέον τῶν γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἐνταῦθα δικαιοσύνην τὴν πᾶσαν ἀρετὴν λέγει, ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ἰὼβ διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγε: Καὶ ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἄμεμπτος, δίκαιος. Κατὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος τὸ σημαινόμενον δίκαιον ἐκεῖνον ἐκάλεσεν, ᾧ μηδὲ νόμον κεῖσθαι ἔλεγε: Δικαίῳ γὰρ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, φησί. Καὶ πολλαχοῦ δὲ ἀλλαχοῦ τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς καθόλου κείμενον εὕροι τις ἄν. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει τῆς χάριτος τὴν ἐπίδοσιν, ὅπου τοὺς μαθητὰς τοὺς νεήλυδας τῶν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ διδασκάλων κρείττους εἶναι βούλεται. Γραμματέων γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καὶ Φαρισαίων οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπε τῶν παρανόμων, ἀλλὰ τῶν κατορθούντων: οὐ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ κατώρθουν, ἔφησεν ἔχειν δικαιοσύνην, οὐδὲ ἂν τὴν οὐκ οὖσαν παρέβαλε τῇ οὔσῃ. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθα πῶς συνίστησι τὴν Παλαιὰν, σύγκρισιν ποιούμενος ταύτης πρὸς ἐκείνην: ὅπερ δείκνυσιν ὁμόφυλον αὐτὴν οὖσαν καὶ συγγενῆ: τὸ γὰρ πλέον καὶ ἔλαττον τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους ἐστίν. Οὐ τοίνυν διαβάλλει τὴν Παλαιὰν, ἀλλ' ἐπιταθῆναι αὐτὴν βούλεται. Εἰ δὲ ἦν πονηρὰ, οὐκ ἂν τὸ πλέον ἐζήτησεν, οὐδ' ἂν αὐτὴν διώρθωσεν, ἀλλ' ἐξέβαλεν ἄν. Καὶ πῶς. φησὶν, εἰ τοιαύτη ἐστὶν, εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν οὐκ εἰσάγει; Νῦν οὐκ εἰσάγει τοὺς μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίαν πολιτευομένους, ἅτε δὴ πλείονος ἀπολελαυκότας δυνάμεως, καὶ μείζονα ὀφείλοντας ἀγωνίζεσθαι: ἐπεὶ τούς γε αὐτῆς τροφίμους εἰσάγει ἅπαντας. Καὶ γὰρ Πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσι, φησὶ, καὶ ἀνακλιθήσονται εἰς κόλπους Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακώβ. Καὶ ὁ Λάζαρος δὲ τῶν μεγάλων ἀπολαύων ἐπάθλων, ἐν τοῖς ἐκείνου κόλποις φαίνεται ἐνδιαιτώμενος. Καὶ πάντες ὅσοι μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς ἔλαμψαν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, διὰ ταύτης ἔλαμψαν ἅπαντες. Καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς δὲ, εἰ πονηρά τις ἦν καὶ ἀλλοτρία, οὐκ ἂν αὐτὴν ἐπλήρωσεν ἐλθὼν ἅπασαν. Εἰ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἐπισπάσασθαι τοῦτο ἐποίει μόνον, καὶ οὐχ ὥστε δεῖξαι συγγενῆ ταύτην οὖσαν τῇ Καινῇ καὶ συμβαίνουσαν: τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐχὶ καὶ τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπλήρου νόμιμά τε καὶ ἔθη, ἵνα Ἕλληνας ἐπισπάσηται; εʹ. Ὥστε πανταχόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐ διὰ τὸ πονηρὰ εἶναι οὐκ εἰσάγει, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μειζόνων ἐντολῶν εἶναι καιρόν. Εἰ δὲ ἀτελεστέρα ἐστὶ τῆς Καινῆς, οὐδὲ τοῦτο δείκνυσιν αὐτὴν πονηράν: ἐπεὶ κατὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡ Καινὴ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πείσεται. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ ταύτης γνῶσις πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν συγκρινομένη, μερική τίς ἐστι καὶ ἀτελὴς, καὶ καταργεῖται ἐκείνης ἐλθούσης: Ὅταν γὰρ ἔλθῃ, φησὶ, τὸ τέλειον, τότε τὸ ἐκ μέρους καταργηθήσεται: ὅπερ ἔπαθεν ἡ Παλαιὰ παρὰ τῆς Καινῆς. Ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὴν διαβαλοῦμεν, καίτοι καὶ αὕτη ὑπεξίσταται, ὅταν τῆς βασιλείας ἐπιτύχωμεν: Τότε γὰρ τὸ ἐκ μέρους καταργηθήσεται, φησίν: ἀλλ' ὅμως μεγάλην αὐτὴν εἶναί φαμεν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ μείζονα τὰ ἔπαθλα, καὶ πλείων ἡ παρὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος δύναμις, εἰκότως καὶ μείζονα ἀπαιτεῖ τὰ χαρίσματα. Οὐκέτι γὰρ γῆ ῥέουσα γάλα καὶ μέλι, οὐδὲ γῆρας λιπαρὸν, οὐδὲ πολυπαιδία, οὐδὲ σῖτος καὶ οἶνος, καὶ ποίμνια καὶ βουκόλια: ἀλλ' οὐρανὸς, καὶ τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἀγαθὰ, καὶ υἱοθεσία, καὶ ἀδελφότης ἡ πρὸς τὸν Μονογενῆ, καὶ κοινωνία κληρονομίας, καὶ τὸ συνδοξασθῆναι καὶ συμβασιλεῦσαι, καὶ τὰ μυρία ἔπαθλα ἐκεῖνα. Ὅτι δὲ καὶ πλείονος βοηθείας ἀπελαύσαμεν, ἄκουσον τοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος: Οὐδὲν ἄρα κατάκριμα νῦν τοῖς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, μὴ κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ πνεῦμα. Ὁ γὰρ νόμος τοῦ Πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἠλευθέρωσέ με ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου τῆς ἁμαρτίας καὶ τοῦ θανάτου. Ἀπειλήσας τοίνυν τοῖς παραβαίνουσι, καὶ μεγάλα ἔπαθλα θεὶς τοῖς κατορθοῦσι, καὶ δείξας ὅτι δικαίως πλέον ἡμᾶς ἀπαιτεῖ τῶν προτέρων μέτρων, ἄρχεται τῆς νομοθεσίας λοιπὸν, οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ κατὰ σύγκρισιν τῶν παλαιῶν νομίμων: δύο ταῦτα δεῖξαι βουλόμενος, ὅτι τε οὐ μαχόμενος τοῖς προτέροις, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα συμφωνῶν ταῦτα νομοθετεῖ, καὶ ὅτι εἰκότως καὶ σφόδρα εὐκαίρως τὰ δεύτερα ἐκείνοις προστίθησιν. Ὅπερ ἵνα καὶ σαφέστερον γένηται, αὐτῶν ἐπακούσωμεν τῶν τοῦ νομοθέτου ῥημάτων. Τί οὖν αὐτός φησιν; Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις: Οὐ φονεύσεις. Καίτοι ὁ καὶ ἐκεῖνα δοὺς, αὐτός ἐστιν: ἀλλὰ τέως ἀπροσώπως αὐτὰ τίθησιν. Εἴτε γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἠκούσατε ὅτι εἶπον τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, δυσπαράδεκτος ὁ λόγος ἐγίνετο, καὶ πᾶσιν ἂν προσέστη τοῖς ἀκούουσιν: εἴτε αὖ πάλιν εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις παρὰ τοῦ Πατρός μου, ἐπήγαγεν, Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω, μείζων ἂν ἔδοξεν εἶναι ὁ αὐθαδιασμός. Διὸ δὴ ἁπλῶς αὐτὸ τέθεικεν, ἓν μόνον ἀπ' αὐτοῦ κατασκευάζων, τὸ δεῖξαι ὅτι εἰς καιρὸν ἦλθε τὸν προσήκοντα ταῦτα λέγων. Τῷ γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Ὅτι ἐῤῥέθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις, ἐνέφηνε πολὺν τὸν χρόνον, ἐξ οὗ τὴν ἐντολὴν ταύτην ἔλαβον. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίησεν, ἵνα ἐντρέψῃ τὸν ἀκροατὴν τὸν ἀναδυόμενον πρὸς τὰ ὑψηλότερα ἐκβῆναι τῶν ἐπιταγμάτων: ὡσανεὶ διδάσκαλος παιδίῳ ῥᾳθυμοῦντι λέγοι: Οὐκ οἶσθα πόσον ἀνήλωσας χρόνον συλλαβὰς μελετῶν; Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς αἰνιττόμενος τῷ τῶν ἀρχαίων ὀνόματι, ἐκκαλεῖται λοιπὸν αὐτοὺς πρὸς τὰ μείζονα τῶν διδαγμάτων, ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγεν: Ἀρκοῦντα ἔχετε χρόνον ταῦτα μελετῶντες, καὶ δεῖ λοιπὸν πρὸς τὰ ὑψηλότερα τούτων ἐπείγεσθαι. Εὖ δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ συγχεῖν τὴν τάξιν τῶν ἐντολῶν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς προτέρας ἄρξασθαι πρώτης, ἀφ' ἧς καὶ ὁ νόμος ἤρξατο: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο δεικνύντος ἐστὶ τὴν συμφωνίαν. Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ εἰκῆ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει. Εἶδες ἐξουσίαν ἀπηρτισμένην; εἶδες σχῆμα νομοθέτῃ πρέπον; Τίς γὰρ προφητῶν οὕτω ποτὲ ἐφθέγξατο; τίς δικαίων; τίς πατριαρχῶν; Οὐδείς: ἀλλὰ, Τάδε λέγει Κύριος. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ Υἱὸς οὕτως. Ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ τὰ τοῦ Δεσπότου διήγγελλον, οὗτος δὲ τὰ τοῦ Πατρός. Ὅταν δὲ εἴπω τὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς, τὰ αὐτοῦ λέγω: Τὰ γὰρ ἐμὰ, φησὶ, σά ἐστι, καὶ τὰ σὰ, ἐμά. Καὶ οἱ μὲν τοῖς ὁμοδούλοις, ὁ δὲ τοῖς αὐτοῦ δούλοις ἐνομοθέτει. Ἐρωτήσωμεν τοίνυν τοὺς τὸν νόμον ἐκβάλλοντας: Τὸ μὴ ὀργίζεσθαι τοῦ μὴ φονεύειν ἐναντίον, ἢ μᾶλλον ἐκείνου τελείωσις τοῦτο καὶ κατασκευή; Εὔδηλον ὅτι τοῦτο ἐκείνου πλήρωσις, καὶ μεῖζον τούτου ἕνεκεν. Ὁ γὰρ πρὸς ὀργὴν οὐκ ἐκφερόμενος, πολλῷ μᾶλλον φόνου ἀφέξεται: καὶ ὁ θυμὸν χαλινῶν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰς χεῖρας καθέξει παρ' ἑαυτῷ. Ῥίζα γὰρ τοῦ φόνου, θυμός. Ὁ τοίνυν τὴν ῥίζαν ἐκκόπτων, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἀναιρήσει τοὺς κλάδους: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ φῦναι τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐάσει. Ϛʹ. Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τοῦ νόμου, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ πλείονι ταῦτα ἐνομοθέτει φυλακῇ. Τί γὰρ βουλόμενος ὁ νόμος ταῦτα ἐπέταξεν; Οὐχ ἵνα μηδεὶς φονεύῃ τὸν πλησίον; Οὐκοῦν τοῦ μαχομένου τῷ νόμῳ, τὸ κελεύειν φονεύειν ἦν: τὸ γὰρ φονεύειν τοῦ μὴ φονεύειν ἐναντίον: εἰ δὲ μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθαι ἐπιτρέπει, ὅπερ ὁ νόμος ἐβούλετο, τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἵστησιν. Οὐ γὰρ ὁμοίως ἀφέξεται φόνου ὁ μελετῶν μὴ φονεύειν τῷ καὶ τὴν ὀργὴν ἀνῃρηκότι: ποῤῥωτέρω γὰρ οὗτος ἕστηκε τοῦ τολμήματος. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ ἑτέρως αὐτοὺς ἕλωμεν, εἰς μέσον ἃ λέγουσιν ἀγάγωμεν ἅπαντα. Τίνα οὖν ἐστιν ἅ φασι; Λέγουσιν, ὅτι ὁ τὸν κόσμον ποιήσας Θεὸς, ὁ τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατέλλων ἐπὶ πονηροὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς, ὁ βρέχων ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους, πονηρός τίς ἐστιν. Οἱ δὲ ἐπιεικέστεροι δῆθεν αὐτῶν τοῦτο μὲν παραιτοῦνται, δίκαιον δὲ αὐτὸν εἶναι λέγοντες ἀποστεροῦσι τοῦ εἶναι ἀγαθόν: ἕτερον δέ τινα, τὸν οὐκ ὄντα, οὔτε ποιήσαντά τι τῶν ὄντων, Πατέρα διδόασι τῷ Χριστῷ. Καὶ τὸν μὲν οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ μένειν, καὶ τὰ αὐτοῦ διατηρεῖν φασι: τὸν δὲ ἀγαθὸν τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐφίεσθαι, καὶ ὧν οὐκ ἐγένετο δημιουργὸς, τούτων ἐξαίφνης βούλεσθαι γενέσθαι σωτῆρα. Εἶδες τοῦ διαβόλου τὰ τέκνα, πῶς ἀπὸ τῆς πηγῆς τοῦ πατρὸς φθέγγονται, ἀλλοτριοῦντες τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δημιουργίαν, τοῦ Ἰωάννου βοῶντος, ὅτι Εἰς τὰ ἴδια ἦλθε: καὶ, Ὁ κόσμος δι' αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο; Εἶτα τὸν νόμον ἐξετάζοντες τὸν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, τὸν κελεύοντα ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος ἐκβάλλειν, ἐπεμβαίνουσιν εὐθέως λέγοντες: Καὶ πῶς ἂν δύναιτο ἀγαθὸς εἶναι ὁ ταῦτα λέγων; Τί οὖν πρὸς ταῦτά φαμεν; Ὅτι μέγιστον εἶδος φιλανθρωπίας ἐστίν. Οὐ γὰρ ἵνα τοὺς ἀλλήλων ἐκκόπτωμεν ὀφθαλμοὺς, τὸν νόμον ἔθηκε τοῦτον: ἀλλ' ἵνα φόβῳ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν ὑφ' ἑτέρων, ἀπεχώμεθα τοῦ δρᾶσαί τι τοιοῦτον ἑτέρους. Ὥσπερ οὖν τοῖς Νινευΐταις ἠπείλησε καταστροφὴν, οὐχ ἵνα αὐτοὺς ἀνέλῃ (εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐβούλετο, σιγᾷν ἐχρῆν), ἀλλ' ἵνα τῷ φόβῳ βελτίους ποιήσας, παύσῃ τὴν ὀργήν: οὕτω καὶ τοῖς προχείρως ἐπιπηδῶσι τοῖς ἑτέρων ὀφθαλμοῖς τιμωρίαν ἔθηκεν, ἵνα κἂν ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως ἀγαθῆς μὴ βούλωνται ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς ὠμότητος, ἀπὸ τοῦ φόβου κωλυθῶσι λυμαίνεσθαι ταῖς τῶν πλησίον ὄψεσιν. Εἰ δὲ ἐκεῖνο ὠμότητος, καὶ τὸ κατέχεσθαι τὸν ἀνδροφόνον, καὶ τὸ κωλύεσθαι τὸν μοιχόν. Ἀλλ' ἀνοήτων ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα, καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην μαινομένων μανίαν. Ἐγὼ γὰρ τοσούτου δέω ταῦτα ὠμότητος εἶναι λέγειν, ὡς τἀναντία τούτοις φάναι εἶναι παράνομα κατὰ ἀνθρώπινον λογισμόν. Σὺ μὲν γὰρ λέγεις, ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἐκβάλλειν ἐκέλευσε, διὰ τοῦτο ὠμός: ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω, ὅτι εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἐκέλευσε, τότε ἂν ἔδοξε παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς τοῦτο εἶναι ὃ φῂς σύ. Θῶμεν γὰρ τῷ λόγῳ λελύσθαι τὸν νόμον ἅπαντα, καὶ μηδένα τὴν ἐκ τούτου δεδοικέναι τιμωρίαν, ἀλλ' ἐξεῖναι τοῖς πονηροῖς ἅπασι μετὰ ἀδείας ἁπάσης αὐτῶν κεχρῆσθαι τῷ τρόπῳ, καὶ τοῖς μοιχοῖς, καὶ τοῖς ἀνδροφόνοις, καὶ τοῖς κλέπταις, καὶ τοῖς ἐπιόρκοις, καὶ τοῖς πατραλοίαις: ἆρα οὐκ ἂν πάντα ἄνω καὶ κάτω γέγονε, καὶ μυρίων μιασμάτων καὶ φόνων πόλεις, καὶ ἀγοραὶ, καὶ οἰκίαι, καὶ γῆ, καὶ θάλαττα, καὶ πᾶσα ἐνεπλήσθη ἡ οἰκουμένη; Παντί που δῆλον. Εἰ γὰρ νόμων ὄντων καὶ φόβου καὶ ἀπειλῆς, μόλις αἱ πονηραὶ ἐπέχονται γνῶμαι: εἰ καὶ αὕτη ἀνῄρητο ἡ ἀσφάλεια, τί τὸ κωλύον τὴν κακίαν αἱρεῖσθαι; πόση δὲ οὐκ ἂν εἰσεκώμασεν εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον ἡ λύμη; Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο ὠμότητος μόνον, τὸ συγχωρεῖν τοῖς κακοῖς ἃ βούλονται πράττειν: ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον οὐκ ἔλαττον τούτου, τὸ τὸν ἠδικηκότα μὲν οὐδὲν, κακῶς δὲ πάσχοντα εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην, περιορᾷν ἀπρονόητον. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, εἴ τις ἀνθρώπους μοχθηροὺς πανταχόθεν συναγαγὼν, καὶ ξίφεσιν ὁπλίσας, ἐκέλευσε κατὰ τὴν πόλιν περιιέναι πᾶσαν, καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας κατασφάττειν ἅπαντας, ἆρα ἂν ἦν τι τούτου θηριωδέστερον; Τί δέ; εἴ τις ἕτερος τοὺς μὲν ὑπ' ἐκείνου καθοπλισθέντας ἔδησε καὶ καθεῖρξε μετὰ σφοδρότητος πάσης, τοὺς δὲ ἀποσφάττεσθαι μέλλοντας τῶν ἀνόμων ἐκείνων ἐξήρπασε χειρῶν: ἆρα ἂν ἦν τι τούτου φιλανθρωπότερον; Ταῦτα τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν νόμον μετάθες τὰ ὑποδείγματα. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ κελεύων ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ ἐξορύττειν, ὥσπερ τινὰ δεσμὸν ἰσχυρὸν τὸν φόβον ταῖς τῶν πονηρῶν ἐνέβαλε ψυχαῖς, κἀκείνῳ προσέοικε τῷ τοὺς ξιφήρεις ἐκείνους καθειργνύντι: ὁ δὲ μηδεμίαν τιμωρίαν αὐτοῖς τιθεὶς, μονονουχὶ ὁπλίζει τῇ ἀδείᾳ, κἀκεῖνον μιμεῖται τὸν ἐγχειρίσαντα αὐτοῖς τὰ ξίφη, καὶ κατὰ τῆς πόλεως ἀφέντα πάσης. ζʹ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς οὐ μόνον ὠμότητος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῆς φιλανθρωπίας ἐστὶ τὰ ἐπιτάγματα; Εἰ δὲ βαρὺν διὰ ταῦτα καλεῖς τὸν νομοθέτην καὶ φορτικὸν, ποῖον ἐπιπονώτερον, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ βαρύτερον; τὸ μὴ φονεύειν, ἢ τὸ μηδὲ ὀργίζεσθαι; τίς σφοδρότερος, ὁ τοῦ φόνου δίκας ἀπαιτῶν, ἢ ὁ καὶ τῆς ὀργῆς, ὁ τὸν μοιχὸν μετὰ τὴν πρᾶξιν ὑποβάλλων τῇ τιμωρίᾳ, ἢ ὁ καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτῆς κελεύων δίκας διδόναι, καὶ δίκας ἀθανάτους; Ὁρᾶτε ὅτι εἰς τοὐναντίον αὐτοῖς ὁ λόγος περιετράπη; καὶ ὁ μὲν τῆς Παλαιᾶς Θεὸς, ὅν φασιν ὠμὸν εἶναι, εὑρεθήσεται ἥμερος καὶ πρᾶος: ὁ δὲ τῆς Καινῆς, ὃν ἀγαθὸν ὁμολογοῦσι, φορτικὸς καὶ βαρὺς κατὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἄνοιαν. Ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἕνα καὶ τὸν αὐτόν φαμεν ἑκατέρων τῶν Διαθηκῶν νομοθέτην, πρὸς τὸ δέον πάντα οἰκονομήσαντα, καὶ τῇ τῶν καιρῶν διαφορᾷ τὴν διαφορὰν ἑκατέρας τῆς νομοθεσίας ἁρμόσαντα. Οὐκοῦν οὔτε ἐκεῖνα ὠμὰ τὰ ἐπιτάγματα, οὔτε ταῦτα ἐπαχθῆ καὶ φορτικὰ, ἀλλὰ μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς κηδεμονίας ἅπαντα. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ τὴν Παλαιὰν αὐτὸς ἔδωκεν, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Προφήτης: μᾶλλον δὲ τί (χρὴ λέγειν) ἐκεῖνος καὶ οὗτος: Διαθήσομαι ὑμῖν διαθήκην, οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν. Εἰ δὲ οὐ δέχεται ταῦτα ὁ τὰ Μανιχαίων νοσῶν, ἀκουέτω τοῦ Παύλου λέγοντος τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πάλιν: Ἀβραὰμ γὰρ δύο υἱοὺς ἔσχεν, ἕνα ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης, καὶ ἕνα ἐκ τῆς ἐλευθέρας. Αὗται δέ εἰσι δύο διαθῆκαι. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐκεῖ διάφοροι μὲν αἱ γυναῖκες, εἷς δὲ ὁ ἀνήρ: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα δύο μὲν αἱ διαθῆκαι, εἷς δὲ ὁ νομοθέτης. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμερότητος ἦν, ἐκεῖ μέν φησιν, Ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ: ἐνταῦθα δὲ, Ἐάν τίς σε ῥαπίσῃ εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα, στρέψον αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖ τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ πάθους σωφρονίζει τὸν ἀδικοῦντα, οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Καὶ πῶς, φησὶν, ὁ κελεύων αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην παρέχειν; Καὶ τί τοῦτο; Οὐ γὰρ τὸν φόβον ἐκλύων τοῦτο ἐπέταξεν, ἀλλὰ αὐτῷ κελεύων παρέχειν τοῦ παντὸς ἐμφορεῖσθαι: οὐδὲ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἀτιμώρητος ἐκεῖνος μένει, ἀλλὰ, Σὺ μὴ κολάσῃς: ὁμοῦ καὶ τὸν πλήττοντα μειζόνως φοβῶν ἐπιμένοντα, καὶ τὸν πληττόμενον παραμυθούμενος. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, ἐν παρόδῳ περὶ πασῶν τῶν ἐντολῶν ἡμῖν εἴρηται. Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ προκείμενον ἐλθεῖν, καὶ τῆς ἀκολουθίας ἔχεσθαι τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων. Ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ εἰκῆ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει, φησίν. Οὐ γὰρ πάντη τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀνεῖλε: πρῶτον μὲν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνθρωπον ὄντα παθῶν ἀπηλλάχθαι: ἀλλὰ κρατεῖν μὲν δυνατὸν, ἐκτὸς δὲ αὐτῶν παντελῶς εἶναι ἀμήχανον: ἔπειτα, ὅτι καὶ χρήσιμον τουτὶ τὸ πάθος, ἂν μετὰ τοῦ προσήκοντος εἰδῶμεν αὐτῷ κεχρῆσθαι καιροῦ. Σκόπει γοῦν ἡλίκα εἰργάσατο ἀγαθὰ ἡ τοῦ Παύλου ὀργὴ, ἡ κατὰ Κορινθίων τότε γενομένη. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκείνους αὕτη μεγάλης λύμης ἀπήλλαξε: καὶ τὸ Γαλατῶν δὲ ἔθνος ταύτῃ πάλιν ἐκπεπτωκὸς ἀνεκτήσατο, καὶ ἑτέρους δὲ πλείους τούτων. Τίς οὖν ὁ προσήκων τῆς ὀργῆς καιρός; Ὅταν μὴ ἑαυτοῖς ἀμύνωμεν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρους σκιρτῶντας ἀνέχωμεν, καὶ ῥᾳθυμοῦντας ἐπιστρέφωμεν. Τίς δὲ ὁ μὴ προσήκων; Ὅταν ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδικοῦντες τοῦτο ποιῶμεν. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος κωλύων ἔλεγε Μὴ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκδικοῦντες, ἀγαπητοὶ, ἀλλὰ δότε τόπον τῇ ὀργῇ. Ὅταν περὶ χρημάτων μαχώμεθα. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἀνεῖλεν εἰπών: Διατί οὐ μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθε; διατί οὐ μᾶλλον ἀποστερεῖσθε; Ὥσπερ γὰρ αὕτη περιττὴ, οὕτως ἐκείνῃ ἀναγκαία καὶ λυσιτελής. Ἀλλ' οἱ πολλοὶ τοὐναντίον ποιοῦσιν, ἐκθηριούμενοι μὲν, ἡνίκα ἂν ἀδικῶνται, ἐκλυόμενοι δὲ καὶ μαλακιζόμενοι, ἡνίκα ἂν ἕτερον ἐπηρεαζόμενον βλέπωσιν: ἅπερ ἀμφότερα ἀπεναντίας ἐστὶ τοῖς νόμοις τοῖς εὐαγγελικοῖς. Οὐ τοίνυν τὸ ὀργίζεσθαι παράνομον, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἀκαίρως τοῦτο ποιεῖν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Προφήτης ἔλεγεν: Ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε. _Ὃς δ' ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ, Ῥακὰ, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῷ συνεδρίῳ. Συνέδριον ἐνταῦθα τὸ δικαστήριον τῶν Ἑβραίων φησί: τέθεικε δὲ αὐτὸ νῦν, ἵνα μὴ πανταχοῦ δόξῃ ξενίζειν καὶ καινοτομεῖν. Τὸ δὲ Ῥακὰ τοῦτο οὐ μεγάλης ἐστὶν ὕβρεως ῥῆμα, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον καταφρονήσεως καὶ ὀλιγωρίας τινὸς τοῦ λέγοντος. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἢ οἰκέταις, ἤ τισι τῶν καταδεεστέρων ἐπιτάττοντες λέγομεν: Ἄπελθε σὺ, εἰπὲ τῷ δεῖνι σύ: οὕτω καὶ οἱ τῇ Σύρων κεχρημένοι γλώττῃ Ῥακὰ λέγουσιν, ἀντὶ τοῦ, Σὺ, τοῦτο τιθέντες. Ἀλλ' ὁ φιλάνθρωπος Θεὸς καὶ τὰ μικρότατα ἀνασπᾷ, καθηκόντως ἡμᾶς κεχρῆσθαι ἀλλήλοις κελεύων, καὶ μετὰ τῆς προσηκούσης τιμῆς, καὶ ἵνα διὰ τούτων καὶ τὰ μείζονα ἀναιρῆται. Ὃς δ' ἂν εἴπῃ, Μωρὲ, ἔνοχος ἔσται εἰς τὴν γέενναν τοῦ πυρός. Πολλοῖς τοῦτο βαρὺ καὶ φορτικὸν ἔδοξεν εἶναι τὸ ἐπίταγμα, εἴγε ῥήματος ψιλοῦ τοσαύτην μέλλομεν διδόναι δίκην: καί τινες αὐτὸ καὶ ὑπερβολικῶς μᾶλλον εἰρῆσθαί φασιν. Ἀλλὰ δέδοικα μὴ λόγοις ἑαυτοὺς ἐνταῦθα ἀπατήσαντες, τοῖς ἔργοις ἐκεῖ τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπομείνωμεν τιμωρίαν. ηʹ. Διατί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, φορτικὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ ἐπίταγμα; Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι αἱ πλείους τῶν τιμωριῶν καὶ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἀπὸ ῥημάτων ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχήν: Καὶ γὰρ βλασφημίαι διὰ ῥημάτων, καὶ ἀρνήσεις διὰ ῥημάτων, καὶ λοιδορίαι, καὶ ὕβρεις, καὶ ἐπιορκίαι, καὶ τὸ ψευδομαρτυρεῖν [καὶ ἀναιρεῖν]. Μὴ τοίνυν ὅτι ῥῆμά ἐστι ψιλὸν ἴδῃς: ἀλλ' εἰ μὴ πολὺν ἔχει τὸν κίνδυνον, τοῦτο ἐξέταζε. Ἢ ἀγνοεῖς, ὅτι ἐν τῷ τῆς ἔχθρας καιρῷ, τῆς ὀργῆς ἐκκαιομένης, καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐμπιπραμένης, καὶ τὸ μικρότατον μέγα φαίνεται, καὶ τὸ μὴ λίαν ὑβριστικὸν φορτικὸν εἶναι δοκεῖ; Καὶ πολλάκις τὰ μικρὰ ταῦτα καὶ φόνον ἔτεκε, καὶ πόλεις ὁλοκλήρους ἀνέτρεψεν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ, φιλίας οὔσης, καὶ τὰ ἐπαχθῆ κοῦφα: οὕτως, ἔχθρας ὑποκειμένης, καὶ τὰ μικρὰ ἀφόρητα φαίνεται: κἂν ἁπλῶς λεχθῇ, μετὰ πονηρᾶς ὑπονοίας εἰρῆσθαι νομίζεται. Καὶ καθάπερ ἐπὶ πυρὸς, ἂν μὲν μικρὸς σπινθὴρ ᾖ, κἂν μυρία παρακέηται ξύλα, οὐ ῥᾳδίως αὐτῶν ἐπιλαμβάνεται: ἂν δὲ σφοδρὰ καὶ ὑψηλὴ γένηται ἡ φλὸξ, οὐ ξύλων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ λίθων καὶ πάσης εὐκόλως τῆς ἐμπεσούσης ὕλης ἀντέχεται, καὶ δι' ὧν εἴωθε σβέννυσθαι, διὰ τούτων ἀνάπτεται μειζόνως: (τινὲς γάρ φασιν, ὅτι τὸ τηνικαῦτα οὐχὶ ξύλα μόνον καὶ στυππεῖον καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ καυστικὰ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὕδωρ ἐξακοντιζόμενον μᾶλλον αὐτῆς ἀναῤῥιπίζει τὴν δύναμιν): οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ὀργῆς: ὅπερ ἂν φθέγξηταί τις, τροφὴ γέγονεν εὐθέως τῇ πονηρᾷ ταύτῃ πυρᾷ. Ἅπερ ἅπαντα προαναστέλλων ὁ Χριστὸς, τὸν μὲν ὀργιζόμενον εἰκῆ κατεδίκασε τῇ κρίσει (διὰ τοῦτο καὶ εἴρηκεν, Ὁ ὀργιζόμενος ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει), τὸν δὲ λέγοντα, Ῥακὰ, τῷ συνεδρίῳ. Ἀλλ' οὔπω ταῦτα μεγάλα: ἐνταῦθα γὰρ αἱ τιμωρίαι. Διὰ τοῦτο τῷ μωρὸν ὀνομάζοντι τὸ τῆς γεέννης προσέθηκε πῦρ, νῦν πρῶτον γεέννης ὄνομα εἰπών. Πρότερον γὰρ περὶ βασιλείας πολλὰ διαλεχθεὶς, τότε ταύτης ἐμνήσθη: δεικνὺς ὅτι ἐκείνη μὲν τῆς αὐτοῦ φιλανθρωπίας καὶ γνώμης ἐστὶν, αὕτη δὲ τῆς ἡμετέρας ῥᾳθυμίας. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς κατὰ μικρὸν πρόεισιν ἐν ταῖς τιμωρίαις, μονονουχὶ ἀπολογούμενός σοι, καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι αὐτὸς μὲν οὐδὲν βούλεται τοιοῦτον ἀπειλεῖν, ἡμεῖς δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας ἕλκομεν ἀποφάσεις. Σκόπει γάρ: Εἶπον, φησί: Μὴ ὀργισθῇς μάτην, ἐπεὶ ἔνοχος εἶ τῇ κρίσει. Κατεφρόνησας τοῦ προτέρου. Ὅρα τί ἔτεκεν ἡ ὀργή: εἰς ὕβριν σε εὐθέως ἐξήγαγε: Ῥακὰ γὰρ ἐκάλεσας τὸν ἀδελφόν. Πάλιν ἔθηκα ἑτέραν τιμωρίαν, τὸ συνέδριον. Ἂν καὶ ταύτην παριδὼν ἐπὶ τὸ χαλεπώτερον προέλθῃς, οὐκέτι σε τοῖς συμμέτροις τούτοις τιμωροῦμαι, ἀλλὰ τῇ τῆς γεέννης ἀθανάτῳ κολάσει, ἵνα μὴ λοιπὸν καὶ πρὸς φόνον ἀποπηδήσῃς. Οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδὲν ὕβρεως ἀφορητότερον, καὶ ὃ μάλιστα δύναται δάκνειν ἀνθρώπου ψυχήν. Ὅταν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς ὕβρεως πληκτικώτερον ᾖ, διπλῆ γίνεται ἡ πυρά. Μὴ τοίνυν τὸ τυχὸν νομίσῃς εἶναι τὸ καλέσαι μωρόν. Ὅταν γὰρ ᾧ τῶν ἀλόγων διεστήκαμεν, καὶ ᾧ μάλιστά ἐσμεν ἄνθρωποι, τῷ νῷ καὶ τῇ συνέσει, τοῦτο ἀφέλῃ τὸν ἀδελφὸν, πάσης αὐτὸν ἀπεστέρησας τῆς εὐγενείας. Μὴ δὴ τοῖς ῥήμασιν ἁπλῶς προσέχωμεν, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων αὐτῶν γενόμενοι καὶ τοῦ πάθους, λογισώμεθα ὅσην ἐργάζεται τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο πληγὴν, καὶ εἰς ὅσον πρόεισι κακόν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος οὐ τοὺς μοιχοὺς μόνον καὶ τοὺς μαλακοὺς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς λοιδόρους τῆς βασιλείας ἐξέβαλε: καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Ὁ γὰρ ὑβριστὴς τὸ τῆς ἀγάπης καλὸν λυμαίνεται, καὶ μυρίοις τὸν πλησίον περιβάλλει δεινοῖς, καὶ διηνεκεῖς ἀπεχθείας ἐργάζεται, καὶ τὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ διασπᾷ μέλη, καὶ τὴν τῷ Θεῷ ποθεινὴν εἰρήνην καθ' ἑκάστην ἀπελαύνει τὴν ἡμέραν, πολλὴν τῷ διαβόλῳ διὰ τῶν ὕβρεων διδοὺς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν, καὶ ἰσχυρότερον ἐκεῖνον ποιῶν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τὰ νεῦρα τῆς ἐκείνου δυνάμεως ἐκκόπτων, τοῦτον τὸν νόμον εἰσήγαγε. Καὶ γὰρ πολὺς αὐτῷ τῆς ἀγάπης ὁ λόγος. Ἡ γὰρ τῶν ἀγαθῶν μήτηρ ἁπάντων, καὶ τὸ τῶν μαθητῶν γνώρισμα, καὶ ἡ πάντα συνέχουσα τὰ καθ' ἡμᾶς, αὕτη μάλιστα πάντων ἐστίν. Εἰκότως οὖν τὰς ῥίζας τῆς λυμαινομένης αὐτὴν ἀπεχθείας καὶ τὰς πηγὰς μετὰ πολλῆς ἀναιρεῖ τῆς σφοδρότητος. Μὴ τοίνυν ὑπερβολῆς τινος εἶναι νόμιζε τὰ λεγόμενα, ἀλλ' ἐννοήσας τὰ ἐξ αὐτῶν κατορθούμενα, θαύμασον τῶν νόμων τούτων τὴν ἡμερότητα. Οὐδὲν γὰρ τῷ Θεῷ περισπούδαστον, ὡς τὸ ἡνῶσθαι καὶ συνδεδέσθαι ἡμᾶς ἀλλήλοις. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ δι' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ διὰ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Καινῇ καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, πολὺν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐντολῆς ταύτης ποιεῖται τὸν λόγον, καὶ σφοδρός ἐστιν ἔκδικος καὶ τιμωρὸς τῶν τοῦ πράγματος καταφρονούντων. Καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲν οὕτω τὴν πονηρίαν εἰσάγει πᾶσαν καὶ ῥιζοῖ, ὡς ἡ τῆς ἀγάπης ἀναίρεσις. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἔλεγεν: Ὅταν πληθυνθῇ ἡ ἀνομία, ψυγήσεται ἡ ἀγάπη τῶν πολλῶν. Οὕτως ὁ Κάϊν ἀδελφοκτόνος ἐγένετο, οὕτως ὁ Ἡσαῦ, οὕτως οἱ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἀδελφοί: οὕτω τὰ μυρία εἰσεκώμασε κακὰ, ταύτης διασπωμένης. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς τὰ λυμαινόμενα ταύτην μετὰ πολλῆς πάντοθεν ἀναιρεῖ τῆς ἀκριβείας. θʹ. Καὶ οὐδὲ μέχρι τῶν εἰρημένων ἵσταται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερα τῶν εἰρημένων ἐπάγει πλείονα, δι' ὧν δείκνυσιν ὅσον αὐτῆς ποιεῖται λόγον. Ἀπειλήσας γὰρ διὰ τοῦ συνεδρίου καὶ τῆς κρίσεως καὶ τῆς γεέννης, ἐπήγαγε πάλιν ἕτερα συνῳδὰ τοῖς προτέροις, οὕτω λέγων: Ἐὰν προσφέρῃς τὸ δῶρόν σου ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον, κἀκεῖ μνησθῇς ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ, ἄφες τὸ δῶρόν σου ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου, καὶ ἀπελθὼν πρῶτον διαλλάγηθι τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν σου. Ὢ τῆς ἀγαθότητος! ὢ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης! Τῆς εἰς αὐτὸν καταφρονεῖ τιμῆς ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰς τὸν πλησίον ἀγάπης: δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐδὲ τὰ πρότερα, ἅπερ ἠπείλησεν, ἐξ ἀπεχθείας τινὸς, οὐδὲ ἐπιθυμίᾳ κολάσεως ἠπείλησεν, ἀλλ' ἐκ φιλοστοργίας πολλῆς. Τί γὰρ ἂν γένοιτο τούτων ἡμερώτερον τῶν ῥημάτων; Ἐγκοπτέσθω, φησὶν, ἡ ἐμὴ λατρεία, ἵνα ἡ σὴ ἀγάπη μένῃ: ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦτο θυσία, ἡ πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν καταλλαγή. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπε, Μετὰ τὸ προσενεγκεῖν, ἢ Πρὶν ἢ προσενεγκεῖν: ἀλλ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ δώρου κειμένου, καὶ τῆς θυσίας ἀρχὴν ἐχούσης, πέμπει διαλλαγησόμενον τῷ ἀδελφῷ: καὶ οὔτε συνελόντα τὰ προκείμενα, οὔτε πρὶν ἢ προθεῖναι, ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ μέσῳ κειμένης κελεύει τρέχειν ἐκεῖσε. Τίνος ἕνεκεν οὕτω κελεύει τοῦτο ποιεῖν, καὶ διατί; Δύο ταῦτα, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, διὰ τούτων αἰνιττόμενος καὶ κατασκευάζων: ἓν μὲν, ὅπερ ἔφην, δεῖξαι θέλων, ὅτι πολλοῦ τιμᾶται τὴν ἀγάπην, καὶ ταύτην μεγίστην ἡγεῖται εἶναι τὴν θυσίαν, καὶ ταύτης ἄνευ οὐδὲ ἐκείνην προσδέχεται: ἕτερον δὲ, ἀνάγκην ἐπιτιθεὶς ἀπαραίτητον τῆς καταλλαγῆς. Ὁ γὰρ κελευσθεὶς μὴ πρότερον προσενεγκεῖν, ἕως ἂν καταλλαγῇ, κἂν μὴ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν πλησίον ἀγάπην, διὰ γοῦν τὸ μὴ κεῖσθαι ἀτέλεστον, ἐπειχθήσεται δραμεῖν πρὸς τὸν λελυπημένον, καὶ καταλῦσαι τὴν ἔχθραν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐμφαντικώτατα ἅπαντα εἴρηκε, φοβῶν αὐτὸν καὶ διεγείρων. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἄφες τὸ δῶρόν σου, οὐκ ἔστη μέχρι τούτου, ἀλλ' ἐπήγαγεν, Ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου (καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου πάλιν εἰς φρίκην αὐτὸν ἐμβάλλων), καὶ ἄπελθε. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Ἄπελθε, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε, Πρῶτον, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν σου: διὰ πάντων τούτων δηλῶν, ὅτι οὐ δέχεται τοὺς ἀπεχθῶς πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔχοντας αὕτη ἡ τράπεζα. Ἀκουέτωσαν οἱ μεμυημένοι, ὅσοι μετὰ ἔχθρας προσέρχονται: ἀκουέτωσαν καὶ οἱ ἀμύητοι: καὶ γὰρ καὶ πρὸς τούτους ἔχει τι κοινὸν ὁ λόγος. Προσάγουσι γὰρ καὶ αὐτοὶ δῶρον καὶ θυσίαν, εὐχὴν λέγω καὶ ἐλεημοσύνην. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο θυσία, ἄκουσον τί φησιν ὁ Προφήτης: Θυσία αἰνέσεως δοξάσει με: καὶ πάλιν, Θῦσον τῷ Θεῷ θυσίαν αἰνέσεως: καὶ, Ἔπαρσις τῶν χειρῶν μου θυσία ἑσπερινή. Ὥστε κἂν εὐχὴν μετὰ τοιαύτης γνώμης προσάγῃς, βέλτιον ἀφεῖναι τὴν εὐχὴν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν καταλλαγὴν ἐλθεῖν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, καὶ τότε τὴν εὐχὴν προσφέρειν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο πάντα ἐγένετο: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἄνθρωπος γέγονε, καὶ πάντα ἐκεῖνα ἐπραγματεύσατο, ἵνα ἡμᾶς συναγάγῃ. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὖν τὸν ἠδικηκότα πέμπει πρὸς τὸν ἠδικημένον: ἐν δὲ τῇ εὐχῇ τὸν ἠδικημένον ἄγει πρὸς τὸν ἠδικηκότα, καὶ καταλλάσσει. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γάρ φησιν: Ἄφετε τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τὰ ὀφειλήματα αὐτῶν: ἐνταῦθα δέ: Ἐὰν ἔχῃ τι κατὰ σοῦ, ἄπελθε πρὸς αὐτόν. Μᾶλλον δὲ κἀνταῦθα μοι δοκεῖ τὸν ἠδικημένον ἀποστέλλειν: διόπερ οὐδὲ εἶπεν, Κατάλλαξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, ἀλλὰ, Καταλλάγηθι: καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ λελυπηκότος εἶναι τὸ λεγόμενον, τὸ δὲ πᾶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ λελυπημένου ἐστίν. Ἂν γὰρ ἐκείνῳ καταλλαγῇς, φησὶ, διὰ τῆς εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἀγάπης καὶ ἐμὲ ἕξεις ἵλεων, καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς δυνήσῃ τῆς παῤῥησίας τὴν θυσίαν προσαγαγεῖν. Εἰ δὲ φλεγμαίνεις ἔτι, ἐννόησον ὅτι κἀγὼ ἡδέως τὰ ἐμὰ καταφρονεῖσθαι κελεύω, ἵνα ὑμεῖς φίλοι γένησθε: καὶ ταῦτά σοι γενέσθω παραμυθία τῆς ὀργῆς. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὅταν τὰ μεγάλα ἠδικημένος ᾖς, τότε καταλλάγηθι: ἀλλὰ, Κἂν τὸ τυχὸν ἔχῃ τι κατὰ σοῦ. Καὶ οὐ προσέθηκεν, Εἴτε δικαίως, εἴτε ἀδίκως: ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς, Ἐὰν ἔχῃ τι κατὰ σοῦ. Κἂν γὰρ δικαίως, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐπιτείνειν δεῖ τὴν ἔχθραν: ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς δικαίως ἡμῖν ὠργίζετο, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐξέδωκεν εἰς σφαγὴν, μὴ λογισάμενος ἐκεῖνα τὰ παραπτώματα. ιʹ. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἑτέρῳ τρόπῳ πρὸς τὰς καταλλαγὰς ἐπείγων ἡμᾶς, ἔλεγεν: Ὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ τῷ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν ἀπὸ τῆς θυσίας ὁ Χριστὸς, οὕτως ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκεῖ συνωθεῖ πρὸς τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὁ Παῦλος. Καὶ γὰρ δέδοικε τὴν νύκτα, μή ποτε μόνον ἀπολαβοῦσα τὸν πεπληγότα, μεῖζον τὸ ἕλκος ἐργάσηται. Ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μὲν γὰρ πολλοὶ οἱ περισπῶντες καὶ ἀνθέλκοντες: ἐν νυκτὶ δὲ, ἐπειδὰν μόνος γένηται, καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἀναλογίζηται, ὀγκοῦται τὰ κύματα, καὶ μείζων ἡ ζάλη γίνεται. Διὰ τοῦτο οὖν προκαταλαμβάνων ὁ Παῦλος, καταλλαγέντα βούλεται παραδοῦναι τῇ νυκτὶ, ἵνα μηδεμίαν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρημίας ἀφορμὴν ἔχῃ λοιπὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὸ τὴν κάμινον ἀνάψαι τῆς ὀργῆς, καὶ ποιῆσαι σφοδροτέραν. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς οὐκ ἀφίησιν οὐδὲ μικρὸν ὑπερτίθεσθαι, ἵνα μὴ τῆς θυσίας πληρωθείσης, ῥᾳθυμότερος ὁ τοιοῦτος γένηται, ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας ἀναβαλλόμενος. Οἶδε γὰρ τὸ πάθος πολλῆς δεόμενον τῆς ταχυτῆτος: καὶ καθάπερ σοφὸς ἰατρὸς οὐ μόνον τὰ προφυλακτικὰ τῶν νοσημάτων τίθησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ διορθωτικά: οὕτω καὶ αὐτὸς ποιεῖ. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κωλύειν καλεῖν μωρὸν, προφυλακτικόν ἐστι τῆς ἔχθρας: τὸ δὲ κελεύειν καταλλαγῆναι, τῶν μετὰ τὴν ἔχθραν γινομένων νοσημάτων ἀναιρετικόν. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ἑκάτερον μετὰ σφοδρότητος κεῖται. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ γέενναν ἠπείλησεν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ τὸ δῶρον οὐ δέχεται πρὸ τῆς καταλλαγῆς, πολλὴν ἐνδεικνύμενος τὴν ὀργὴν, καὶ διὰ πάντων τούτων καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ἀναιρῶν. Καὶ πρῶτον μέν φησι, Μὴ ὀργίζου: μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, Μὴ λοιδόρει. Καὶ γὰρ ἀμφότερα ταῦτα δι' ἀλλήλων αὔξεται: ἀπὸ τῆς ἔχθρας ἡ λοιδορία, ἀπὸ τῆς λοιδορίας ἡ ἔχθρα. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο νῦν μὲν τὴν ῥίζαν, νῦν δὲ τὸν καρπὸν ἰᾶται: κωλύων μὲν καὶ φῦναι τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸ κακὸν, ἂν δ' ἄρα βλαστήσῃ καὶ καρπὸν ἐνέγκῃ τὸν πονηρότατον, πάντοθεν αὐτὸν κατακαίων μειζόνως. Διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ κρίσιν εἰπὼν, καὶ συνέδριον, καὶ γέενναν, καὶ περὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ θυσίας διαλεχθεὶς, καὶ ἕτερα προστίθησι πάλιν οὕτω λέγων: Ἴσθι εὐνοῶν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ σου ταχὺ, ἕως ὅτου εἶ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μετ' αὐτοῦ. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγῃς: Τί οὖν, ἂν ἀδικῶμαι; τί οὖν, ἂν ἁρπάζωμαι, καὶ εἰς δικαστήριον ἕλκωμαι; καὶ ταύτην ἀνεῖλε τὴν ἀφορμὴν καὶ τὴν πρόφασιν: κελεύει γὰρ μηδὲ οὕτως ἐχθραίνειν. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο μέγα ἦν τὸ ἐπίταγμα, ἀπὸ τῶν παρόντων ποιεῖται τὴν συμβουλὴν, ἃ τοὺς παχυτέρους μᾶλλον τῶν μελλόντων κατέχειν εἴωθε. Τί γὰρ λέγεις; φησίν: ὅτι δυνατώτερός ἐστι, καὶ ἀδικεῖ; Οὐκοῦν μᾶλλόν σε ἀδικήσει, ἐὰν μὴ καταλύσῃς, ἀλλὰ ἀναγκασθῇς εἰς δικαστήριον ἐλθεῖν. Τότε μὲν γὰρ χρημάτων ἀποστὰς, τὸ σῶμα ἕξεις ἐλεύθερον: ὑπὸ δὲ τῇ ψήφῳ γενόμενος τοῦ δικαστοῦ, καὶ δεσμευθήσῃ, καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην δώσεις δίκην. Ἂν δὲ φύγῃς τὴν ἐκεῖ μάχην, δύο καρπώσῃ καλά: καὶ τὸ μηδὲν παθεῖν ἀηδὲς, καὶ τὸ σὸν γενέσθαι τὸ κατόρθωμα λοιπὸν, καὶ μηκέτι τῆς ἐκείνου βίας. Εἰ δὲ οὐ βούλει πεισθῆναι τοῖς λεγομένοις, οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἀδικεῖς τοσοῦτον, ὅσον σαυτόν. Ὅρα δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθα πῶς αὐτὸν ἐπείγει: εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἴσθι εὐνοῶν τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ σου, ἐπήγαγε, Ταχύ: καὶ οὐκ ἠρκέσθη τούτῳ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτης τῆς ταχυτῆτος ἑτέραν ἐζήτησεν ἐπίτασιν, εἰπών: Ἕως ὅτου εἶ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μετ' αὐτοῦ: διὰ τούτων ὠθῶν αὐτὸν καὶ κατεπείγων μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σφοδρότητος. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω τὸν βίον ἀνατρέπει τὸν ἡμέτερον, ὡς τὸ μέλλειν καὶ ἀναβάλλεσθαι ἐν τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐργασίᾳ. Πολλάκις γοῦν τοῦτο καὶ ἐκπεσεῖν ἡμᾶς τοῦ παντὸς ἐποίησεν. Ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλός φησιν: Πρὶν ἢ τὸν ἥλιον δῦναι, λῦσον τὴν ἔχθραν: καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτός: Πρὶν ἢ τὴν προσφορὰν ἀπαρτισθῆναι, καταλλάγηθι: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθά φησι: Ταχὺ, ἕως ὅτου εἶ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ μετ' αὐτοῦ: πρὶν ἐπὶ τὰς θύρας ἐλθεῖν τοῦ δικαστηρίου, πρὶν ἢ τῷ βήματι παραστῆναι, καὶ γενέσθαι λοιπὸν ὑπὸ τῇ τοῦ δικάζοντος ἐξουσίᾳ. Πρὸ μὲν γὰρ τῆς εἰσόδου, σὺ κύριος εἶ τοῦ παντός: ἐὰν δὲ ἐπιβῇς ἐκείνων τῶν προθύρων, οὐδὲ σφόδρα σπουδάζων δυνήσῃ τὰ καθ' ἑαυτὸν ὡς βούλει διαθεῖναι, ὑπὸ τὴν ἑτέρου γενόμενος ἀνάγκην. Τί δέ ἐστιν, εὐνοεῖν; Ἢ τοῦτό φησιν, ὅτι Καταδέχου μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖσθαι: ἢ Οὕτω δίκασον τῇ δίκῃ, ὡσανεὶ τὴν ἐκείνου τάξιν ἔχων: ἵνα μὴ τῇ φιλαυτίᾳ τὸ δίκαιον διαφθείρῃς, ἀλλ' ὡς περὶ οἰκείου τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου βουλευόμενος πράγματος, ἵνα ταύτην ἐξενέγκῃς τὴν ψῆφον. Εἰ δὲ μέγα τοῦτο, μὴ θαυμάσῃς. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο πάντας ἐκείνους ἔθηκε τοὺς μακαρισμοὺς, ἵνα προλεάνας καὶ προπαρασκευάσας τοῦ ἀκροατοῦ τὴν ψυχὴν, ἐπιτηδειοτέραν ἐργάσηται πρὸς τὴν ὑποδοχὴν τῆς νομοθεσίας ταύτης ἁπάσης. ιαʹ. Τινὲς μὲν οὖν τὸν διάβολον αὐτὸν αἰνίττεσθαί φασι τῇ τοῦ ἀντιδίκου προσηγορίᾳ, καὶ κελεύειν μηδὲν ἔχειν τῶν ἐκείνου: τοῦτο γὰρ εἶναι τὸ εὐνοεῖν αὐτῷ: ὡς οὐκ ἐνὸν διαλύσασθαι μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαγὴν, τῆς ἀπαραιτήτου λοιπὸν ἡμᾶς ἐκδεχομένης κολάσεως. Ἐμοὶ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐνταῦθα δοκεῖ λέγειν δικαστῶν, καὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ὁδοῦ, καὶ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου τούτου. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑψηλοτέρων ἐνέτρεψε καὶ τῶν μελλόντων, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν τῷ παρόντι βίῳ φοβεῖ. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἐργάζεται, ἀπό τε τῶν μελλόντων, ἀπό τε τῶν παρόντων ἐνάγων τὸν ἀκροατήν. Οἷον ὡς ὅταν ἀπάγων κακίας, τὸν ἄρχοντα ὁπλιζόμενον δεικνύῃ τῷ πονηρευομένῳ, οὕτω λέγων: Ἐὰν δὲ τὸ κακὸν ποιῇς, φοβοῦ: οὐ γὰρ εἰκῆ τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ: Θεοῦ γὰρ διάκονός ἐστι. Καὶ πάλιν ὑποτάσσεσθαι κελεύων αὐτῷ, οὐ τὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ φόβον τίθησι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἀπειλὴν τὴν ἐκείνου καὶ τὴν κηδεμονίαν: Ἀνάγκη γὰρ ὑποτάσσεσθαι, οὐ μόνον διὰ τὴν ὀργὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν. Τοὺς γὰρ ἀλογωτέρους, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, ταῦτα μᾶλλον εἴωθε διορθοῦν, τὰ φαινόμενα καὶ παρὰ πόδας. Διὸ καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς οὐ γεέννης μόνον ἐμνημόνευσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ δικαστηρίου, καὶ ἀπαγωγῆς, καὶ δεσμωτηρίου, καὶ τῆς ἐκεῖ ταλαιπωρίας ἁπάσης, διὰ πάντων τούτων τὰς ῥίζας ἀναιρῶν τοῦ φόνου. Ὁ γὰρ μήτε λοιδορούμενος, μήτε δικαζόμενος, μήτε ἔχθραν ἐκτείνων, πῶς φονεύσει ποτέ; Ὥστε κἀντεῦθεν δῆλον, ὅτι ἐν τῷ τοῦ πλησίον συμφέροντι τὸ ἡμέτερον κεῖται συμφέρον. Ὁ γὰρ τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ εὐνοῶν, πολλῷ μεῖζον ἑαυτὸν ὠφελήσει, δικαστηρίων καὶ δεσμωτηρίων καὶ τῆς ἐκεῖ ταλαιπωρίας ἑαυτὸν ἀπαλλάττων. Πειθώμεθα τοίνυν τοῖς λεγομένοις, καὶ μὴ ἀντιτείνωμεν, μηδὲ ἀντιφιλονεικῶμεν: μάλιστα μὲν γὰρ καὶ πρὸ τῶν ἐπάθλων ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἔχει τὴν ἡδονὴν καὶ τὴν ὠφέλειαν τὰ ἐπιτάγματα ταῦτα. Εἰ δὲ τοῖς πολλοῖς ἐπαχθῆ εἶναι δοκεῖ, καὶ πολὺν παρέχειν τὸν πόνον, ἐννόησον ὅτι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ταῦτα ποιεῖς, καὶ τὸ λυπηρὸν ἔσται ἡδύ. Ἐὰν γὰρ τὸν λογισμὸν τοῦτον ἔχωμεν διαπαντὸς, οὐδενὸς πειρασόμεθα φορτικοῦ, ἀλλὰ πολλὴν πάντοθεν καρπωσόμεθα τὴν ἡδονήν. Ὁ γὰρ πόνος οὐκέτι πόνος φανεῖται, ἀλλ' ὅσῳπερ ἂν ἐπιτείνηται, τοσούτῳ γλυκύτερος καὶ ἡδίων γίνεται. Ὅταν τοίνυν ἐπιμένῃ ἡ συνήθειά σε τῶν κακῶν γοητεύουσα, καὶ ἡ τῶν χρημάτων ἐπιθυμία, ἀντιστράτευσον αὐτῇ τὸν λογισμὸν ἐκεῖνον τὸν λέγοντα, ὅτι πολὺν ληψόμεθα τὸν μισθὸν, τῆς προσκαίρου καταφρονήσαντες ἡδονῆς: καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς τὴν ψυχήν: Πάνυ ἀθυμεῖς, ὅτι σε ἡδονῆς ἀποστερῶ; ἀλλ' εὐφραίνου, ὅτι σοι τὸν οὐρανὸν προξενῶ. Οὐ δι' ἄνθρωπον ποιεῖς, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸν Θεόν. Ἀνάσχου τοίνυν μικρὸν, καὶ ὄψει τὸ κέρδος ἡλίκον: καρτέρησον κατὰ τὸν παρόντα βίον, καὶ λήψῃ παῤῥησίαν ἄφατον. Ἂν γὰρ τοιαῦτα αὐτῇ διαλεγώμεθα, καὶ μὴ μόνον τὸ φορτικὸν ἐννοῶμεν τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ἐξ αὐτῆς λογιζώμεθα στέφανον, ταχέως αὐτὴν κακίας ἀποστήσομεν ἁπάσης. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ διάβολος, δεικνὺς τὸ μὲν ἡδὺ πρόσκαιρον, τὸ δὲ ὀδυνηρὸν διηνεκὲς, ὅμως ἰσχύει καὶ περιγίνεται: ὅταν ἀντιστρόφως παρ' ἡμῖν ταῦτα γένηται, τὸ μὲν ἐπίπονον, πρόσκαιρον, τὸ δὲ ἡδὺ καὶ χρήσιμον, ἀθάνατον, τίς ἡμῖν ἔσται λόγος μὴ μετιοῦσιν ἀρετὴν μετὰ τοσαύτην παραμυθίαν; Ἀρκεῖ γὰρ ἡμῖν ἀντὶ πάντων ἡ τῶν πόνων ὑπόθεσις, καὶ τὸ πεπεῖσθαι σαφῶς ὅτι διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ὑπομένομεν ταῦτα πάντα. Εἰ γὰρ τὸν βασιλέα ἔχων τις ὀφειλέτην, ἀρκοῦσαν εἰς πάντα νομίζει τὸν βίον ἀσφάλειαν ἔχειν: ἐννόησον ἡλίκος ἔσται ὁ τὸν φιλάνθρωπον καὶ ἀεὶ ζῶντα Θεὸν καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων κατορθωμάτων χρεώστην ἑαυτῷ καταστήσας. Μὴ τοίνυν προβάλλου μοι πόνους καὶ ἱδρῶτας: οὐδὲ γὰρ τῇ τῶν μελλόντων ἐλπίδι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρῳ τρόπῳ κούφην τὴν ἀρετὴν ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς, συνεφαπτόμενος ἡμῖν πανταχοῦ καὶ συναντιλαμβανόμενος. Κἂν βουληθῇς μόνον ὀλίγην εἰσενεγκεῖν προθυμίαν, τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ἕπεται. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο βούλεται καὶ σὲ μικρὰ πονεῖν, ἵνα καὶ σὴ ἡ νίκη γένηται. Καὶ καθάπερ βασιλεὺς βούλεται μὲν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ παῖδα παρεῖναι ἐπὶ τῆς παρατάξεως, καὶ φαίνεσθαι, ὥστε αὐτῷ λογισθῆναι τὸ τρόπαιον, τὸ δὲ πᾶν αὐτὸς ἀνύει: οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ τῷ κατὰ τοῦ διαβόλου ποιεῖ. Ἓν γὰρ ἀπαιτεῖ παρὰ σοῦ μόνον, ὥστε ἔχθραν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἐπιδείξασθαι γνησίαν: κἂν ταῦτα αὐτῷ παράσχῃς, αὐτὸς πάντα ἀνύει τὸν πόλεμον. Κἂν ὀργὴ φλέγῃ, κἂν χρημάτων ἐπιθυμία, κἂν ὁτιοῦν ἕτερον πάθος τυραννικὸν, παραγίνεται ταχέως, ἂν ἴδῃ σε μόνον πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀποδυόμενον καὶ παρεσκευασμένον, καὶ ῥᾴδια πάντα ποιεῖ, καὶ ἀνώτερον ἵστησι τῆς φλογὸς, καθάπερ τοὺς παῖδας τότε ἐκείνους ἐπὶ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας καμίνου: καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι πλέον οὐδὲν τῆς γνώμης εἰσήνεγκαν. Ἵν' οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς πᾶσαν κάμινον ἡδονῆς ἀτάκτου καταλύσαντες ἐνταῦθα, τὴν ἐκεῖ διαφύγωμεν γέενναν, ταῦτα καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν καὶ βουλευώμεθα καὶ μεριμνῶμεν καὶ πράττωμεν, τῇ τε περὶ τὰ ἀγαθὰ προθέσει καὶ ταῖς πυκναῖς εὐχαῖς τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν εὔνοιαν ἐπισπώμενοι. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὰ δοκοῦντα ἀφόρητα εἶναι νῦν, ῥᾷστα ἔσται καὶ κοῦφα καὶ ἐπέραστα. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἂν ἐν τοῖς πάθεσιν ὦμεν, τραχεῖαν καὶ δύσκολον καὶ ἀνάντη τὴν ἀρετὴν εἶναι νομίζομεν, τὴν δὲ κακίαν ποθεινὴν καὶ ἡδίστην: ἂν δὲ μικρὸν ἀποστῶμεν τούτων, τότε κἀκείνη φανεῖται βδελυρὰ καὶ δυσειδὴς, καὶ αὕτη ῥᾳδία καὶ εὔκολος καὶ ποθεινή. Καὶ ταῦτα ἐκ τῶν κατωρθωκότων ἔστι σαφῶς μαθεῖν. Ἄκουσον γοῦν πῶς ὁ Παῦλος ἐκεῖνα μὲν καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν αἰσχύνεται λέγων: Τίνα γὰρ καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε, ἐφ' οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε; ταύτην δὲ καὶ μετὰ τὸν πόνον κούφην εἶναί φησι, τὸ ἐπίπονον τῆς θλίψεως παραυτίκα καὶ ἐλαφρὸν καλῶν, καὶ χαίρων ἐν τοῖς παθήμασι, καὶ ἀγαλλόμενος ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσι, καὶ μέγα φρονῶν ἐπὶ τοῖς στίγμασι τοῖς διὰ Χριστόν. Ἵν' οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν ταύτῃ καταστῶμεν τῇ ἕξει, τοῖς εἰρημένοις καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἑαυτοὺς ῥυθμίζοντες, καὶ τῶν ὄπισθεν ἐπιλανθανόμενοι, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενοι, διώκωμεν ἐπὶ τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως: οὗ γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.