XVII. GIVE US TODAY OUR NEEDFUL BREAD

Give us today our Needful Bread, or as Luke has it, Give us daily our Needful Bread. Seeing that some suppose that it is meant that we should pray for material bread, their erroneous opinion deserves to be done away with and the truth about the needful bread set forth, in the following manner. We may put the question to them—how can it be that He, who says that heavenly and great things ought to be asked for as if, on their view, He has forgotten His teaching now enjoins the offering of intercession to the Father for an earthly and little thing, since neither is the bread which is assimilated into our flesh a heavenly thing nor is it asking a great thing to request it?

For my part I shall follow the Teacher's own teaching as to the bread and cite the passages in detail. To men who have come to Capernaum to seek Him He says, in the Gospel according to John, Verily, verily, I tell you you seek me not because you saw signs but because you ate of the loaves of bread and were filled . . . for he that has eaten and been filled with the loaves of bread which have been blessed by Jesus seeks the more to grasp the Son of God more closely and hastens toward Him.

Wherefore He will enjoin: Work not for the food that perishes but for the food that abides unto life eternal which the Son of Man shall give you. And when, upon that, they who had heard inquired and said: What are we to do that we may work the works of God? Jesus answered and said to them: This is the work of God that you believe on him whom He has sent. As it is written in Psalms, God sent His Word and healed them, that is the diseased, and believers in that Word work the works of God which are food that abides unto life eternal.

And my Father, He says, gives you the true bread from heaven, for the bread of God is that which comes down from heaven and gives life to the world. It is true bread that nourishes the true man who is made in God's image, and he that has been nourished by it also becomes in the Creator's likeness. What is more nourishing to the soul than Word, or what more precious to the mind of him that is capable of receiving it than the Wisdom of God?

What is more congenial to the rational nature than Truth? Should it be urged in objection to this view that He would not in that case teach men to ask for needful bread as if something other than Himself, it is to be noted that He also discourses in the Gospel according to John sometimes as if it were other than Himself but at other times as if He is Himself the Bread. The former in the sense of the words: Moses hath given you the bread from heaven yet not the true bread, but my Father gives you the true bread from heaven.

In the latter sense, to those who had said to Him Ever give us this bread, He says: I am the bread of life: he that comes unto me shall not hunger, and he that believes on me shall not thirst; and shortly after: I am the living bread that is come down from heaven: if anyone eat of this bread he shall live unto eternity: yea and the bread which I shall give is my flesh which I shall give for the sake of the life of the world.

Now since all manner of nourishment is spoken of as bread according to Scripture as is clear from the fact that it is recorded of Moses that he ate not bread and drank not water forty days, and since the nourishing Word is manifold and various, not all being capable of nourishment by the solidity and strength of the divine teachings, He is therefore pleased to offer strenuous nourishment befitting men more perfect, where He says:

The bread which I shall give is my flesh which I shall give for the sake of the life of the world: and shortly after: Except you eat the flesh of the son of Man and drinks His blood, you have not life in yourselves. He that eats my flesh and drinks my blood hath life eternal, and I will raise him up in the last day. for my flesh is true food and my blood is true drink. He that eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me and I in him.As the living Father sent me and I live because of the Father, so also he that eats me—he too shall live because of me. This is the true food, Christ's flesh, which being Word has become flesh, as it is said And the Word became flesh. When we eat and drink the Word He tabernacles in us.

When He is assimilated the words are fulfilled: We beheld His glory. This is the bread that is come down from heaven. Not as the fathers ate and died, he that eats this bread shall live unto eternity. Discoursing to infant Corinthians who walk in the way of man Paul says: I gave you milk to drink, not meat, for you were not yet able. Nay even now you are not yet able, for you are still of the flesh; and in the Epistle to Hebrews: And you are become in need of milk, not of solid nourishment. For any one who partakes of milk is devoid of moral reason, for he is infant.

But solid nourishment is for mature men who by force of use have their senses trained to discriminate good and evil. In my opinion the words: One man hath faith to eat anything, but he that is weak eats vegetables are also in his intention meant to refer not to material forms of nourishment but to the words of God that nourish the soul: Of these the man most faithful and mature is able to partake of any, he being denoted in the words One man hath faith to eat anything, whereas the weaker and more immature is content with simpler teachings that do not quite produce full strength in him, reference being intended to him in the words But he that is weak eats vegetables.

There is also in Solomon a saying in the Proverbs which I think teaches that the man who by reason of simplicity is incapable of the stronger and greater sentiments is better, short of false thought, than the man who, though more ready and keener and of greater insight into things, fails to penetrate the principle of peace and harmony in all. Solomon's passage runs as follows: Better is hospitality of vegetables served with friendship and grace than a fatted calf with enmity.

Many a time do we accept untutored simpler entertainment, accompanied by good conscience, as guests at the table of those who are unable to furnish us with more, with greater satisfaction than any elevation of words upreared against the knowledge of God and proclaiming with ample plausibility a sentiment alien to the Father of our Lord Jesus who has given the law and the prophets. In order, therefore, that we may neither fall sick of soul for lack of nourishment nor die to God because of famine of the Lord's word, let us in obedience to the teaching of our Savior, with righter faith and life, ask the Father for the living bread which is the same as the needful bread.

Let us now consider what the word epiousion, needful, means. First of all it should be known that the word epiousion is not found in any Greek writer whether in philosophy or in common usage, but seems to have been formed by the evangelists. At least Matthew and Luke, in having given it to the world, concur in using it in identical form. The same thing has been done by translators from Hebrew in other instances also; for what Greek ever used the expression enotizou or akoutisthete instead of eistaota dexai or akousai poice se.

Exactly like the expression epiousion, needful, is one found in Moses' writings, spoken by God: Ye shall be my periousios—peculiar people. Either word seems to me to be a compund of ousia—essence—the former signifying the bread that contributes to the essence, the latter denoting the people that has to do with the essence and is associated with it. As for ousia, essence, in the strict sense, by those who assert the priority of the substance of immaterial things, it is ranked with immaterial things which are in possession of permanent being and neither receive addition nor suffer subtraction. For addition and subtraction are characteristic of material things in reference to which growth and decay take place owing to their being in a state of flux, in need of imported support and nourishment.

If the import exceeds the waste in a period growth takes place, if it is less, diminuation; and if, as in conceivable, there are things receiving no import at all, they are in what I may term unmitigated diminuation. Those on the other hand who hold the substance of immaterial things to be posterior and that of material things to be prior, define essence in these terms: It is the primary matter of existing things out of which they are or the matter of bodily things out of which they are; or that of terms out of which they are; or the primary unqualified substance or presubstance of existing things; or that which admits of all transformations and modifications though itself as such inherently incapable of modification; or that which undergoes all modification and transformation.

On their view essence is inherently unqualified and inarticulate as such. It is even indeterminate in magnitude, but it is involved in all quality as a kind of ready ground for it. By qualities they mean distinctively like the actualities and the activities in which movements and articulations of the essence have come to be, and they say that the essence as such has no part in these inherently though it is always incidentally inseparable from some of them and equally receptive of all the agent's actualizations however it may act and transform. (For it the force associated with the essence, pervading all that would be responsible for all quality and the particular dispositions involving it.)

And they say that it is throughout transformable and throughout divisible, and that any essence can coalesce with any other, all being a unity not withstanding. What I have said in this discussion of essence raised by the expressions the needful bread and the peculiar people has been to distinguish the meanings of essence. And since we have already seen that it is spiritual bread for which we ought to ask, we must needs understand the essence to be akin to the bread, so that just as material bread on assimilation into the body of the nourished passes into its essence, so the living bread which is come down from heaven being assimilated into the mind and soul may impart its own power to him who has lent himself to nourishment from it, and so become the needful bread for which we ask.

And again, in like manner, as the nourished attains strength varying according to the character of the nourishment whether solid and fit for athletes or of the nature of milk and vegetables, so it follows that when the word of God is given either as milk as befits children, or as vegetables as suits invalids, or as flesh as is proper for combatants, each of the nourished acquires this or that power or nature according to the word to which he has lent himself.

Moreover, there is a kind of reputed nourishment which is in reality harmful, a second that is productive of disease, and another that cannot even be assimilated, and all of these may be transferred by analogy to varieties of reputedly nourishing teachings. Needful, therefore, is the bread which corresponds most closely to our rational nature and is akin to our very essence, which invests the soul at once with well being and with strength, and, since the Word of God is immortal, imparts to its eater its own immortality.

It is just this needful bread that seems to me to be otherwise termed in Scripture a tree of life, he who stretches forth his hand to which and takes of it shall live unto eternity. And under a third name this tree is termed wisdom of God in Solomon's words: She is a tree of life to all that take hold upon her and to those that lean upon her as upon the Lord she is safe. And since the angels also are nourished by God's wisdom receiving power for the accomplishment of their proper works from their contemplation in truth with wisdom, it is said in Psalms that the angels also are nourished, men of God designated Hebrews holding communion with the angels and, as it were, even becoming messfellows with them.

Such is the meaning of the saying:Bread of angels hath man eaten. Far from us be such poverty of mind as to suppose that it is of some material bread, such as is recorded to have come down from heaven upon those who had quitted Egypt, that the angels continually partake and are nourished, as though it was actually in this that the Hebrews had communion with the angels, God's ministering spirits. And while we are considering the needful bread and the tree of life and the wisdom of God and the common nourishment of saintly men and angels, it is not untimely to refer to the three men recorded in Genesis who were entertained by Abraham and partook of three measures of fine flour of wheat kneaded into ember-cakes, and to observe that this may perhaps simply be told in a figurative sense.

It would show that saints are able upon occasion to impart spiritual and rational nourishment not only to men but also to divine powers, either for their benefit or for the exhibition of their most nourishing acquisitions, the angels being cheered and nourished in such display and becoming the readier to cooperate in every way and henceforth to conspire in the apprehension of fuller and greater things by the man who has cheered and so to say nourished them with his store of nourishing teachings already acquired.

No wonder that a man may nourish angels when even Christ avows himself to stand before the door and knock in order that He may enter into him that opens to Him and sup with him on his fare, thereafter Himself in turn to impart His own to him who first according to his individual power has entertained the Son of God. So then the partaker of the needful bread, having his heart confirmed, becomes a son of God whereas he that has portion in the serpent is none other than a spiritual Ethiopian and himself in turn changes into a snake by reason of the serpent's toils so that, even should he express a desire for baptism, he is reproached by the Word and hears it said: Snakes, offspring of vipers, who hath prompted you to flee from the coming wrath?

And David speaks of the serpent body being fed on by Ethiopians: Thou has shattered the heads of the serpents in the water, you hast crushed the serpent's head, you hast given him to be food for the Ethiopian peoples. If it is not absurd to suppose that, since the Son of God and also the Adversary are of essential substances, either of them may become nourishment to this soul or that, why need we hesitate in the case of all powers, better and worse, including human beings, to believe that each one of us may derive nourishment from any of them?

As Peter was about to commune with the centurion Cornelius and those who met together with him in Caesarea, and thereafter to impart the words of God to the Gentiles also, he saw, the vessel let down from heaven by four corners, in which were all manner of quadrupeds and reptiles and beasts of the earth, whereupon he was also bidden rise up and stay and eat, and after he had said in deprecation: Thou knowest that nothing common or unclean hath ever entered my mouth, he was commanded to call no man common or unclean because what God had made clean ought not to be made common by Peter; in the words of the passage, what things God hath made clean make not you common.

Accordingly the clean and unclean food distinguished according to the law of Moses in terms of various animals bear an analogy to the differing characters of rational beings and teaches that some are nourishing for us but others the reverse until God has cleansed and made all, or those from every race, nourishing. But while that is indeed so and while there is such diversity among foods, the needful bread, for which we ought to pray in order to be counted worthy of it, and, being nourished by the Word that was God with God in the beginning to be made divine God, is one and transcends all the foods mentioned.

But it will be said that the word epiousion, needful, is formed from epienai, to go on, so that we are bidden to ask for the bread proper to the coming age, in order that God may take it in advance and bestow it on us now. Thus what was to be given as it were tomorrow would be given us today, today being taken to mean the present age, tomorrow the coming. Since, however, as far as I can judge, the preceding interpretation is better, let us go on to consider the added reference to today in Matthew or the expression daily written in Luke.

To call the whole present age today is a usage frequent in the Scriptures, as in the passages: He is father of the Moabites until today, and He is father of the Ammonites until today, and this account has been reported among Jews until today, and in the Psalms, Today if you hear His voice harden not your hearts. In Joshua, this is expressed very clearly: Turn not away from the Lord in the days of today. And if today means the whole present age, yesterday is probably the bygone age. That I have understood to be its meaning in Psalms and in Paul in the Epistle to Hebrews.

In Psalms it is thus: A thousand years are in thine eyes as a yesterday that had passed—whatever the much talked of millennium means, it is likened to yesterday as opposed to today; and in the apostle it is written, Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and unto the ages. No wonder that the whole of an age counts with God as the space of a single day with us, aye and less as I think. We may also consider whether the accounts of feasts or assemblies recorded in terms of days or months or seasons or years have symbolical references to ages. For if the law contains a shadow of coming things, its many Sabbaths must be a shadow of many days and its moons come round in the course of intervals of time, completed by some manner of a moon's conjunction with some sun.

And if a first month and tenth till fourteenth day and a feast of unleavened bread from fourteenth till twenty-first contain a shadow of coming things, who is wise and to such a degree God's friend as to have vision of the first among many months and its tenth day and so on? What need I say of that feast of seven weeks of days, and of that seventh month whose new moon is a day of trumpets and on whose tenth day falls a day of atonement, which are known to God alone who has enacted them? Who has to such a degree received the mind of Christ as to interpret those seventh years of freedom for Hebrew domestic slaves and of remission of debts and of cessation from tillage of the holy land?

And over and above the feast of every seven years there is yet another year, the so-called Jubilee, clearly to imagine whose nature even partially, or the true laws to be fulfilled in it, is for no one save Him who has contemplated the Father's counsel in reference to the order in all the ages according to His unsearchable judgments and His univestigable ways. In trying to reconcile two apostolic passages it has often occurred to me to raise the question how there can be consummation of ages at which Jesus has been manifested once for all unto abolition of sins if there are going to be ages following after this. The Apostles' passages are as follows: In the Epistle to Hebrews, but now at a consummation of the ages He hath been manifested once for all unto abolition of sins through His sacrifice; but in the Epistle to Ephesians, in order that He may show forth, in the years following, the exceeding riches of His Grace in kindness toward us.

Well, in conjecture as to matters so great, I believe that, just as the year's consummation is it's last month after which arises another month's beginning, so probably the present age is a consummation of numerous ages completing as it were a year of ages, and after it certain coming ages will arise whose beginning is the coming age, and in those coming ages God shall show forth the riches of His Grace in kindness, when the greatest sinner, who for having spoken ill against the Holy Spirit is held fast by his sin throughout the present age and the coming one from beginning to end, shall after that, I know not how, receive a dispensation.

When a man has had vision of these things and has given thought to a week of ages with intent to contemplate a kind of holy sabbath—keeping and a month of ages to see God's holy new moon, and a year of ages to survey the feasts of the year when every male must appear before the Lord God, and the corresponding years of so many ages to discern the seventh holy year, and seven weekly years of ages to sing a hymn to the Enactor of Laws so great, how can he after such consideration cavil over what is the merest fraction of an hour in the day of such an age, instead of doing everything to become, through his preparation here, worthy of obtaining the needful bread and to receive it while it is today and daily, what daily means being already clear from the foregoing explanations.

For he who prays today to God, who is from infiniti to infiniti, not only for today but also in a sense for that which is daily shall be enabled to receive from Him who hath power to bestow exceedingly above what we ask or think even things—to use extreme language—which transcend those that eye hath not seen and ear hath not heard and that have not gone up into the heart of man. These considerations seem to me to have been very necessary for the understanding of both the expressions today and daily when we are praying that the needful bread be given us from His Father.

[27] „–Τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον–,” ἢ ὡς ὁ Λουκᾶς: ”–τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν καθ' ἡμέραν–.„ ἐπεί τινες ὑπολαμβάνουσι περὶ τοῦ σωματικοῦ –ἄρτου– λέγεσθαι εὔχεσθαι ἡμᾶς, ἄξιον αὐτῶν τὴν ψευδοδοξίαν διὰ τούτων περιελόντας παραστῆσαι τὸ ἀληθὲς περὶ –τοῦ ἐπιουσίου ἄρτου–. λεκτέον οὖν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι πῶς ὁ λέγων δεῖν αἰτεῖν ἐπουράνια καὶ μεγάλα, οὔτε ἐπουρανίου ὄντος –τοῦ– εἰς τὴν σάρκα ἡμῶν ἀναδιδομένου –ἄρτου– οὔτε μεγάλου αἰτήματος τοῦ περὶ τούτου ἀξιοῦν, ὡσπερεὶ κατ' αὐτοὺς ἐπιλαθόμενος ὧν ἐδίδαξε προστάττει περὶ ἐπιγείου καὶ μικροῦ ἔντευξιν ἀναφέρειν τῷ πατρί; ἡμεῖς δὲ ἑπόμενοι αὐτῷ διδασκάλῳ, διδάσκοντι τὰ περὶ τοῦ –ἄρτου–, διὰ πλειόνων ταῦτα παραθησόμεθα. φησὶν ἐν τῷ κατὰ Ἰωάννην πρὸς ἐληλυθότας εἰς Καφαρναοὺμ ζητεῖν αὐτόν: „ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ζητεῖτέ –με– οὐχ ὅτι εἴδετε σημεῖα, ἀλλ' ὅτι ἐφάγετε ἐκ τῶν –ἄρτων– καὶ ἐχορτάσθητε.” ὁ γὰρ φαγὼν ”ἐκ τῶν„ ὑπὸ Ἰησοῦ εὐλογηθέντων „–ἄρτων–” καὶ πληρωθεὶς αὐτῶν μᾶλλον ζητεῖ καταλαβεῖν ἀκριβέστερον τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ σπεύδει πρὸς αὐτόν. διόπερ καλῶς προστάττει λέγων: ”ἐργάζεσθε μὴ τὴν βρῶσιν τὴν ἀπολλυμένην ἀλλὰ τὴν βρῶσιν τὴν μένουσαν εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον, ἣν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑμῖν –δώσει–.„ πρὸς ταῦτα δὲ πυθομένων τῶν ἀκουσάντων καὶ λεγόντων: „τί ποιῶμεν, ἵνα ἐργαζώμεθα τὰ ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ; ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς: τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ ἔργον τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα πιστεύητε εἰς ὃν ἀπέστειλεν ἐκεῖνος.” ”ἀπέστειλε„ δὲ ὁ θεὸς „τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἰάσατο αὐτοὺς,” ὡς ἐν ψαλμοῖς γέγραπται, δηλονότι τοὺς νενοσηκότας: ᾧ λόγῳ οἱ πιστεύοντες ἐργάζονται ”τὰ ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ,„ ὄντα „βρῶσιν μένουσαν εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον.” καὶ ”ὁ πατὴρ„ δέ μου, φησὶ, „–δίδωσιν– ὑμῖν –τὸν ἄρτον– ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸν ἀληθινόν: ὁ γὰρ –ἄρτος– τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν ὁ καταβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ζωὴν –διδοὺς– τῷ κόσμῳ.” ”–ἄρτος–„ δὲ ἀληθινός ἐστιν ὁ „τὸν” ”ἀληθινὸν„ τρέφων „ἄνθρωπον,” τὸν ”κατ' εἰκόνα τοῦ θεοῦ„ πεποιημένον, ᾧ ὁ τραφεὶς καὶ „καθ' ὁμοίωσιν” ”τοῦ κτίσαντος„ γίνεται. τί δὲ λόγου τῇ ψυχῇ τροφιμώτερον, ἢ τί τῆς σοφίας τοῦ θεοῦ τῷ νῷ τοῦ χωροῦντος αὐτὴν τιμιώτερον; τί δὲ ἀληθείας τῇ λογικῇ φύσει καταλληλότερον; ἐὰν δέ τις πρὸς ταῦτα ἀνθυποφέρῃ λέγων μὴ ἂν αὐτὸν διδάσκειν ὡς περὶ ἑτέρου ὄντος –ἄρτου τοῦ ἐπιουσίου– αἰτεῖν, ἀκουέτω ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῷ κατὰ Ἰωάννην ὅπου μὲν ὡς περὶ ἑτέρου τινὸς παρ' αὐτὸν διαλέγεται, ὅπου δὲ ὡς αὐτὸς ὁ –ἄρτος– ὤν: ὡς μὲν περὶ ἑτέρου διὰ τούτων: „Μωϋσῆς –δέδωκεν– ὑμῖν –τὸν ἄρτον– ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ,” ”οὐ„ „τὸν ἀληθινὸν,” ”ἀλλ' ὁ πατήρ μου –δίδωσιν– ὑμῖν –τὸν ἄρτον– ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὸν ἀληθινόν„: ὡς δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ φησι πρὸς εἰπόντας αὐτῷ: „πάντοτε –δὸς ἡμῖν τὸν ἄρτον– τοῦτον,” ”ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ –ἄρτος– τῆς ζωῆς: ὁ ἐρχόμενος πρός με οὐ μὴ πεινάσῃ, καὶ ὁ πιστεύων εἰς ἐμὲ οὐ μὴ διψήσῃ πώποτε.„ καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα: „ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ –ἄρτος– –ὁ ζῶν– ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς: ἐάν τις φάγῃ ἐκ τούτου –τοῦ ἄρτου–, ζήσει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα: καὶ ὁ –ἄρτος– δὲ, ὃν ἐγὼ –δώσω–, ἡ σάρξ μου ἐστὶν, ἣν ἐγὼ –δώσω– ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζωῆς.” ἐπεὶ δὲ πᾶσα τροφὴ ”–ἄρτος–„ λέγεται κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν, ὡς δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ περὶ Μωϋσέως ἀναγεγράφθαι: „–ἄρτον– οὐκ” ἔφαγε ”τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας καὶ ὕδωρ οὐκ„ ἔπιε, ποικίλος δέ ἐστι καὶ διάφορος ὁ τρόφιμος λόγος, οὐ πάντων δυναμένων τῇ στεῤῥότητι καὶ εὐτονίᾳ τρέφεσθαι τῶν θείων μαθημάτων: διὰ τοῦτο βουλόμενος παραστῆσαι ἀθλητικὴν τελειοτέροις ἁρμόζουσαν τροφήν φησιν: „ὁ –ἄρτος– δὲ, ὃν ἐγὼ –δώσω–, ἡ σάρξ μου ἐστὶν, ἣν ἐγὼ –δώσω– ὑπὲρ τῆς τοῦ κόσμου ζωῆς,” καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα: ”ἐὰν μὴ φάγητε τὴν σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ πίητε αὐτοῦ τὸ αἷμα, οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς. ὁ τρώγων μου τὴν σάρκα καὶ πίνων μου τὸ αἷμα ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον, καὶ ἐγὼ ἀναστήσω αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ. ἡ γὰρ σάρξ μου ἀληθής ἐστι βρῶσις, καὶ τὸ αἷμά μου ἀληθής ἐστι πόσις. ὁ τρώγων μου τὴν σάρκα καὶ πίνων μου τὸ αἷμα ἐν ἐμοὶ μένει, κἀγὼ ἐν αὐτῷ. καθὼς ἀπέστειλέ με ὁ ζῶν πατὴρ, κἀγὼ ζῶ διὰ τὸν πατέρα: καὶ ὁ τρώγων με κἀκεῖνος ζήσει δι' ἐμέ.„ αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ „ἀληθὴς” ”βρῶσις,„ „σὰρξ” Χριστοῦ, ἥτις ”λόγος„ οὖσα γέγονε „σὰρξ” κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον: ”καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο.„ ὅτε δὲ –φάγοιμεν καὶ– πίοιμεν αὐτὸν, „καὶ ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν”: ἐπὰν δὲ ἀναδιδῶται, πληροῦται τὸ ”ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ.„ „οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ –ἄρτος– ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβὰς, οὐ καθὼς ἔφαγον οἱ πατέρες καὶ ἀπέθανον: ὁ τρώγων τοῦτον –τὸν ἄρτον– ζήσει εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.” ὁ δὲ Παῦλος ”νηπίοις„ διαλεγόμενος καὶ „κατὰ ἄνθρωπον” περιπατοῦσι Κορινθίοις φησί: ”γάλα ὑμᾶς ἐπότισα, οὐ βρῶμα: οὔπω γὰρ ἐδύνασθε. ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἔτι νῦν δύνασθε: ἔτι γάρ ἐστε σάρκινοι„ καὶ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἑβραίους: „καὶ γεγόνατε χρείαν ἔχοντες γάλακτος, οὐ στερεᾶς τροφῆς. πᾶς γὰρ ὁ μετέχων γάλακτος ἄπειρος λόγου δικαιοσύνης, νήπιος γάρ ἐστι: τελείων δέ ἐστιν ἡ στερεὰ τροφὴ, τῶν διὰ τὴν ἕξιν τὰ αἰσθητήρια γεγυμνασμένα ἐχόντων πρὸς διάκρισιν καλοῦ τε καὶ κακοῦ.” ἐγὼ δὲ ἡγοῦμαι καὶ τὸ ”ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα, ὁ δὲ ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει„ μὴ περὶ σωματικῶν τροφῶν αὐτῷ προηγουμένως λέγεσθαι ἀλλὰ περὶ τῶν τρεφόντων τὴν ψυχὴν λόγων θεοῦ: τοῦ μὲν πιστοτάτου καὶ τελειοτάτου δυναμένου πάντων μεταλαμβάνειν, ὅνπερ δηλοῖ διὰ τοῦ „ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα,” τοῦ δὲ ἀσθενεστέρου καὶ ἀτελεστέρου ἁπλουστέροις καὶ μὴ πάνυ εὐτονίαν ἐμποιοῦσι μαθήμασιν ἀρκουμένου, ὅντινα αὐτὸς σημῆναι θέλων λέγει: ”ὁ δὲ ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει.„ καὶ τὸ παρὰ τῷ Σολομῶντι δὲ ἐν ταῖς Παροιμίαις λεγόμενον ἡγοῦμαι διδάσκειν ὅτι βελτίων ὁ μὴ χωρῶν τὰ εὐτονώτερα καὶ μείζονα τῶν δογμάτων διὰ τὴν ἁπλότητα (οὐκ ἐσφαλμένα μέντοι γε φρονῶν) τοῦ ἐντρεχεστέρου μὲν καὶ ὀξυτέρου καὶ μειζόνως ἐπιβάλλοντος τοῖς πράγμασι τὸν δὲ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ συμφωνίας τῶν ὅλων λόγον μὴ τρανοῦντος. ἔχει δὲ οὕτως αὐτῷ ἡ λέξις: „κρείσσων ξενισμὸς λαχάνων πρὸς φιλίαν καὶ χάριν ἢ μόσχος ἀπὸ φάτνης μετὰ ἔχθρας.” πολλάκις γοῦν ἀπεδεξάμεθα ἰδιωτικὴν καὶ ἁπλουστέραν μετὰ εὐσυνειδησίας ἑστίασιν, ξενιζόμενοι παρὰ τοῖς πλέον ἡμῖν παρασχεῖν μὴ δυναμένοις, ἤπερ λόγων ὕψος ἐπαιρομένων ”κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ θεοῦ,„ μετὰ πολλῆς πιθανότητος ἀλλότριον καταγγέλλον τοῦ „τὸν νόμον καὶ τοὺς προφήτας” δεδωκότος πατρὸς τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ δόγμα. ἵνα τοίνυν μήτε δι' ἔνδειαν τροφῶν τὴν ψυχὴν νοσήσωμεν μήτε διὰ ”λιμὸν λόγου κυρίου„ τῷ θεῷ ἀποθάνωμεν, –τὸν ζῶντα ἄρτον–, ὅστις ὁ αὐτός ἐστι –τῷ ἐπιουσίῳ–, πειθόμενοι τῷ διδασκάλῳ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν, πιστεύοντες καὶ βιοῦντες δεξιώτερον, αἰτῶμεν παρὰ τοῦ πατρός. τί δὲ καὶ τὸ „–ἐπιούσιον–,” ἤδη κατανοητέον. πρῶτον δὲ τοῦτο ἰστέον, ὅτι ἡ λέξις ἡ ”–ἐπιούσιον–„ παρ' οὐδενὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὔτε τῶν σοφῶν ὠνόμασται οὔτε ἐν τῇ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν συνηθείᾳ τέτριπται, ἀλλ' ἔοικε πεπλάσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν εὐαγγελιστῶν. συνηνέχθησαν γοῦν ὁ Ματθαῖος καὶ ὁ Λουκᾶς περὶ αὐτῆς μηδαμῶς διαφερούσης, αὐτὴν ἐξενηνοχότες. τὸ ὅμοιον δὲ καὶ ἐπ' ἄλλων οἱ ἑρμηνεύοντες τὰ Ἑβραϊκὰ πεποιήκασιν. τίς γάρ ποτε Ἑλλήνων ἐχρήσατο τῇ „ἐνωτίζου” προσηγορίᾳ ἢ τῇ ”ἀκουτίσθητι„ ἀντὶ τοῦ „εἰς τὰ ὦτα δέξαι” καὶ ”ἀκοῦσαι ποίει σ–ε–„; ἰσομοία τῇ „–ἐπιούσιον–” προσηγορίᾳ ἐστὶ παρὰ Μωϋσεῖ γεγραμμένη, ὑπὸ θεοῦ εἰρημένη: ”ὑμεῖς δὲ ἔσεσθέ μοι„ „λαὸς περιούσιος.” καὶ δοκεῖ μοι ἑκατέρα λέξις παρὰ τὴν οὐσίαν πεποιῆσθαι, ἡ μὲν –τὸν– εἰς τὴν οὐσίαν συμβαλλόμενον –ἄρτον– δηλοῦσα, ἡ δὲ τὸν περὶ τὴν οὐσίαν καταγινόμενον λαὸν καὶ κοινωνοῦντα αὐτῇ σημαίνουσα. ἡ μέντοι κυρίως οὐσία τοῖς μὲν προηγουμένην τὴν τῶν ἀσωμάτων ὑπόστασιν εἶναι φάσκουσι νενόμισται κατὰ τὰ ἀσώματα, τὸ εἶναι βεβαίως ἔχοντα καὶ οὔτε προσθήκην χωροῦντα οὔτε ἀφαίρεσιν πάσχοντα (τοῦτο γὰρ ἴδιον σωμάτων, περὶ ἃ γίνεται ἡ αὔξη καὶ ἡ φθίσις παρὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὰ ῥευστὰ, δεόμενα τοῦ ὑποστηρίζοντος ἐπεισιόντος καὶ τρέφοντος: ὅπερ ἐὰν πλεῖον ἐν καιρῷ ἐπεισίῃ τοῦ ἀποῤῥέοντος, αὔξησις γίνεται, ἐὰν δὲ ἔλαττον, μείωσις: τάχα δέ τινα οὐδ' ὅλως τὸ ἐπεισιὸν λαμβάνοντα ἐν ἀκράτῳ, ἵν' οὕτως εἴπω, μειώσει γίνεται), τοῖς δὲ ἐπακολουθητικὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι νομίζουσι προηγουμένην δὲ τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ὅροι αὐτῆς οὗτοί εἰσιν: οὐσία ἐστὶν ἢ πρώτη τῶν ὄντων ὕλη, καὶ ἐξ ἧς τὰ ὄντα, ἢ τῶν σωμάτων ὕλη, καὶ ἐξ ἧς τὰ σώματα, ἢ τῶν ὀνομαζομένων, καὶ ἐξ ἧς τὰ ὀνομαζόμενα, ἢ τὸ πρῶτον ὑπόστατον ἄποιον ἢ τὸ προϋφιστάμενον τοῖς οὖσιν ἢ τὸ πάσας δεχόμενον τὰς μεταβολάς τε καὶ ἀλλοιώσεις, αὐτὸ δὲ ἀναλλοίωτον κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον λόγον, ἢ τὸ ὑπομένον πᾶσαν ἀλλοίωσιν καὶ μεταβολήν. κατὰ τούτους δὲ ἡ οὐσία ἐστὶν ἄποιός τε καὶ ἀσχημάτιστος κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον λόγον ἀλλ' οὐδὲ μέγεθος ἀποτεταγμένον ἔχουσα, πάσῃ δὲ ἔγκειται ποιότητι καθάπερ ἕτοιμόν τι χωρίον. ποιότητας δὲ διατακτικῶς λέγουσι τὰς ἐνεργείας καὶ τὰς ποιήσεις κοινῶς, ἐν αἷς εἶναι τὰς κινήσεις καὶ σχέσεις συμβέβηκεν: οὐδέ τινος γὰρ τούτων κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον λόγον μετέχειν φασὶ τὴν οὐσίαν, ἀεὶ δέ τινος αὐτῶν ἀχώριστον εἶναι πάθει τήνδε, οὐδὲν ἧττον καὶ ἐπιδεκτὴν πασῶν τῶν τοῦ ποιοῦντος ἐνεργειῶν, ὡς ἂν ἐκεῖνο ποιῇ καὶ μεταβάλλῃ: ὁ γὰρ συνὼν αὐτῇ τόνος καὶ δι' ὅλων κεχωρηκὼς πάσης τε ποιότητος καὶ τῶν περὶ αὐτὴν αἴτιος ἂν οἰκονομιῶν: δι' ὅλων τε μεταβλητὴν καὶ δι' ὅλων διαιρετὴν λέγουσιν εἶναι, καὶ πᾶσαν οὐσίαν πάσῃ συγχεῖσθαι δύνασθαι, ἡνωμένην μέντοι. ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ζητοῦντες διὰ ”–τὸν ἐπιούσιον„ „ἄρτον–” καὶ τὸν περιούσιον λαὸν εἰς τὸ τὰ σημαίνοντα διακριθῆναι τῆς οὐσίας ταῦτ' εἰρήκαμεν, –ἄρτος– δὲ ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτων νοητὸς ἦν, ὃν αἰτεῖν ἡμᾶς ἐχρῆν, ἀναγκαῖον συγγενῆ –τῷ ἄρτῳ– τὴν οὐσίαν εἶναι νοεῖν: ἵν' ὥσπερ ὁ σωματικὸς –ἄρτος– ἀναδιδόμενος εἰς τὸ τοῦ τρεφομένου σῶμα χωρεῖ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν οὐσίαν, οὕτως ”ὁ ζῶν„ καὶ „ἐξ οὐρανοῦ” καταβεβηκὼς ”–ἄρτος–„ ἀναδιδόμενος εἰς τὸν νοῦν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεταδῷ τῆς ἰδίας δυνάμεως τῷ ἐμπαρεσχηκότι ἑαυτὸν τῇ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τροφῇ: καὶ οὕτως ἔσται ὃν αἰτοῦμεν „–ἄρτον” ”ἐπιούσιον–.„ καὶ πάλιν ὃν τρόπον κατὰ τὴν ποιότητα τῆς „τροφῆς,” ”στερεᾶς„ οὔσης καὶ ἀθληταῖς ἁρμοζούσης ἢ γαλακτώδους τινὸς καὶ λαχανώδους, ἐν διαφόρῳ δυνάμει ὁ τρεφόμενος γίνεται, οὕτως ἀκόλουθόν ἐστι, τοῦ λόγου τοῦ θεοῦ ἤτοι ὡς γάλακτος παιδίοις ἁρμοζόντως διδομένου ἢ ὡς λαχάνου ἀσθενοῦσιν ἐπιτηδείως ἢ ὡς σαρκὸς ἀγωνιζομένοις προσ–καίρως–, ἕκαστον τῶν τρεφομένων κατὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν, ᾧ ἐμπαρέσχεν ἑαυτὸν λόγῳ, τόδε τι ἢ τόδε δύνασθαι καὶ τοιόνδε ἢ τοιόνδε γίνεσθαι. ἔστι μέντοι γε τὶς νομιζομένη τροφὴ, οὖσα δηλητήριος, καὶ ἑτέρα νοσοποιὸς καὶ ἄλλη μηδὲ ἀναδοθῆναι δυναμένη: ἅπερ πάντα κατ' ἀναλογίαν μετενεκτέον ἐστὶ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς διαφορὰς τῶν νομιζομένων τροφίμων μαθημάτων. –ἐπιούσιος– τοίνυν –ἄρτος– ὁ τῇ φύσει τῇ λογικῇ καταλληλότατος καὶ τῇ οὐσίᾳ αὐτῇ συγγενὴς, ὑγείαν ἅμα καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ ἰσχὺν περιποιῶν τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τῆς ἰδίας ἀθανασίας (ἀθάνατος γὰρ ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ) μεταδιδοὺς τῷ ἐσθίοντι αὐτοῦ. οὗτος δὴ ὁ –ἐπιούσιος ἄρτος– ἄλλῳ ὀνόματι δοκεῖ μοι ἐν τῇ γραφῇ „ξύλον ζωῆς” ὠνομάσθαι, ἐφ' ὅπερ ὁ ἐκτείνας ”τὴν χεῖρα„ καὶ λαβὼν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ „ζήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα.” καὶ τρίτῳ ὀνόματι τοῦτο τὸ ”ξύλον„ „σοφία” τοῦ θεοῦ ὀνομάζεται παρὰ τῷ Σολομῶντι διὰ τούτων: ”ξύλον ζωῆς ἐστι πᾶσι τοῖς ἀντεχομένοις αὐτῆς, καὶ τοῖς ἐπερειδομένοις ὡς ἐπὶ κύριον ἀσφαλής.„ ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι σοφίᾳ τρέφονται θεοῦ, ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν μετὰ σοφίας θεωρίας δυναμούμενοι πρὸς τὸ τὰ ἴδια ἔργα ἐπιτελεῖν, λέγεται ἐν ψαλμοῖς καὶ τοὺς ἀγγέλους τρέφεσθαι, κοινωνούντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ, οἵτινες Ἑβραῖοι προσαγορεύονται, τοῖς ἀγγέλοις καὶ οἱονεὶ καὶ συνεστίων αὐτοῖς γινομένων. τοιοῦτον δέ ἐστι τὸ „–ἄρτον– ἀγγέλων ἔφαγεν ἄνθρωπος.” μὴ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον πτωχεύσαι ὁ νοῦς ἡμῶν, ὡς οἰηθῆναι σωματικοῦ τινος –ἄρτου–, τοῦ ἱστορουμένου οὐρανόθεν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐξεληλυθότας τὴν Αἴγυπτον καταβεβηκέναι, τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἀεὶ μεταλαμβάνοντας τρέφεσθαι, τούτου αὐτοῦ κεκοινωνηκότων τῶν Ἑβραίων τοῖς ἀγγέλοις, τοῖς λειτουργικοῖς τοῦ θεοῦ πνεύμασιν. οὐκ ἄκαιρον δὲ ζητοῦσιν ἡμῖν ”–τὸν ἐπιούσιον„ „ἄρτον–” καὶ τὸ ”ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς„ καὶ τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ θεοῦ τήν τε κοινὴν ἁγίων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἀγγέλων τροφὴν ἐπιστῆσαι καὶ περὶ τῶν ἐν Γενέσει γεγραμμένων τριῶν ἀνδρῶν, καταχθέντων παρὰ τῷ Ἀβραὰμ καὶ μεταλαβόντων πεφυραμένων τριῶν μέτρων „σεμιδάλεως” εἰς ἐγκρυφιῶν ποίησιν, μή ποτε γυμνῶς τροπικῶς ταῦτα εἴρηται, δυναμένων τῶν ἁγίων μεταδοῦναί ποτε τροφῆς νοητῆς καὶ λογικῆς οὐ μόνον ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ καὶ θειοτέραις δυνάμεσιν ἤτοι εἰς ὠφέλειαν αὐτῶν ἢ εἰς ἐπίδειξιν ὧν δεδύνηνται περιποιῆσαι ἑαυτοῖς τροφιμωτάτων, εὐφραινομένων καὶ τρεφομένων ἐν τῇ τοιαύτῃ ἐπιδείξει τῶν ἀγγέλων καὶ ἑτοιμοτέρων γινομένων πρὸς τὸ παντὶ τρόπῳ συνεργῆσαι καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἑξῆς συμπνεῦσαι τῇ πλειόνων καὶ μειζόνων καταλήψει τοῦ ἐπὶ προτέροις παρεσκευασμένου τροφίμοις μαθήμασιν, εὐφράναντος καὶ, ἵν' οὕτως εἴπω, ἀναθρέψαντος αὐτούς. οὐ θαυμαστὸν δὲ εἰ ἀγγέλους τρέφει ἄνθρωπος, ὅπου γε καὶ Χριστὸς ὁμολογεῖ ἑστὼς παρὰ ”τὴν θύραν„ κρούειν, ἵν' εἰσελθὼν παρὰ τὸν ἀνοίξαντα αὐτῷ δειπνήσῃ „μετ' αὐτοῦ” ἐκ τῶν ἐκείνου, μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς μεταδώσων τῶν ἰδίων τῷ πρότερον ἑστιάσαντι κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ. –τοῦ– μὲν οὖν –ἐπιουσίου– ὁ μεταλαμβάνων –ἄρτου– στηριζόμενος τὴν ”καρδίαν„ υἱὸς θεοῦ γίνεται: „τοῦ” δὲ ”δράκοντος„ ὁ μετέχων οὐκ ἄλλος ἐστὶ τοῦ νοητοῦ Αἰθίοπος, διὰ τὰς τοῦ „δράκοντος” ἄρκυς μεταβάλλων καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς ὄφιν, ὥστε ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου ὀνειδιζόμενον αὐτὸν, κἂν λέγῃ βαπτίζεσθαι θέλειν, ἀκούειν: ”ὄφεις, γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν, τίς ὑπέδειξεν ὑμῖν φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς μελλούσης ὀργῆς;„ λέγει δὲ περὶ τοῦ δρακοντείου σώματος ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰθιόπων ἑστιωμένου ὁ Δαυῒδ ταῦτα: „συνέτριψας τὰς κεφαλὰς τῶν δρακόντων ἐπὶ τοῦ ὕδατος, –σὺ συνέθλασας τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ δράκοντος,– ἔδωκας αὐτὸν βρῶμα λαοῖς τοῖς Αἰθίοψιν.” εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀπεμφαίνει, οὐσιωδῶς ὑφεστῶτος τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ ὑφεστῶτος δὲ καὶ τοῦ ἀντικειμένου, ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν τροφὴν γίνεσθαι τοῦδε ἢ τοῦδε, τί ὀκνοῦμεν παραδέξασθαι ἐπί γε πασῶν τῶν δυνάμεων κρειττόνων καὶ χειρόνων: καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸ δύνασθαι τρέφεσθαι ἀπὸ πάντων τούτων ἕνα ἕκαστον ἡμῶν; κοινωνεῖν γοῦν τῷ ἑκατοντάρχῳ Κορνηλίῳ καὶ τοῖς ἅμα συναχθεῖσιν ἐν τῇ Καισαρείᾳ ὁ Πέτρος μέλλων μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ τοῖς ἔθνεσι μεταδώσειν τῶν λόγων τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁρᾷ τὸ ”τέτταρσιν ἀρχαῖς καθιέμενον„ οὐρανόθεν „σκεῦος,” ”ἐν ᾧ„ „πάντα τὰ τετράποδα καὶ ἑρπετὰ καὶ θηρία τῆς γῆς”: ὅτε καὶ κελεύεται ”ἀναστὰς„ θῦσαι καὶ φαγεῖν, προστασσόμενος μετὰ τὸ παραιτούμενον αὐτὸν εἰρηκέναι: σὺ οἶδας „ὅτι οὐδέ ποτε κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ στόμα μου” ”μηδένα κοινὸν ἢ ἀκάθαρτον λέγειν ἄνθρωπον„ τῷ τὰ καθαρθέντα ὑπὸ θεοῦ μὴ δεῖν ὑπὸ Πέτρου κοινοῦσθαι: φησὶ γὰρ ἡ λέξις: „ἃ ὁ θεὸς ἐκαθάρισε σὺ μὴ κοίνου.” οὐκοῦν τὸ καθαρὸν βρῶμα καὶ τὸ ἀκάθαρτον κατὰ τὸν Μωϋσέως νόμον ἐν ὀνομασίαις διακρινόμενον πλειόνων ζῴων, τὴν ἀναφορὰν ἔχον ἐπὶ τὰ διάφορα ἤθη τῶν λογικῶν, διδάσκει τούσδε μὲν τροφίμους ἡμῖν τυγχάνειν τούσδε δὲ ἐναντίως ἔχειν, ἕως καθαρίσας πάντας ποιήσῃ τροφίμους ὁ θεὸς ἢ τοὺς ἀπὸ ”παντὸς γένους.„ τούτων δὴ οὕτως ἐχόντων καὶ τοσαύτης διαφορᾶς βρωμάτων οὔσης, εἷς παρὰ πάντας τοὺς εἰρημένους ἐστὶν ὁ –ἐπιούσιος ἄρτος–, περὶ οὗ εὔχεσθαι δεῖ, ἵνα ἐκείνου ἀξιωθῶμεν καὶ τρεφόμενοι τῷ „ἐν ἀρχῇ” ”πρὸς θεὸν„ θεῷ λόγῳ θεοποιηθῶμεν. ἐρεῖ δέ τις τὸ „–ἐπιούσιον–” παρὰ τὸ ἐπιέναι κατεσχηματίσθαι, ὥστε αἰτεῖν ἡμᾶς κελεύεσθαι –τὸν ἄρτον– τὸν οἰκεῖον τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος, ἵνα προλαβὼν αὐτὸν ὁ θεὸς ἤδη ἡμῖν δωρήσηται, ὥστε τὸ οἱονεὶ αὔριον δοθησόμενον ”–σήμερον–„ ἡμῖν δοθῆναι, „–σήμερον–” μὲν τοῦ ἐνεστῶτος αἰῶνος λαμβανομένου αὔριον δὲ τοῦ μέλλοντος. ἀλλὰ βελτίονος οὔσης τῆς προτέρας ἐκδοχῆς ὅσον ἐπ' ἐμοὶ κριτῇ, τὸ περὶ τῆς ”–σήμερον–„ παρὰ τῷ Ματθαίῳ τούτοις προσκείμενον ἢ –τὸ „καθ' ἡμέραν–” παρὰ τῷ Λουκᾷ γεγραμμένον ἐξετάσωμεν. ἔθος δὴ πολλαχοῦ τῶν γραφῶν τὸν πάντα αἰῶνα ”–σήμερον–„ καλεῖσθαι, ὥσπερ ἐν τῷ „οὗτος πατὴρ Μωαβιτῶν ἕως τῆς –σήμερον– ἡμέρας” καὶ ”οὗτος πατὴρ Ἀμμανιτῶν ἕως τῆς –σήμερον– ἡμέρας„ καὶ „ἐφημίσθη ὁ λόγος οὗτος παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις ἕως τῆς –σήμερον–,” καὶ ἐν τοῖς ψαλμοῖς: ”–σήμερον– ἐὰν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν.„ ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἰησοῦ σαφέστατα οὕτω τοῦτο εἴρηται: „μὴ ἀπόστητε ἀπὸ κυρίου ἐν ταῖς –σήμερον– ἡμέραις.” εἰ δὲ ”–σήμερον–„ ὁ πᾶς οὗτος αἰὼν, μή ποτε „ἐχθὲς” ὁ παρεληλυθώς ἐστιν αἰών. τοῦτο δὲ ἐν ψαλμοῖς καὶ παρὰ τῷ Παύλῳ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἑβραίους λέγειν ὑπειλήφαμεν, ἐν ψαλμοῖς οὕτως: ”χίλια ἔτη ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς σου ὡσεὶ ἡμέρα ἡ ἐχθὲς, ἥτις διῆλθεν„ (ἥτις ποτέ ἐστιν ἡ διαβόητος χιλιονταετηρὶς, –ἣ– ὁμοιοῦται τῇ „ἐχθὲς” ἡμέρᾳ, διαφερούσῃ τῆς ”–σήμερον–„), παρὰ δὲ τῷ ἀποστόλῳ γέγραπται: „Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς χθὲς καὶ –σήμερον– ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.” καὶ οὐδὲν θαυμαστὸν τῷ θεῷ τὸν ὅλον αἰῶνα τῆς παρ' ἡμῖν μιᾶς ἡμέρας διαστήματος λόγον ἔχειν, ἐγὼ δ' οἶμαι ὅτι καὶ ἐλάττονος. καὶ ἐξεταστέον εἰ ἐπὶ αἰῶνας ἀναφέρονται οἱ λόγοι τῶν κατὰ τὰς ”ἡμέρας„ ἢ „μῆνας” ἢ ”καιροὺς„ ἢ „ἐνιαυτοὺς” ἀναγεγραμμένων ἑορτῶν ἢ πανηγύρεων. εἰ γὰρ ”σκιὰν„ ἔχει „ὁ νόμος τῶν μελλόντων,” ἀνάγκη τὰ πολλὰ σάββατα πολλῶν τινων ἡμερῶν εἶναι ”σκιὰν„ καὶ τὰς νουμηνίας διὰ χρονικῶν διαστημάτων ἐνίστασθαι, οὐκ οἶδα ὑπὸ ποίας σελήνης συνοδευούσης τινὶ ἡλίῳ ἐπιτελουμένας. εἰ δὲ καὶ „πρῶτος” ”μὴν„ καὶ δεκάτη ἡμέρα „ἕως τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτης” καὶ τῶν ἀζύμων ἑορτὴ ἀπὸ τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτης ”ἕως μιᾶς καὶ εἰκάδος„ „σκιὰν” περιέχει ”μελλόντων,„ „τίς σοφὸς καὶ” ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον θεῷ ”φίλος,„ ὡς πλειόνων μηνῶν τὸν πρῶτον ἰδεῖν καὶ τὴν δεκάτην αὐτοῦ ἡμέραν καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς; τί δέ με δεῖ λέγειν περὶ τῆς ἑορτῆς τῶν ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδων ἡμερῶν καὶ περὶ τοῦ ἑβδόμου μηνὸς (οὗ ἡ νεομηνία ἡμέρα „σαλπίγγων” ἐστὶ, ”τῇ„ δὲ „δεκάτῃ” ”ἡμέρα ἱλασμοῦ„), τῷ μόνῳ νομοθετήσαντι αὐτὰ θεῷ ἐγνωσμένων; τίς δὲ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον τὸν Χριστοῦ κεχώρηκε νοῦν, ὡς τοὺς ἑβδόμους ἐνιαυτοὺς τῆς ἐλευθερίας τῶν Ἑβραίων οἰκετῶν καὶ „τῆς ἀφέσεως” τῶν χρεῶν ἀνέσεώς τε ἀπὸ γεωργίας τῆς ἁγίας γῆς ἐκλαβεῖν; ἔστι δέ τις καὶ ἀνωτέρω τῆς διὰ ἑπτὰ ἐτῶν ἑορτῆς ὁ καλούμενος Ἰωβηλαῖος, ὅντινα κἂν ἐπὶ ποσὸν φαντασθῆναι εἶναί τι τρανῶς ἢ τοὺς ἐν αὐτῷ νόμους πληρωθησομένους ἀληθινοὺς οὐδενός ἐστι –πλὴν– τοῦ τὴν πατρικὴν βουλὴν περὶ τῆς ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς αἰῶσι διατάξεως κατὰ ”τὰ„ „ἀνεξερεύνητα” ”αὐτοῦ„ „κρίματα” καὶ τὰς ἀνεξιχνιάστους αὐτοῦ ὁδοὺς τεθεωρηκότος. πολλάκις δέ μοι ἐπῆλθεν ἀπορεῖν, συγκρούοντι δύο λέξεις ἀποστολικὰς, πῶς συντέλεια ”αἰώνων„ ἐστὶν, ἐφ' ᾗ „ἅπαξ” ”εἰς ἀθέτησιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν„ Ἰησοῦς „πεφανέρωται,” εἰ μέλλουσιν εἶναι αἰῶνες μετὰ τοῦτον ἐπερχόμενοι. ἔχουσι δὲ αἱ λέξεις αὐτοῦ οὕτως, ἐν μὲν τῇ πρὸς Ἑβραίους: ”νυνὶ δὲ ἅπαξ ἐπὶ συντελείᾳ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς ἀθέτησιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ πεφανέρωται,„ ἐν δὲ τῇ πρὸς Ἐφεσίους: „ἵνα ἐνδείξηται ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσι τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις τὸ ὑπερβάλλον πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ ἐν χρηστότητι ἐφ' ἡμᾶς.” καὶ περὶ τηλικούτων στοχαζόμενος νομίζω ὅτι, ὥσπερ συντέλεια τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὁ τελευταῖός ἐστι μὴν, μεθ' ὃν ἀρχὴ μηνὸς ἑτέρου ἐνίσταται: οὕτω μή ποτε, πλειόνων αἰώνων οἱονεὶ ἐνιαυτὸν αἰώνων συμπληρούντων, συντέλειά ἐστιν ὁ ἐνεστὼς αἰὼν, μεθ' ὃν μέλλοντές τινες αἰῶνες ἐνστήσονται, ὧν ἀρχή ἐστιν ὁ μέλλων, καὶ ἐν ἐκείνοις τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἐνδείξεται ὁ θεὸς τὸν πλοῦτον ”τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ ἐν χρηστότητι„: τοῦ ἁμαρτωλοτάτου καὶ εἰς τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα δυσφημήσαντος κρατουμένου παρὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ ἐνεστῶτι αἰῶνι καὶ ἀρχῆθεν μέχρι τέλους τῷ μέλλοντι μετὰ ταῦτα οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως οἰκονομησομένου. ταῦτα τοίνυν ὁ ἰδὼν καὶ τῇ διανοίᾳ αἰώνων ἑβδομάδα, ἵνα σαββατισμόν τινα ἅγιον θεωρήσῃ, ἐννοήσας καὶ αἰώνων μῆνα, ἵνα τὴν ἁγίαν τοῦ θεοῦ ἴδῃ νουμηνίαν, καὶ αἰώνων ἐνιαυτὸν, ἵνα συνίδῃ τὰς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ γε ἑορτὰς, ὅτε δεῖ „πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν” ἐνώπιον φαίνεσθαι ”κυρίου θεοῦ,„ καὶ τηλικούτων αἰώνων τοὺς ἀνάλογον ἐνιαυτοὺς, ἵνα τὸ ἕβδομον ἅγιον ἔτος καταλαμβάνῃ, καὶ αἰώνων ἑβδοματικοὺς ἑπτὰ, ὅπως ὑμνήσῃ τὸν τηλικαῦτα νομοθετήσαντα, ἐξετάσας: πῶς δύναται μικρολογῆσαι περὶ τοῦ ἐλαχίστου μορίου ὥρας τῆς τοῦ τηλικούτου αἰῶνος ἡμέρας καὶ οὐχὶ πάντα ποιήσει, ἵνα ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνταῦθα παρασκευῆς ἄξιος γενόμενος τοῦ τυχεῖν –τοῦ ἐπιουσίου ἄρτου– ἐν τῇ „–σήμερον–” ἡμέρᾳ λάβῃ αὐτὸν καὶ ”–καθ' ἡμέραν–,„ ἤδη σαφοῦς ἐκ τῶν προειρημένων γινομένου τοῦ „–καθ' ἡμέραν–”; τῷ γὰρ ἐξ ἀπείρων ἐπ' ἄπειρον ὄντι θεῷ οὐ μόνον περὶ τῆς ”–σήμερον–„ ἀλλὰ καί πως τοῦ „–καθ' ἡμέραν–” ὁ ”–σήμερον–„ εὐχόμενος, ἀπὸ τοῦ δυνατοῦ δωρήσασθαι „ὑπὲρ ἐκ περισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν” λαβεῖν οἷός τε ἔσται, ἵν' οὕτως ὑπερβολικῶς εἴπω, καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ ”ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδε καὶ„ τὰ ὑπὲρ ἃ „οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσε καὶ” τὰ ὑπὲρ ἃ ”ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἀνέβη.„ καὶ ταῦτα δέ μοι δοκεῖ ἀναγκαιότατα ἐξητάσθαι, ἵνα τό τε „–σήμερον–” νοηθῇ καὶ τὸ ”–καθ' ἡμέραν–,„ ὅτε „–τὸν ἐπιούσιον” ”ἄρτον–„ δοθῆναι „ἡμῖν” ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ εὐχόμεθα. εἰ κατὰ τελευταῖον δὲ βιβλίον πρότερον ἐξετάζομεν τὸ ”–ἡμῶν–,„ ἐπεὶ λέγεται οὐχί: „–τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον–” ἀλλὰ ”–τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν καθ' ἡμέραν–,„ ὅμως γε ἐξεταστέον, πῶς „–ἡμῶν–” ἐστιν ὁ –ἄρτος– οὗτος. διδάσκει δὴ ὁ ἀπόστολος ὅτι ”εἴτε ζωὴ εἴτε θάνατος εἴτε ἐνεστῶτα εἴτε μέλλοντα, πάντα„ τῶν ἁγίων ἐστί: –περὶ οὗ– οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος λέγειν.