Chapter XV.—The Greek Philosophy in Great Part Derived from the Barbarians.

These are the times of the oldest wise men and philosophers among the Greeks. And that the most of them were barbarians by extraction, and were trained among barbarians, what need is there to say? Pythagoras is shown to have been either a Tuscan or a Tyrian. And Antisthenes was a Phrygian. And Orpheus was an Odrysian or a Thracian. The most, too, show Homer to have been an Egyptian. Thales was a Phœnician by birth, and was said to have consorted with the prophets of the Egyptians; as also Pythagoras did with the same persons, by whom he was circumcised, that he might enter the adytum and learn from the Egyptians the mystic philosophy. He held converse with the chief of the Chaldeans and the Magi; and he gave a hint of the church, now so called, in the common hall164    όμακοεῖον. which he maintained.

And Plato does not deny that he procured all that is most excellent in philosophy from the barbarians; and he admits that he came into Egypt. Whence, writing in the Phœdo that the philosopher can receive aid from all sides, he said: “Great indeed is Greece, O Cebes, in which everywhere there are good men, and many are the races of the barbarians.”165    Greece is ample, O Cebes, in which everywhere there are good men; and many are the races of the barbarians, over all of whom you must search, seeking such a physician, sparing neither money nor pains.—Phædo, p. 78 A. Thus Plato thinks that some of the barbarians, too, are philosophers. But Epicurus, on the other hand, supposes that only Greeks can philosophise. And in the Symposium, Plato, lauding the barbarians as practising philosophy with conspicuous excellence,166    This sense is obtained by the omission of μόνους from the text, which may have crept in in consequence of occuring in the previous text, to make it agree with what Plato says, which is, “And both among Greeks and barbarians, there are many who have shown many and illustrious deeds, generating virtue of every kind, to whom many temples on account of such sons are raised.”—Symp., p. 209 E. truly says: “And in many other instances both among Greeks and barbarians, whose temples reared for such sons are already numerous.” And it is clear that the barbarians signally honoured their lawgivers and teachers, designating them gods. For, according to Plato, “they think that good souls, on quitting the super-celestial region, submit to come to this Tartarus; and assuming a body, share in all the ills which are involved in birth, from their solicitude for the race of men;” and these make laws and publish philosophy, “than which no greater boon ever came from the gods to the race of men, or will come.”167    Plato, Timæus, p. 47 A.

And as appears to me, it was in consequence of perceiving the great benefit which is conferred through wise men, that the men themselves were honoured and philosophy cultivated publicly by all the Brahmins, and the Odrysi, and the Getæ. And such were strictly deified by the race of the Egyptians, by the Chaldeans and the Arabians, called the Happy, and those that inhabited Palestine, by not the least portion of the Persian race, and by innumerable other races besides these. And it is well known that Plato is found perpetually celebrating the barbarians, remembering that both himself and Pythagoras learned the most and the noblest of their dogmas among the barbarians. Wherefore he also called the races of the barbarians, “races of barbarian philosophers,” recognising, in the Phœdrus, the Egyptian king, and shows him to us wiser than Theut, whom he knew to be Hermes. But in the Charmides, it is manifest that he knew certain Thracians who were said to make the soul immortal. And Pythagoras is reported to have been a disciple of Sonches the Egyptian arch-prophet; and Plato, of Sechnuphis of Heliopolis; and Eudoxus, of Cnidius of Konuphis, who was also an Egyptian. And in his book, On the Soul,168    A mistake of Clement for The Republic. Plato again manifestly recognises prophecy, when he introduces a prophet announcing the word of Lachesis, uttering predictions to the souls whose destiny is becoming fixed. And in the Timæus he introduces Solon, the very wise, learning from the barbarian. The substance of the declaration is to the following effect: “O Solon, Solon, you Greeks are always children. And no Greek is an old man. For you have no learning that is hoary with age.”169    Timæus, p. 22 B.

Democritus appropriated the Babylonian ethic discourses, for he is said to have combined with his own compositions a translation of the column of Acicarus.170    About which the learned have tortured themselves greatly. The reference is doubtless here to some pillar inscribed with what was deemed a writing of importance. But as to Acicarus nothing is known. And you may find the distinction notified by him when he writes, “Thus says Democritus.” About himself, too, where, pluming himself on his erudition, he says, “I have roamed over the most ground of any man of my time, investigating the most remote parts. I have seen the most skies and lands, and I have heard of learned men in very great numbers. And in composition no one has surpassed me; in demonstration, not even those among the Egyptians who are called Arpenodaptæ, with all of whom I lived in exile up to eighty years.” For he went to Babylon, and Persis, and Egypt, to learn from the Magi and the priests.

Zoroaster the Magus, Pythagoras showed to be a Persian. Of the secret books of this man, those who follow the heresy of Prodicus boast to be in possession. Alexander, in his book On the Pythagorean Symbols, relates that Pythagoras was a pupil of Nazaratus the Assyrian171    Otherwise Zaratus, or Zabratus, or Zaras, who, Huet says, was Zoroaster. (some think that he is Ezekiel; but he is not, as will afterwards be shown), and will have it that, in addition to these, Pythagoras was a hearer of the Galatæ and the Brahmins. Clearchus the Peripatetic says that he knew a Jew who associated with Aristotle.172    [Direct testimony, establishing one important fact in the history of philosophy.] Heraclitus says that, not humanly, but rather by God’s aid, the Sibyl spoke.173    Adopting Lowth’s emendation, Σιβύλλην φἀναι. They say, accordingly, that at Delphi a stone was shown beside the oracle, on which, it is said, sat the first Sibyl, who came from Helicon, and had been reared by the Muses. But some say that she came from Milea, being the daughter of Lamia of Sidon.174    Or, according to the reading in Pausanias, and the statement of Plutarch, “who was the daughter of Poseidon.” And Serapion, in his epic verses, says that the Sibyl, even when dead, ceased not from divination. And he writes that, what proceeded from her into the air after her death, was what gave oracular utterances in voices and omens; and on her body being changed into earth, and the grass as natural growing out of it, whatever beasts happening to be in that place fed on it exhibited to men an accurate knowledge of futurity by their entrails. He thinks also, that the face seen in the moon is her soul. So much for the Sibyl.

Numa the king of the Romans was a Pythagorean, and aided by the precepts of Moses, prohibited from making an image of God in human form, and of the shape of a living creature. Accordingly, during the first hundred and seventy years, though building temples, they made no cast or graven image. For Numa secretly showed them that the Best of Beings could not be apprehended except by the mind alone. Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to Greece. First in its ranks were the prophets of the Egyptians; and the Chaldeans among the Assyrians; and the Druids among the Gauls; and the Samanæans among the Bactrians; and the philosophers of the Celts; and the Magi of the Persians, who foretold the Saviour’s birth, and came into the land of Judæa guided by a star. The Indian gymnosophists are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called Sarmanæ,175    Or Samanæi. and others Brahmins. And those of the Sarmanæ who are called Hylobii176    Altered for Ἀλλόβιοι in accordance with the note of Montacutius, who cites Strabo as an authority for the existence of a sect of Indian sages called Hylobii, ὑλόβιοι—Silvicolæ. neither inhabit cities, nor have roofs over them, but are clothed in the bark of trees, feed on nuts, and drink water in their hands. Like those called Encratites in the present day, they know not marriage nor begetting of children.

Some, too, of the Indians obey the precepts of Buddha;177    Βούττα whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honours.

Anacharsis was a Scythian, and is recorded to have excelled many philosophers among the Greeks. And the Hyperboreans, Hellanicus relates, dwelt beyond the Riphæan mountains, and inculcated justice, not eating flesh, but using nuts. Those who are sixty years old they take without the gates, and do away with. There are also among the Germans those called sacred women, who, by inspecting the whirlpools of rivers and the eddies, and observing the noises of streams, presage and predict future events.178    Cæsar, Gallic War, book i. chap. 50. These did not allow the men to fight against Cæsar till the new moon shone.

Of all these, by far the oldest is the Jewish race; and that their philosophy committed to writing has the precedence of philosophy among the Greeks, the Pythagorean Philo179    Sozomen also calls Philo a Pythagorean. shows at large; and, besides him, Aristobulus the Peripatetic, and several others, not to waste time, in going over them by name. Very clearly the author Megasthenes, the contemporary of Seleucus Nicanor, writes as follows in the third of his books, On Indian Affairs: “All that was said about nature by the ancients is said also by those who philosophise beyond Greece: some things by the Brahmins among the Indians, and others by those called Jews in Syria.” Some more fabulously say that certain of those called the Idæan Dactyli were the first wise men; to whom are attributed the invention of what are called the “Ephesian letters,” and of numbers in music. For which reason dactyls in music received their name. And the Idæan Dactyli were Phrygians and barbarians. Herodotus relates that Hercules, having grown a sage and a student of physics, received from the barbarian Atlas, the Phrygian, the columns of the universe; the fable meaning that he received by instruction the knowledge of the heavenly bodies. And Hermippus of Berytus calls Charon the Centaur wise; about whom, he that wrote The Battle of the Titans says, “that he first led the race of mortals to righteousness, by teaching them the solemnity of the oath, and propitiatory sacrifices and the figures of Olympus.” By him Achilles, who fought at Troy, was taught. And Hippo, the daughter of the Centaur, who dwelt with Æolus, taught him her father’s science, the knowledge of physics. Euripides also testifies of Hippo as follows:—

By this Æolus, Ulysses was received as a guest after the taking of Troy. Mark the epochs by comparison with the age of Moses, and with the high antiquity of the philosophy promulgated by him.

Οἵδε μὲν οἱ χρόνοι τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι πρεσβυτάτων σοφῶν τε καὶ φιλοσόφων. ὡς δὲ οἱ πλεῖστοι αὐτῶν βάρβαροι τὸ γένος καὶ παρὰ βαρβάροις παιδευθέντες, τί δεῖ καὶ λέγειν, εἴ γε Τυρρηνὸς ἢ Τύριος ὁ Πυθαγόρας ἐδείκνυτο, Ἀντισθένης δὲ Φρὺξ ἦν καὶ ὈρφεὺςὈδρύσης ἢ Θρᾷξ; Ὅμηρον γὰρ οἱ πλεῖστοι Αἰγύπτιον φαίνουσιν. Θαλῆς δὲ Φοῖνιξ ὢν τὸ γένος καὶ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων προφήταις συμβεβληκέναι εἴρηται, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Πυθαγόρας αὐτοῖς γε τούτοις, δι' οὓς καὶ περιετέμετο, ἵνα δὴ καὶ εἰς τὰ ἄδυτα κατελθὼν τὴν μυστικὴν παρ' Αἰγυπτίων ἐκμάθοι φιλοσοφίαν, Χαλδαίων τε καὶ Μάγων τοῖς ἀρίστοις συνεγένετο καὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τὴν νῦν οὕτω καλουμένην τὸ παρ' αὐτῷ ὁμακοεῖον αἰνίττεται. Πλάτων δὲ οὐκ ἀρνεῖται τὰ κάλλιστα εἰς φιλοσοφίαν παρὰ τῶν βαρβάρων ἐμπορεύεσθαι εἴς τε Αἴγυπτον ἀφικέσθαι ὁμολογεῖ· δύνασθαι γοῦν ἐν τῷ Φαίδωνί [φησι] πανταχόθεν τὸν φιλόσοφον ὠφελεῖσθαι γράφων· πολλὴ μὲν ἡ Ἑλλάς, ἔφη, ὦ Κέβης, ἦ δ' ὅς, ἐν ᾗ εἰσι πάμπαν ἀγαθοὶ ἄνδρες. πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν βαρβάρων γένη. οὕτως οἴεται ὁ Πλάτων καὶ βαρβάρων φιλοσόφους τινὰς εἶναι, ὁ δὲ Ἐπίκουρος ἔμπαλιν ὑπολαμβάνει μόνους φιλοσοφῆσαι Ἕλληνας δύνασθαι. ἔν τε τῷ Συμποσίῳ ἐπαινῶν Πλάτων τοὺς βαρβάρους ὡς διαφερόντως ἀσκήσαντας † μόνους ἀληθῶς φησι καὶ [ἄλλοι] ἄλλοθι πολλαχοῦ καὶ ἐν Ἕλλησι καὶ βαρβάροις, ὧν καὶ ἱερὰ πολλὰ ἤδη γέγονε διὰ τοὺς τοιούτους παῖδας. δῆλοι δέ εἰσιν οἱ βάρβαροι διαφερόντως τιμήσαντες τοὺς αὑτῶν νομοθέτας τε καὶ διδασκάλους θεοὺς προσειπόντες. ψυχὰς γὰρ ἀγαθὰς κατὰ Πλάτωνα καταλιπούσας τὸν ὑπερουράνιον τόπον ὑπομεῖναι ἐλθεῖν εἰς τόνδε τὸν τάρταρον καὶ σῶμα ἀναλαβούσας τῶν ἐν γενέσει κακῶν ἁπάντων μετασχεῖν ὑπολαμβάνουσι, κηδομένας τοῦ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένους, αἳ νόμους τε ἔθεσαν καὶ φιλοσοφίαν ἐκήρυξαν, οὗ μεῖζον ἀγαθὸν τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένει οὔτ' ἦλθέν ποτε ἐκ θεῶν οὔτ' ἀφίξεται. καί μοι δοκοῦσιν αἰσθόμενοι τῆς μεγάλης εὐποιίας τῆς διὰ τῶν σοφῶν σεβασθῆναί τε τοὺς ἄνδρας καὶ δημοσίᾳ φιλοσοφῆσαι Βραχμᾶνές τε σύμπαντες καὶ Ὀδρύσαι καὶ Γέται καὶ τὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων γένος [καὶ] ἐθεολόγησαν ἀκριβῶς τὰ ἐκείνων, Χαλδαῖοί τε καὶ Ἀράβιοι οἱ κληθέντες εὐδαίμονες καὶ ὅσοι γε τὴν Παλαιστίνην κατῴκησαν καὶ τοῦ Περσικοῦ γένους οὐ τὸ ἐλάχιστον μέρος καὶ ἄλλα πρὸς τούτοις γένη μυρία. ὁ δὲ Πλάτων δῆλον ὡς σεμνύνων αἰεὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους εὑρίσκεται, μεμνημένος αὑτοῦ τε καὶ Πυθαγόρου τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ γενναιότατα τῶν δογμάτων ἐν βαρβάροις μαθόντος. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ γένη βαρβάρων εἶπεν, γένη φιλοσόφων ἀνδρῶν βαρ βάρων γινώσκων, ἔν τε τῷ Φαίδρῳ τὸν Αἰγύπτιον βασιλέα καὶ τοῦ Θωὺθ ἡμῖν σοφώτερον δείκνυσιν, ὅντινα Ἑρμῆν οἶδεν ὄντα. ἀλλὰ κἀν τῷ Χαρμίδῃ Θρᾷκάς τινας ἐπιστάμενος φαίνεται, οἳ λέγονται ἀθανατίζειν τὴν ψυχήν. Ἱστορεῖται δὲ Πυθαγόρας μὲν Σώγχιδι τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ ἀρχιπροφήτῃ μαθητεῦσαι, Πλάτων δὲ Σεχνούφιδι τῷ Ἡλιοπολίτῃ, Εὔδοξος δὲ ὁ Κνίδιος Κονούφιδι τῷ καὶ αὐτῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ. ἐν δὲ τῷ περὶ ψυχῆς Πλάτων ** πάλιν προφητείαν γνωρίζων φαίνεται, προφήτην εἰσάγων τὸν τῆς Λαχέσεως λόγον ἐξαγγέλλοντα πρὸς τὰς κληρουμένας ψυχὰς [καὶ] προθεσπίζοντα. κἀν τῷ Τιμαίῳ τὸν σοφώτατον Σόλωνα μανθάνοντα εἰοάγει πρὸς τοῦ βαρβάρου. ἔχει δὲ τὰ τῆς λέξεως ὧδε· ὦ Σόλων, Σόλων, Ἕλληνες ὑμεῖς αἰεὶ παῖδές ἐστε, γέρων δὲ Ἕλλην οὐδείς· οὐ γὰρ ἔχετε μάθημα χρόνῳ πολιόν. ∆ημόκριτος γὰρ τοὺς Βαβυλωνίους λόγους [προσλαβὼν τοὺς] ἠθικοὺς πεποίηται· λέγεται γὰρ τὴν Ἀκικάρου στήλην ἑρμηνευθεῖσαν τοῖς ἰδίοις συντάξαι συγγράμμασι κἄστιν ἐπισημήνασθαι [τὰ] παρ' αὐτοῦ, τάδε λέγει ∆ημόκριτος γράφοντος. ναὶ μὴν καὶ περὶ αὑτοῦ ᾑ σεμνυνόμενός φησί που ἐπὶ τῇ πολυμαθία· ἐγὼ δὲ τῶν κατ' ἐμαυτὸν ἀνθρώπων γῆν πλείστην ἐπεπλανησάμην, ἱστορέων τὰ μήκιστα, καὶ ἀέρας τε καὶ γέας πλείστας εἶδον, καὶ λογίων ἀνθρώπων πλείστων ἐπήκουσα, καὶ γραμμέων συνθέσι μετὰ ἀποδείξεως οὐδείς κώ με παρήλλαξεν, οὐδ' οἱ Αἰγυπτίων καλεόμενοι Ἁρπεδονάπται, σὺν τοῖς δ' ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἐπ' ἔτε' ὀγδώκοντα ἐπὶ ξείνης ἐγενήθην. ἐπῆλθε γὰρ Βαβυλῶνά τε καὶ Περσίδα καὶ Αἴγυπτον τοῖς τε Μάγοις καὶ τοῖς ἱερεῦσι μαθητεύων. Ζωροάστρην δὲ τὸν Μάγον τὸν Πέρσην ὁ Πυθαγόρας ἐζήλωσεν, [καὶ] βίβλους ἀποκρύφους τἀνδρὸς τοῦδε οἱ τὴν Προδίκου μετιόντες αἵρεσιν αὐχοῦσι κεκτῆσθαι. Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ ἐν τῷ περὶ Πυθαγορικῶν συμβόλων Ζαράτῳ τῷ Ἀσσυρίῳ μαθητεῦσαι ἱστορεῖ τὸν Πυθαγόραν (Ἰεζεκιὴλ τοῦτον ἡγοῦνταί τινες, οὐκ ἔστι δέ, ὡς ἔπειτα δηλωθήσεται), ἀκηκοέναι τε πρὸς τούτοις Γαλατῶν καὶ Βραχμάνων τὸν Πυθαγόραν βούλεται. Κλέαρχος δὲ ὁ Περιπατητικὸς εἰδέναι φησί τινα Ἰουδαῖον, ὃς Ἀριστοτέλει συνεγένετο. Ἡράκλειτος γὰρ οὐκἀνθρωπίνως φησίν, ἀλλὰ σὺν θεῷ [τὸ] μέλλον Σιβύλλῃ πεφάνθαι. φασὶ γοῦν ἐν ∆ελφοῖς παρὰ τὸ βουλευτήριον δείκνυσθαι πέτραν τινά. ἐφ' ἧς λέγεται καθίζεσθαι τὴν πρώτην Σίβυλλαν ἐκ τοῦ Ἑλικῶνος παραγενομένην ὑπὸ τῶν Μουσῶν τραφεῖσαν. ἔνιοι δέ φασιν ἐκ Μαλιέων ἀφικέσθαι Λαμίας οὖσαν θυγατέρα τῆς Ποσειδῶνος. Σαραπίων δὲ ἐν τοῖς ἔπεσι μηδὲ ἀποθανοῦσαν λῆξαι μαντικῆς φησι τὴν Σίβυλλαν, καὶ τὸ μὲν εἰς ἀέρα χωρῆσαν αὐτῆς μετὰ τελευτήν, τοῦτ' εἶναι τὸ ἐν φήμαις καὶ κληδόσι μαντευόμενον, [ἐκ] δὲ τοῦ εἰς γῆν μεταβαλόντος σώματος πόας ὡς εἰκὸς ἀναφυείσης, ὅσα ἂν αὐτὴν ἐπινεμηθῇ θρέμματᾳ κατ' ἐκεῖνον δήπουθεν γενόμενα τὸν τόπον, ἀκριβῆ τὴν διὰ τῶν σπλάγχνων τοῖς ἀνθρώποις προφαίνειν τοῦ μέλλοντος δήλωσιν γράφει, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτῆς εἶναι τὸ ἐν τῇ σελήνῃ φαινόμενον πρόσωπον οἴεται. Τάδε μὲν περὶ Σιβύλλης· Νουμᾶς δὲ ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς Πυθαγόρειος μὲν ἦν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν Μωυσέως ὠφεληθεὶς διεκώλυσεν ἀνθρωποειδῆ καὶ ζῳόμορφον εἰκόνα θεοῦ Ῥωμαίους κτίζειν. ἐν γοῦν ἑκατὸν καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα τοῖς πρώτοις ἔτεσι ναοὺς οἰκοδομούμενοι ἄγαλμα οὐδὲν οὔτε πλαστὸν οὔτε μὴν γραπτὸν ἐποιήσαντο. ἐπεδείκνυτο γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὁ Νουμᾶς δι' ἐπικρύψεως ὡς οὐκ ἐφάψασθαι τοῦ βελτίστου δυνατὸν ἄλλως ἢ μόνῳ τῷ νῷ. Φιλοσοφία τοίνυν πολυωφελές τι χρῆμα πάλαι μὲν ἤκμασε παρὰ βαρβάροις κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη διαλάμψασα, ὕστερον δὲ καὶ εἰς Ἕλληνας κατῆλθεν. προέστησαν δ' αὐτῆς Αἰγυπτίων τε οἱ προφῆται καὶ Ἀσσυρίων οἱ Χαλδαῖοι καὶ Γαλατῶν οἱ ∆ρυΐδαι καὶ Σαμαναῖοι Βάκτρων καὶ Κελτῶν οἱ φιλοσοφήσαντες καὶ Περσῶν οἱ Μάγοι (οἳ μαγείᾳ καὶ τοῦ σωτῆρος προεμήνυσαν τὴν γένεσιν, ἀστέρος αὐτοῖς καθηγουμένου εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν ἀφικνούμενοι γῆν) Ἰνδῶν τε οἱ γυμνοσοφισταί, ἄλλοι γε φιλόσοφοι βάρβαροι. διττὸν δὲ τούτων τὸ γένος, οἳ μὲν Σαρμᾶναι αὐτῶν, οἳ δὲ Βραχμᾶναι καλούμενοι. καὶ τῶν Σαρμανῶν οἱ ὑλόβιοι προσαγορευόμενοι οὔτε πόλεις οἰκοῦσιν οὔτε στέγας ἔχουσιν, δένδρων δὲ ἀμφιέννυνται φλοιοῖς καὶ ἀκρόδρυα σιτοῦνται καὶ ὕδωρ ταῖς χερσὶ πίνουσιν, οὐ γάμον, οὐ παιδοποιίαν ἴσασιν, ὥσπερ οἱ νῦν Ἐγκρατηταὶ καλούμενοι. εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν οἱ τοῖς Βούττα πειθόμενοι παραγγέλμασιν. ὃν δι' ὑπερβολὴν σεμνότητος ὡς θεὸν τετιμήκασι. Σκύθης δὲ καὶ Ἀνάχαρσις ἦν, καὶ πολλῶν παρ' Ἕλλησι διαφέρων οὗτος ἀναγράφεται φιλοσόφων. τοὺς δὲ Ὑπερβορέους Ἑλλάνικος ὑπὲρ τὰ Ῥίπαια ὄρη οἰκεῖν ἱστορεῖ, διδάσκεσθαι δὲ αὐτοὺς δικαιοσύνην μὴ κρεοφαγοῦντας, ἀλλ' ἀκροδρύοις χρωμένους. τοὺς ἑξηκονταετεῖς οὗτοι ἔξω πυλῶν ἄγοντες ἀφανίζουσιν. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ παρὰ Γερμανοῖς αἱ ἱεραὶ καλούμεναι γυναῖκες, αἳ ποταμῶν δίναις προσβλέπουσαι καὶ ῥευμάτων ἑλιγμοῖς καὶ ψόφοις τεκμαίρονται καὶ προθεσπίζουσι τὰ μέλλοντα. αὗται γοῦν οὐκ εἴασαν αὐτοὺς τὴν μάχην θέσθαι πρὸς Καίσαρα πρὶν ἐπιλάμψαι σελήνην τὴν νέαν. τούτων ἁπάντων πρεσβύτατον μακρῷ τὸ Ἰουδαίων γένος, καὶ τὴν παρ' αὐτοῖς φιλοσοφίαν ἔγγραπτον γενομένην προκατάρξαι τῆς παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλοσοφίας διὰ πολλῶν ὁ Πυθαγόρειος ὑποδείκνυσι Φίλων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἀριστόβουλος ὁ Περιπατητικὸς καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους, ἵνα μὴ κατ' ὄνομα ἐπιὼν διατρίβω. φανερώτατα δὲ Μεγασθένης ὁ συγγραφεὺς ὁ Σελεύκῳ τῷ Νικάτορι συμβεβιωκὼς ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ὧδε γράφει· ἅπαντα μέντοι τὰ περὶ φύσεως εἰρημένα παρὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις λέγεται καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἔξω τῆς Ἑλλάδος φιλοσοφοῦσι, τὰ μὲν παρ' Ἰνδοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν Βραχμάνων, τὰ δὲ ἐν τῇ Συρίᾳ ὑπὸ τῶν καλουμένων Ἰουδαίων. τινὲς δὲ μυθικώτερον τῶν Ἰδαίων καλουμένων δακτύλων σοφούς τινας πρώτους γενέσθαι λέγουσιν, εἰς οὓς ἥ τε τῶν Ἐφεσίων λεγομένων γραμμάτων καὶ ἡ τῶν κατὰ μου σικὴν εὕρεσις ῥυθμῶν ἀναφέρεται· δι' ἣν αἰτίαν οἱ παρὰ τοῖς μουσικοῖς δάκτυλοι τὴν προσηγορίαν εἰλήφασι. Φρύγες δὲ ἦσαν καὶ βάρβαροι οἱ Ἰδαῖοι δάκτυλοι. Ἡρόδωρος δὲ τὸν Ἡρακλέα μάντιν καὶφυσικὸν γενόμενον ἱστορεῖ παρὰ Ἄτλαντος τοῦ βαρβάρου τοῦ Φρυγὸς διαδέχεσθαι τοὺς τοῦ κόσμου κίονας, αἰνιττομένου τοῦ μύθου τὴν τῶν οὐρανίων ἐπιστήμην μαθήσει διαδέχεσθαι. ὁ δὲ Βηρύτιος Ἕρμιππος Χείρωνα τὸν Κένταυρον σοφὸν καλεῖ, ἐφ' οὗ καὶ ὁ τὴν Τιτανομαχίαν γράψας φησίν, ὡς πρῶτος οὗτος εἴς τε δικαιοσύνην θνητῶν γένος ἤγαγεν δείξας ὅρκους καὶ θυσίας ἱλαρὰς καὶ σχήματα Ὀλύμπου. παρὰ τούτῳ Ἀχιλλεὺς παιδεύεται ὁ ἐπ' Ἴλιον στρατεύσας, Ἱππὼ δὲἡ θυγάτηρ τοῦ Κενταύρου συνοικήσασα Αἰόλῳ ἐδιδάξατο αὐτὸν τὴν φυσικὴν θεωρίαν, τὴν πάτριον ἐπιστήμην. μαρτυρεῖ καὶ Εὐριπίδης περὶ τῆς Ἱπποῦς ὧδέ πως· ἣ πρῶτα μὲν τὰ θεῖα προὐμαντεύσατο χρησμοῖσι [σαφέσιν] ἀστέρων ἐπ' ἀντολαῖς. παρὰ τῷ Αἰόλῳ τούτῳ Ὀδυσσεὺς μετὰ τὴν Ἰλίου ἅλωσιν ξενίζεται. παρατήρει μοι τοὺς χρόνους εἰς σύγκρισιν τῆς Μωυσέως ἡλικίας καὶ τῆς κατ' αὐτὸν ἀρχαιοτάτης φιλοσοφίας.