17

For since for the most part the majority of men are drawn to virtue not so much by the promise of good things as by the fear of painful things, he draws them from both sides. For this reason God not only promised a kingdom, but also threatened Gehenna; and the prophets too spoke thus to the Jews, continually mixing the bad things with the good. For this reason Paul also so varies his discourse, not, however, simply, but he puts the good things first, and after these the painful things, showing that the former are from the primary will of God, while the latter are from the wickedness of the negligent. Thus the prophet also puts the good things first, saying; If you are willing and obey me, you shall eat the good of the land; but if you are not willing, and do not obey me, the sword shall devour you. So also here Paul advances his argument. But consider: Christ came bringing forgiveness, he says, righteousness, life; and not simply, but he brings it through a cross; which indeed is very great and wonderful, not only that he bestowed such things, but also that he suffered such things. If therefore you should insult the gifts, then await the painful things. And see how he elevates the discourse. For it is revealed, he says, the wrath of God from heaven. From whence is this clear? If a believer says it, we will speak the declarations of Christ; but if an unbeliever and a Greek, Paul silences him from what follows with the arguments concerning the judgment of God, introducing an irrefutable proof from the things done by them; which indeed is most paradoxical, when he shows those who speak against the truth itself to be supporting the doctrines of the truth through what they do or even say every day. But these things in what follows; for now however let us hold to the matters before us. For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven. And yet here also this often happens, as in famines and plagues and wars; for both each individually and all collectively are punished. What then is strange then? That the punishment is both greater and universal and not for the same reasons; for now indeed the things that happen are for correction, but then for vengeance; which Paul, making it clear, also said, that we are chastened now, that we may not be condemned with the world. And now indeed it seems to many that many things happen not because of the wrath from above, but because of human spite; but then the punishment from God will be manifest, when the judge, sitting upon the fearful tribunal, will command some to be dragged to the furnaces, others to the outer darkness, and others to other inexorable and unbearable punishments. And for what reason did he not say it so clearly, for instance, that the Son of God is about to come with myriads of angels, and to demand an account from each, but that the wrath of God is revealed? The hearers were still novices; for this reason he first draws them from the things strongly confessed among them. But apart from what has been said, it seems to me to be directed 60.412 also to the Greeks; wherefore he also prefaces it from this point; and later he also introduces the discourse concerning the judgment of Christ. Against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness. Here he shows that the ways of ungodliness are many, but that of truth is one; for indeed error is varied and multifaceted and confused, but truth is one. And having spoken concerning doctrines, he speaks also concerning life, by saying "unrighteousness of men." For indeed unrighteousnesses are varied; and one kind concerns money, as when someone wrongs his neighbor in these things; another concerns women, when someone, leaving his own, breaks into the marriage of another; for this too Paul calls covetousness, saying thus: That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in the matter. Others again, instead of wife and money, damage the reputation of their neighbor; and this too is unrighteousness; for indeed A good name is better than great riches. But some say that this too was said by Paul concerning doctrines; however, nothing prevents it from having been said concerning both. But what is, "who hold the truth in unrighteousness," learn through what follows. Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God has shown it to them. But this the

17

Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὡς τὰ πολλὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ πλείους οὐχ οὕτω τῇ τῶν χρηστῶν ἐπαγγελίᾳ, ὡς τῷ φόβῳ τῶν λυπηρῶν πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν ἕλκονται, ἑκατέρωθεν αὐτοὺς ἐπισπᾶται. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Θεὸς οὐ βασιλείαν ἐπηγγείλατο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ γέενναν ἠπείλησε· καὶ οἱ προφῆται δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις οὕτω διελέγοντο, τὰ κακὰ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἀναμιγνύντες διηνεκῶς. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος οὕτω ποικίλλει τὸν λόγον, οὐ μὴν ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τὰ χρηστὰ τίθησι πρῶτον, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τὰ λυπηρὰ, δεικνὺς ὅτι ἐκεῖνα μὲν τῆς προηγουμένης τοῦ Θεοῦ γνώμης ἐστὶ, ταῦτα δὲ τῆς τῶν ῥᾳθυμούντων πονηρίας. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ προφήτης πρῶτον τὰ ἀγαθὰ τίθησι, λέγων· Ἐὰν θέλητε καὶ εἰσακούσητέ μου, τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῆς γῆς φάγεσθε· ἐὰν δὲ μὴ θελήσητε, καὶ μὴ εἰσακούσητέ μου, μάχαιρα ὑμᾶς κατέδεται. Οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα προάγει τὸν λόγον ὁ Παῦλος. Σκόπει δέ· Ἦλθε φέρων ὁ Χριστὸς ἄφεσιν, φησὶ, δικαιοσύνην, ζωήν· καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ διὰ σταυροῦ φέρει· ὃ δὴ μέγιστον καὶ θαυμαστὸν, οὐχ ὅτι τοιαῦτα ἐχαρίσατο μόνον, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ τοιαῦτα ἔπαθεν. Ἂν τοίνυν ὑβρίσητε εἰς τὰς δωρεὰς, τότε ἀναμενεῖτε τὰ λυπηρά. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ἐπαίρει τὸν λόγον. Ἀποκαλύπτεται γὰρ, φησὶν, ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ. Πόθεν τοῦτο δῆλον; Ἂν μὲν ὁ πιστὸς λέγῃ, τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὰς ἀποφάσεις ἐροῦμεν· ἂν δὲ ὁ ἄπιστος καὶ ὁ Ἕλλην, ἀπὸ τῶν ἑξῆς αὐτὸν ὁ Παῦλος ἐπιστομίζει τῶν περὶ τῆς κρίσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγων, ἐκ τῶν ὑπ' ἐκείνων γινομένων ἀπόδειξιν ἀναντίῤῥητον εἰσάγων· ὃ δὴ καὶ ἔστι μάλιστα παραδοξότατον, ὅταν τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας αὐτῇ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, δι' ὧν ποιοῦσι καθ' ἑκάστην ἢ καὶ λέγουσι, συνισταμένους αὐτοὺς ἀποφαίνει τοῖς τῆς ἀληθείας δόγμασιν. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς, τέως δὲ τῶν προκειμένων ἐχώμεθα. Ἀποκαλύπτεται γὰρ ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ. Καίτοι καὶ ἐνταῦθα πολλάκις τοῦτο γίνεται, οἷον ἐν λιμοῖς καὶ λοιμοῖς καὶ πολέμοις· καὶ γὰρ ἰδίᾳ ἕκαστος, καὶ κοινῇ πάντες κολάζονται. Τί οὖν τὸ ξένον τότε; Ὅτι καὶ μείζων ἡ κόλασις καὶ κοινὴ καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς· νῦν μὲν γὰρ πρὸς διόρθωσιν τὰ γινόμενα, τότε δὲ πρὸς τιμωρίαν· ὅπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος δηλῶν ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Παιδευόμεθα νῦν, ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν. Καὶ νῦν μὲν οὐ διὰ τὴν ἄνωθεν ὀργὴν πολλοῖς δοκεῖ τὰ πολλὰ γίνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ δι' ἀνθρώπων ἐπήρειαν· τότε δὲ φανερὰ ἔσται ἡ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ κόλασις, ὅταν καθήμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ φοβεροῦ βήματος ὁ κριτὴς, τοὺς μὲν ἐπὶ τὰς καμίνους ἕλκεσθαι κελεύῃ, τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον, τοὺς δὲ ἐπ' ἄλλας ἀπαραιτήτους καὶ ἀφορήτους κολάσεις. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐχ οὕτως εἶπε σαφῶς, οἷον ὅτι ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ μέλλει παραγίνεσθαι μετὰ μυρίων ἀγγέλων, καὶ τὰς εὐθύνας ἀπαιτεῖν ἕκαστον, ἀλλ' ὅτι Ἀποκαλύπτεται ὀργὴ Θεοῦ; Τῶν νεοφύτων ἦσαν οἱ ἀκούοντες ἔτι· διὰ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῶν σφόδρα ὡμολογημένων παρ' αὐτοῖς πρῶτον αὐτοὺς ἐπισπᾶται. Χωρὶς δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων, καὶ πρὸς Ἕλληνας ἀποτείνεσθαί μοι 60.412 δοκεῖ· διὸ καὶ ἐντεῦθεν προοιμιάζεται· ὕστερον δὲ καὶ τὸν περὶ τῆς κρίσεως τοῦ Χριστοῦ λόγον εἰσάγει. Ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι πολλαὶ τῆς ἀσεβείας αἱ ὁδοὶ, ἡ δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας μία· καὶ γὰρ ποικίλον καὶ πολυειδὲς καὶ συγκεχυμένον ἡ πλάνη, ἡ δὲ ἀλήθεια μία. Εἰπὼν δὲ περὶ δογμάτων, λέγει καὶ περὶ βίου, ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων εἰπών. Καὶ γὰρ αἱ ἀδικίαι ποικίλαι· καὶ ἡ μὲν περὶ χρήματα γίνεται, οἷον ὅταν τις ἐν τούτοις ἀδικῇ τὸν πλησίον· ἡ δὲ περὶ γυναῖκας, ὅταν τις ἀφεὶς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, τὸν ἑτέρου διορύττῃ γάμον· καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο πλεονεξίαν ὁ Παῦλος καλεῖ, οὕτω λέγων· Τὸ μὴ ὑπερβαίνειν καὶ πλεονεκτεῖν ἐν τῷ πράγματι τὸν ἀδελφόν. Ἕτεροι πάλιν, ἀντὶ γυναικὸς καὶ χρημάτων, δόξαν λυμαίνονται τὴν τοῦ πλησίον· καὶ τοῦτο δὲ ἀδικία· καὶ γὰρ Κρεῖσσον ὄνομα καλὸν, ἢ πλοῦτος πολύς. Τινὲς δέ φασιν, ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο περὶ δογμάτων εἴρηται τῷ Παύλῳ· πλὴν οὐδὲν κωλύει περὶ ἀμφοτέρων εἰρῆσθαι. Τί δέ ἐστι, Τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων, διὰ τῶν ἑξῆς μάνθανε. Ὅτι τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ φανερόν ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς· ὁ Θεὸς γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐφανέρωσεν. Ἀλλὰ ταύτην τὴν