17

he prepares, but later more clearly, saying: For if that first covenant had been faultless; and again, For that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away; and many other such things. But he does not yet dare to say any such thing in the introductions, until he has preoccupied and secured the hearer with many preparatory arguments. Why then is it necessary for us to pay more attention, tell me? Lest, he says, we should drift away. That is, lest we be destroyed, lest we fall away. And he shows here the difficulty of falling away, that it is difficult for what has drifted away to return again, inasmuch as this happened from carelessness. And he took the expression from the Proverbs: For, my son, he says, do not drift away; showing both the ease of slipping, and the difficulty of the loss; that is, disobedience is not without danger for us. And through the arguments he constructs, he shows that the punishment is greater. But he leaves it again in the inquiry, and not in the conclusion. For this is how to make the discourse inoffensive, not by imposing the judgment from himself everywhere and making a declaration, but by leaving the hearer in control, so that he himself may cast the vote; which also made them become more well-disposed. The prophet Nathan also does this in the Old Testament, and in Matthew Christ does, saying: What will he do to those vinedressers of that vineyard? and compelling them to bring forth the verdict; for this is the me 63.32 greatest victory. Then having said: For if the word spoken through angels proved steadfast, he did not add, "how much more that through Christ"; but he left that, and said what was less, How shall we escape, if we neglect so great a salvation? And see how he makes the comparison. For if the word spoken through angels, he says. There, Through angels, but here, Through the Lord; and there a word, but here salvation. Then, lest anyone should say, "What now? Are these things you say, O Paul, from Christ?" he anticipates and proves that they have credibility. For he shows their credibility both by the fact that they were heard from Him, and by the fact that they are now spoken by God, not simply by a voice being brought forth, as in the case of Moses, but by signs being performed, and by deeds bearing witness. 4. What then is, For if the word spoken through angels proved steadfast? And in the Epistle to the Galatians he says something like this: Ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator; and again, You received the law as ordained by angels, and did not keep it; and everywhere he says it was given through angels. Some then say that he is alluding to Moses; but it does not make sense; for here he speaks of many angels. And by angels here he means those in heaven. What then is to be said? Either he means the Decalogue alone; for there Moses spoke, and God answered; or that angels were present, when God gave the ordinance; or that he says these things concerning all that was said and done in the Old Testament, as angels had a share in these things. But how does he say elsewhere that the Law was given through Moses, but here, through angels? for it says, And God came down in a thick cloud. For if the word spoken through angels proved steadfast. What is, steadfast? True, as one might say, and faithful; because at the proper time all things that had been spoken came to pass; so either he means this, or that it prevailed, and the threats came to fulfillment; or by "word" he means the commandments. For angels sent from God commanded many things apart from the Law; as at Bochim, in the time of the Judges, in the case of Samson. For this reason he did not say, Law, but, Word. And perhaps he seems to me to say this, signifying through this rather the things dispensed through the angels. What then shall we say? That the angels entrusted with the nation were then present, and they themselves made the trumpets, and the other things, the fire, the thick darkness. And every transgression, he says, and disobedience received a just recompense of reward. Not one and not another, but every one. Nothing remained unpunished, he says, but Received a just recompense of reward; that is, punishment. And why ever did he speak thus? Thus it is Paul's custom not to make much account of words, but to use ill-omened words indifferently even for auspicious things; as he also says elsewhere, Bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ. And again

17

κατασκευάζει, ὕστερον δὲ φανερώτερον, λέγων· Εἰ γὰρ ἡ πρώτη ἐκείνη ἦν ἄμεμπτος· καὶ πάλιν, Τὸ γὰρ παλαιούμενον καὶ γηράσκον ἐγγὺς ἀφανισμοῦ· καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα. Ἀλλ' οὔπω τολμᾷ τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰπεῖν ἐν προοιμίοις, ἕως ἂν προκαταλάβῃ καὶ κατάσχῃ ταῖς πλείοσι προκατασκευαῖς τὸν ἀκροατήν. ∆ιὰ τί τοίνυν δεῖ περισσοτέρως ἡμᾶς προσέχειν, εἰπέ, Μήποτε, φησὶ, παραῤῥυῶμεν. Τουτέστι, μὴ ἀπολώμεθα, μὴ ἐκπέσωμεν. Καὶ δείκνυσιν ἐνταῦθα τὸ χαλεπὸν τῆς ἐκπτώσεως, ὅτι δύσκολον τὸ παραῤῥυὲν πάλιν ἐπανελθεῖν, καθότι ἐκ ῥᾳθυμίας τοῦτο συνέβη. Ἔλαβε δὲ τὴν λέξιν ἀπὸ τῶν Παροιμιῶν· Υἱὲ γὰρ, φησὶ, μὴ παραῤῥυῇς· καὶ τὸ εὔκολον τοῦ ὀλίσθου δεικνὺς, καὶ τὸ χαλεπὸν τῆς ἀπωλείας· τουτέστιν, οὐκ ἀκίνδυνος ἡμῖν ἡ παρακοή. Καὶ δι' ὧν μὲν κατασκευάζει δείκνυσιν ὅτι μείζων ἡ κόλασις. Ἀφίησι δὲ πάλιν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ περιζητήσει, καὶ οὐκ ἐν τῷ συμπεράσματι. Καὶ γὰρ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀνεπαχθῆ τὸν λόγον ποιεῖν, μὴ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ πανταχοῦ τὴν κρίσιν ἐπάγοντα ἀποφαίνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ κύριον ἀφιέναι τὸν ἀκροατὴν, ἵνα αὐτὸς ἐνέγκῃ τὴν ψῆφον· ὅπερ καὶ εὐγνωμονεστέρους ἐποίει γενέσθαι. Ποιεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ ὁ προφήτης Νάθαν, καὶ ἐν τῷ Ματθαίῳ ὁ Χριστὸς λέγων· Τί ποιήσει τοῖς γεωργοῖς τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος ἐκείνου; καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀναγκάζων τὴν ψῆφον ἐξενεγκεῖν· τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ με 63.32 γίστη νίκη. Εἶτα εἰπών· Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγγέλων λαληθεὶς λόγος ἐγένετο βέβαιος, οὐκ ἐπήγαγε, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὁ διὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ· ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν εἴασεν, εἶπε δὲ τὸ ἔλαττον, Πῶς ἡμεῖς ἐκφευξόμεθα, τηλικαύτης ἀμελήσαντες σωτηρίας; Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ποιεῖται τὴν σύγκρισιν. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγγέλων λόγος λαληθεὶς, φησίν. Ἐκεῖ, ∆ι' ἀγγέλων, ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ∆ιὰ τοῦ Κυρίου· κἀκεῖ μὲν λόγος, ἐνταῦθα δὲ σωτηρία. Εἶτα, ἵνα μὴ εἴπῃ τις, τί δαί; ἃ σὺ λέγεις, ὦ Παῦλε, ταῦτα τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐστι; προλαμβάνει, καὶ ἀποδείκνυσι τὸ ἀξιόπιστον ἔχοντα. Τῷ τε παρ' ἐκείνου γὰρ ἀκηκοέναι αὐτὰ τὸ ἀξιόπιστον δείκνυσι, καὶ τῷ νῦν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ αὐτὰ λέγεσθαι, οὐχ ἁπλῶς φωνῆς φερομένης, καθάπερ ἐπὶ Μωϋσέως, ἀλλὰ σημείων γινομένων, καὶ πραγμάτων μαρτυρούντων. δʹ. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγγέλων λαληθεὶς λόγος ἐγένετο βέβαιος; Καὶ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Γαλάτας οὕτω πως φησί· ∆ιαταγεὶς δι' ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου· καὶ πάλιν, Ἐλάβετε τὸν νόμον εἰς διαταγὰς ἀγγέλων, καὶ οὐκ ἐφυλάξατε· καὶ πανταχοῦ δι' ἀγγέλων αὐτόν φησι δίδοσθαι. Τινὲς μὲν οὖν τὸν Μωϋσέα φασὶν αἰνίττεσθαι· ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔχει λόγον· ἀγγέλους γὰρ ἐνταῦθα πολλούς φησι. Καὶ ἀγγέλους δὲ ἐνταῦθα τούτους φησὶ τοὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. Τί οὖν ἐστιν εἰπεῖν; Ἤτοι τὴν δεκάλογόν φησι μόνον· ἐκεῖ γὰρ Μωϋσῆς ἐλάλει, καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἀπεκρίνετο· ἢ ὅτι παρῆσαν ἄγγελοι, τοῦ Θεοῦ διαταττομένου· ἢ ὅτι περὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ λεγομένων καὶ πραττομένων ἁπάντων, ὡς ἀγγέλων κοινωνησάντων ἐν τούτοις ταῦτά φησι. Πῶς δὲ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν, ὅτι Ὁ νόμος διὰ Μωϋσέως ἐδόθη, ἐνταῦθα δὲ δι' ἀγγέλων; φησὶ γὰρ, Καὶ κατέβη ὁ Θεὸς ἐν γνόφῳ. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δι' ἀγγέλων λαληθεὶς λόγος ἐγένετο βέβαιος. Τί ἐστι, Βέβαιος; Ἀληθὴς, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, καὶ πιστός· διότι ἐν τῷ προσήκοντι καιρῷ πάντα ἐξέβη τὰ λεχθέντα· ἢ τοίνυν τοῦτό φησιν, ἢ ὅτι ἐκράτησε, καὶ αἱ ἀπειλαὶ εἰς ἔργον ἤρχοντο· ἢ λόγον φησὶ τὰ προστάγματα. Πολλὰ γὰρ χωρὶς νόμου προσέταξαν ἄγγελοι παρὰ Θεοῦ πεμπόμενοι· οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ κλαυθμῶνος, ἐπὶ τῶν Κριτῶν, ἐπὶ τοῦ Σαμψών. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπε· Νόμος, ἀλλὰ, Λόγος. Καὶ τάχα μοι δοκεῖ τοῦτο λέγειν δηλῶν διὰ τούτου μᾶλλον τὰ διὰ τῶν ἀγγέλων οἰκονομηθέντα. Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν; Ὅτι παρῆσαν οἱ ἄγγελοι τότε οἱ τὸ ἔθνος ἐμπεπιστευμένοι, καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰς σάλπιγγας ἐποίουν, καὶ τὰ ἕτερα, τὸ πῦρ, τὸν γνόφον. Καὶ πᾶσα παράβασις, φησὶ, καὶ παρακοὴ ἔλαβεν ἔνδικον μισθαποδοσίαν. Οὐχ ἡ μὲν, ἡ δὲ οὒ, ἀλλὰ πᾶσα. Οὐδὲν ἀνεκδίκητον ἔμεινε, φησὶν, ἀλλ' Ἔλαβεν ἔνδικον μισθαποδοσίαν· ἀντὶ τοῦ, κόλασιν. Καὶ τί δήποτε οὕτως εἶπεν; Οὕτως ἔθος τῷ Παύλῳ μὴ πολὺν τῶν λέξεων ποιεῖσθαι λόγον, ἀλλ' ἀδιαφόρως καὶ ἐπὶ εὐφήμων τιθέναι κακέμφατα· οἷον καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν· Αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Καὶ πάλιν