Opuscula psychologica, theologica, daemonologica

 After the judgment of the thoughts, an exact discernment of how the thoughts happen to be, whether they are good or otherwise but imagination is the

 to divide for us, by the established terms, the sesquitertian ratios into both the sesquioctave ratios and the leimmata, we would have stopped at thes

 having split it, he bent each one into a circle, bringing them together middle to middle with each other like a chi, having joined 7 them both to them

 left, or rather the one is an image of mind, the other of soul. And in the soul itself, the right is that which is turned toward the intelligible thin

 regarding the explanation of the Platonic psychogony, this we now discharge for you as a kind of debt. For Plato's statement that the division of thes

 and of exegesis. And there is a letter of mine placed among my books that has traced out and carefully examined the meaning in the sayings. But it is

 a ruler drives a team of two then of the 14 horses, one of them is noble and good and of such stock, but the other is from opposite stock and is oppo

 a body from one of the seeing things, such that it is able to be extended as far as the stars. But it was better, he says, than to say that the extern

 through which it is not swept into material disorder, but is joined to the divine light, holds it in its own place and makes it unmixed with matter, l

 of knowledge. For there is something intelligible, which you must understand with the flower of the intellect. And he says that the one in us is twofo

 agrees, but among them the salty is more than the drinkable. They say, for example, that every soul is either divine or changing from intellect to min

 to be deemed worthy of pardon in repenting. If the soul is a body according to some of the ancients, what is it that contains it? every body is three-

 distinction. Two kinds of air according to Aristotle, the vaporous from the exhalation of water and the smoky from the extinguishing of fire. The latt

 Plato. Pleasure is not a coming-to-be for coming-to-be is of things that are not, while pleasure is of things that are. And coming-to-be is swift and

 is natural, while habit is acquired and taught. Providence is the care for existing things that comes from God. Epicurus says: the blessed and incorr

 but such powers are simply and imperceptibly desired. What then? Do we have three souls? Solution: just as the soul, when united to the body, seems to

 When this is dimmed they also are dimmed the soul flourishes when this 34 withers. Further, everything desires to preserve its own substrate. If the

 actuality, as physicians, others in relation to something, others a double or one-and-a-half ratio. Potentiality is found in substance, as a man in th

 concerning form, matter and cause, for example the matter of the celestial bodies is not the four elements, but a certain fifth, spherical one, as be

 as knowledge (for knowledge is a transition from defined things to defined things for this reason it is also knowledge, as leading the mind to a stat

 this, for indeed the flesh also moves downwards and is none of the elements. Aporia: but matter, that is the element, is not soul, but the form that c

 definitions have as their beginning the most general things, as their end the most specific things. If, then, these are finite, so are the definitions

 and it acts according to one part and another. It seems to act in these ways as being one. For if it is divided, it is necessary for the parts to be e

 the rest, but this is about hot and soft, heavy and light, rare and dense, and many opposites. In humans, the cause of local motion is intellect, in i

 is nourished {which} is twofold: either as Matter or as an instrument. And the instrument is twofold: either moving and being moved, like the innate h

 is equal in distance to the zodiac signs. Light is not a body. for if it were a body, how would it be possible for it to have instantaneous movement,

 we see the introduction of the forms of things seen entering the sight, but how do we see the interval of the air in between? Solution: It is not that

 with a violent collision. In soft things no sound is produced, because the air is broken up in their pores and dispersed as in sponges. In things that

 a buzzing which is conveyed back to the sense of hearing. Others say that the sound occurring in the ears after the blockage is of the external air th

 For instance, fish, not having this, are cooled through their gills. Those that have a windpipe also have a lung. Fish have neither these nor a heart.

 the sense organs of touch, it is clear for every sense organ is both separated and known. Aristotle speaks of the senses both as one each and as many

 Aristotle in On the Soul : if sensation ceased, the sense-organ would also cease. But if the second is not, neither is the first. Sensation and sense-

 Some add also a sixth, the attentive [faculty], as when a man says, I perceived, I thought, I opined. To this part they also add the activities of t

 We can say ten, but not indeed opine it, so that opinion is not up to us. But neither do we imagine what we wish for we see at night what we do not w

 in the case of children, the one according to state, and the one in act, as the one governing all things or the one entering from without. Plato says

 theoretical versus the practical. The theoretical corresponds to a vision discerning of forms, while the practical corresponds to a vision not only kn

 organs. Moreover, at night the nutritive faculty is more active, but the locomotive faculty is not at all. A difficulty: the vegetative faculty produc

 simpler, or rather the things inherent in the matter, into which the matter is also divided, which are also prop[erly] called its elements. I say then

 he hints that it is not completed from both of the things mixed, but is produced in the union of the soul and the body, not by the soul itself giving

 closing the senses, so as to know unknowingly the transcendent substance of that which is. For according to their own opinions, the philosopher who ha

 he himself will also pardon his own student for the apparent 78 opposition to him and others will come here again to bear witness for us, the philoso

 it grows and is naturally constituted to decay, must in every way grow along with and decay along with the other in a connate manner for that by whic

 a demonstration, so also the soul in an infant's body and a more imperfect one, if it were in another, perfect body, would immediately have shown its

 I shall use the argument. In what do you say virtue is inherent? or again, is it superimposed on the formless and incorporeal and uncompounded nature,

 Porphyry has philosophized in harmony with this. For in discussing the soul, he says: “Just as insomniacs, by the very act of wanting to sleep and wat

 have they cast off? Perhaps those who hold the contrary opinion will vex us with these things. But their objection is like a spider's web, which will

 to have received watchwords from the first father, nor that they possess the fullness of many bosoms, nor would I accept that they stand before the bo

 both the Sibylline and the Orphic ones, and those according to which the Berytian Bulls came to be and Amous the Egyptian, and Socrates and Plato (for

 of the bonds by which they were bound, and after this, turning their minds upward, they will approach God. And if the account told about the Sibyl wer

 has the front part? What then do you think? a mind scattered in so great a size is from this cause for him both slack and weak, and the soul is simply

 would remember any of the things here. But as many of the souls as were allotted to more humble portions and their whole mind has not been snatched aw

 Let us not altogether reject the analogy of the eye in the case of the soul, let it be and be called a more precise substance of the soul but if some

 The manner of the entry of souls, and likewise of their release or separation from hence, both are most difficult or hard to explain for of the first

 but by such powers the soul is led like some kind of thing moved by another, being drawn towards whatever the leaders happen to lead it, but then rath

 For that which is according to reason, knowledge is readily at hand, but that which is contrary to reason, is so because it has received such a nature

 of beasts, but perhaps the matter which reason has shown not to exist. Therefore our bodies will be resurrected, and there will be nothing to prevent

 fitting and gluing it to that by means of a suitable analogy, not placing the rational and intellectual substance into any of the animals for this is

 are generated from these powers alone, for this reason, having abandoned the others, they divided the substance of the soul into these alone. But if y

 it is in fourths, when one might contemplate these both in the third order of the intellectual virtues and in the fourth of the paradigmatic virtues,

 and so interpreting the Platonic opinion, but they do not seem to me to have grasped the precise meaning of his doctrine. But if I shall clarify for y

 and with nothing separating them, it is necessary for the one to be ordered, and the other to order and the one which is ordered has its form divided

 what is hard and resistant in them has been smoothed out by me. But what follows from this must be attributed to them alone for, proposing to speak a

 proceeds from it and returns to it.” Then indeed he works out the point by division. For if it only remained, it would in no way differ from its cause

 in our sacred writings, neither a whole soul nor any whole nature, apart from the partial ones, has been dogmatically established1. I for my part reje

 by the energy, then also the substance is perfected according to it, and these things stand in each other according to one energy. For he who does not

 having a life activated according to intellect and reason the psychic is defined according to reason 124 and takes care of divisible souls the physi

 tormenting them. But there are, they say, both on earth divine daimons and in the air, guardians of the animals there, and <in> the water, extending t

 make it superior to the confusion of life, but, if possible, may you not even leave behind in the terrestrial world the very body which you have put o

 cast under your mind: for there is no plant of truth on earth» that is: do not busy your mind with the great measures of the earth, as the geographer

 Gregory by reason and contemplation leads the soul up to the more divine things by reason that is according to us, the more intellectual and better,

 such a lion-bearing fount of heaven and the stars, but the ruling part of its own existence conceals the vision of them. Chaldaean Oracle. From all si

 often appearing, they feign the semblance of some goodness towards the one being initiated. Chaldean Oracle. The soul of mortals will draw God into it

 they can. Whence everything they say and show is false and insubstantial for they know existing things through forms but that which knows future thi

 and fear is the holding back of his goodness towards us for the sake of the economy. Chaldean Oracle. The Father snatched himself away, not even enclo

 they are possessed by passions. Therefore, it is necessary for these also to receive their part of the whole judgment and, having been filled up with

 for it is higher than being venerated, than being uttered, and than being conceived. A Chaldean Oracle. The Iynges, being conceived by the Father, the

 an unknown password, spoken and unspoken. And they often bring the soul down 148 into the world for many reasons, either through the shedding of its w

 of truth and of love. After which are the demiurgic fountains, such as that of the ideas, according to which the cosmos and the things in it have shap

 enclosing the triad towards itself and they call these also intelligible. After these, another order of the intelligible and at the same time intelle

 to the setting [sun], and the pit to the one just at mid-heaven. And thus, gently separating the membrane of the liver, [which is placed] upon the org

 parts of philosophy is necessary. For according to moral philosophy it is necessary to assume that not all things are and come to be by necessity, but

 knowledge and sees not only the essences themselves, but also their powers and their activities, both those according to nature and those contrary to

 he acquired. For even before the birth of both, God knew that the one would be good, and the other would turn out bad and this knowledge is an unchan

 from the one who knows, and it revolves around the thing known and is made like the one who knows. I mean something like this: the knowledge of the so

 they fabricate. For I too had a certain little man, ignoble in soul, but by no means the least of storytellers to him, at any rate, such phantoms pre

When this is dimmed they also are dimmed; the soul flourishes when this 34 withers. Further, everything desires to preserve its own substrate. If the soul is corporeal, how does it wish to destroy it? Axiom. Every substance having an activity separate from the body is of necessity also itself separate. For if not, the inferior is superior to the superior. If the activity of the soul is separate from the body, then it is also itself separate. And every substance separate from the body is eternal. But if it is perishable, before it came to be, either it was able to come to be or it was not able. If it was not able, it would not have come to be. But if it was able, it is material; for this is the potentiality to be and not to be. But if things separate from matter are immaterial, they will not come from potentiality into actuality. Destruction is twofold: either of a body by its dissolution into its elements, or of the form of incorporeal things being extinguished by the lack of harmony of the substrate in which it has its being. The soul, at any rate, is incorporeal, and it has its being not in a substrate. And how could it be destroyed? And the rational soul is not in a body, but the others are in a body and through a body, and their activities are not without a body, that is, the nutritive, augmentative, generative, appetitive, and spirited. These [powers] remain with the body after death; for nails and hair grow, even if in truth they seem to grow by the wasting away and the stripping bare of the flesh. And the irrational soul remains with the spiritual body, which is made of the four elements, but from the predominance of air it is called spiritual and earthy. This body, according to the nonsense of the Greeks, the soul bears with it, and being punished, it perceives; for it would not be able to perceive without some body. But what is the aerial body? Is not this also incorporeal? Solution: But it bears with it both spirit and appetite, and after being purified the soul casts off both these and the aerial body. And again it bears another body, radiant or star-like. For if it is ever-moving, it must have some body eternally attached, according to the nonsense of the Greeks. The cognitive and vital powers are established in the spirit, but the vital and irrational powers also frequent the body. And all the senses shine upon the brain through the nerves, and when it is affected, they become inoperative (the meninx is a certain membrane covering the brain), and when the dorsal part is affected the upper part enjoys sensation, but the lower parts do not, because the sensitive power is not supplied from the brain. 35 Theology is very easy and hard to grasp; the one because of the knowledge of the established things, the other because of our weakness. Plato applies the homonym 'immortal' to the soul, because that which is properly immortal is unchangeable both in substance and in activity, but the soul is not so in activity; likewise also the celestial bodies; for it changes with respect to place. The treatise on the soul is useful for ethics, because it is impossible to order morals without having examined the powers of the soul; and for theology, because we inquire concerning the separable intellect also in us; and for physics, because it is concerned with the forms in a body, of which the soul is the most beautiful. The soul as efficient cause moves the living being by will alone; as formal cause, it gives form, for ensouled things are given form according to the soul; as final cause, because the body is for its sake, but it is that for the sake of which. The soul is a more remote principle, while nature is a proximate one. Thinking is proper to the soul, while perceiving, imagining, fearing, being angry, desiring are proper to the composite of both. Being affected is twofold: either being destroyed, as wood by fire, or being perfected and being brought from potentiality to actuality, as the senses by perceptible things. Not if something is per se, is it also primary. And 'animal' is per se to 'man', but not, however, primary. A proof is an irrefutable sign, <as> to perceive fire from smoke; but if it is refutable, it is a sign, as in 'this woman is pale because she has given birth'. To what genus the soul is referred is difficult. For some say substance, others quantity, as Xenocrates says number, others quality, that is, a mixture or

τούτου ἀμαυρουμένου καὶ αὐταὶ ἀμαυροῦνται, ἡ ψυχὴ τούτου 34 μαραινομένου ἀκμάζει. ἔτι πᾶν ἐφίεται φυλάττειν τὸ οἰκεῖον ὑποκείμενον. εἰ ἡ ψυχὴ ἐνσώματος, πῶς θέλει φθείρειν αὐτό; Ἀξίωμα. πᾶσα οὐσία ἔχουσα ἐνέργειαν χωριστὴν σώματος ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ αὐτὴ χωριστή. εἰ γὰρ μή, τοῦ κρείττονος τὸ καταδεέστερον κρεῖττον. εἰ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐνέργεια χωριστὴ σώματος, λοιπὸν καὶ αὐτὴ χωριστή. πᾶσα δὲ χωριστὴ σώματος οὐσία ἀίδιος. εἰ δὲ φθαρτή, πρὶν γενέσθαι ἢ ἠδύνατο γενέσθαι ἢ οὐκ ἠδύνατο. εἰ μὴ ἠδύνατο, οὐκ ἂν ἐγένετο. εἰ δὲ ἠδύνατο, ὑλική· τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ δύναμις εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι. εἰ δὲ ἄυλα τὰ χωριστὰ τῆς ὕλης, οὐκ ἔσονται ἐκ τοῦ δυνάμει εἰς τὸ ἐνεργείᾳ. διττῶς ἡ φθορά· ἢ σώματος τῇ εἰς τὰ στοιχεῖα ἀναλύσει, ἢ τοῦ τῶν ἀσωμάτων ἀποσβεννυμένου εἴδους τῇ ἀναρμοστίᾳ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ἐν ᾧ τὸ εἶναι ἔχει. ἡ γοῦν ψυχὴ ἀσώματος, καὶ τὸ εἶναι ἔχει οὐκ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ. καὶ πῶς ἂν φθαρῇ; καὶ ἡ μὲν λογικὴ ψυχὴ οὐκ ἐν σώματι, αἱ δ' ἄλλαι ἐν σώματι καὶ διὰ σώματος καὶ αἱ ἐνέργειαι αὐτῶν οὐκ ἄνευ σώματος, ἤγουν ἡ θρεπτική, αὐξητική, γεννητική, ἐπιθυμητική, θυμητική. αἱ [δυνάμεις] αὗται μετὰ θάνατον διαμένουσι τῷ σώματι· αὔξονται γὰρ ὄνυχες καὶ τρίχες, εἰ καὶ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τῇ τήξει καὶ τῇ ἀπογυμνώσει τῶν σαρκῶν δοκοῦσιν αὔξεσθαι. καὶ ἡ ἄλογος δὲ ἐπιδιαμένει τῷ πνευματικῷ σώματι, ὃ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων μέν ἐστιν, ἐκ τοῦ πλεονάζοντος δὲ ἀέρος καλεῖται πνευματικὸν καὶ γήινον. τοῦτο τὸ σῶμα κατὰ τὴν φλυαρίαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐπιφέρει ἡ ψυχή, καὶ κολαζομένη αἰσθάνεται· οὐ γὰρ ἂν εἶχεν αἰσθάνεσθαι χωρίς τινος σώματος. Τί δὲ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἐναέριον; οὐχὶ καὶ τοῦτο ἀσώματον; λύσις· ἀλλ' ἐπιφέρεται καὶ τὸν θυμὸν καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ μετὰ τὸ καθαρθῆναι ἡ ψυχὴ ἀποβάλλεται καὶ ταύτας καὶ τὸ ἀέριον σῶμα. πάλιν δὲ ἐπιφέρεται ἕτερον σῶμα αὐγοειδὲς ἢ ἀστροειδές. εἰ γὰρ ἀεικίνητός ἐστι, δεῖ ἔχειν ἀιδίως ἐξημμένον τι σῶμα κατὰ τὴν φλυαρίαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων. Αἱ γνωστικαὶ καὶ ζωτικαὶ δυνάμεις ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἵδρυνται, αἱ ζωτικαὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλογοι φοιτῶσι καὶ εἰς τὸ σῶμα. αἱ αἰσθήσεις δὲ πᾶσαι τῷ ἐγκεφάλῳ ἐλλάμπονται διὰ τῶν νεύρων, καὶ πεπονθότος αὐτοῦ ἀνενέργητοι γίνονται (μῆνιγξ ἐστὶν ὑμήν τις σκέπων τὸν ἐγκέφαλον), καὶ τοῦ νωτιαίου μέρους πεπονθότος τὸ ἀνωτέρω ἀπολαύει αἰσθήσεως, τὰ δὲ κάτω οὔ, διὰ τὸ μὴ χορηγεῖσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου τὴν αἰσθητικὴν δύναμιν. 35 Ἡ θεολογία ῥᾴστη καὶ δύσληπτος· τὸ μὲν διὰ τὴν τῶν ἑστώτων γνῶσιν, τὸ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀσθένειαν. Πλάτων ἀθανάτοις ὁμώνυμον ἐπιφέρει τὴν ψυχήν, ὅτι τὸ κυρίως ἀθάνατον καὶ κατ' οὐσίαν καὶ ἐνέργειαν ἀμετάβλητον, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ οὐχὶ καὶ κατ' ἐνέργειαν· ὡσαύτως καὶ τὰ οὐράνια· μεταβάλλει γὰρ κατὰ τόπον. Ἡ περὶ ψυχῆς πραγματεία λυσιτελεῖ πρὸς τὰ ἠθικά, ὅτι ἀδύνατον κοσμῆσαι ἤθη μὴ ἐπεσκεμμένους τὰς δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς· καὶ πρὸς θεολογίαν, ὅτι ζητοῦμεν περὶ τοῦ νοῦ τοῦ χωριστ{ικ}οῦ καὶ ἐν ἡμῖν· καὶ πρὸς φυσικήν, ὅτι περὶ τῶν ἐν σώματι εἰδῶν καταγίνεται αὐτή, ὧν δὴ κάλλιστον ἡ ψυχή. Ἡ ψυχὴ ὡς ποιητικὸν αἴτιον κινεῖ τὸ ζῷον μόνον βουλήσει· ὡς εἰδικὸν εἰδοποιεῖ, τὰ γὰρ ἔμψυχα κατὰ ψυχὴν εἰδοποιεῖται· τελικόν, ὅτι αὐτῆς ἕνεκα τὸ σῶμα, αὐτὴ δὲ οὗ ἕνεκα. ἡ μὲν ψυχὴ πορρωτέρω ἀρχή, ἡ δὲ φύσις προσεχής. Ἡ νόησις ἴδιον τῆς ψυχῆς, τὸ δὲ αἰσθάνεσθαι, φαντασιοῦσθαι, φοβεῖσθαι, θυμοῦσθαι, ἐπιθυμεῖν τοῦ συναμφοτέρου. τὸ πάσχειν διττόν· ἢ τὸ φθείρεσθαι, ὡς τὸ ξύλον ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός, ἢ τὸ τελειοῦσθαι καὶ ἐκ δυνάμεως εἰς ἐνέργειαν ἄγεσθαι, ὡς αἱ αἰσθήσεις ὑπὸ τῶν αἰσθητῶν. Οὐκ εἴ τι καθ' αὑτό, τοῦτο καὶ πρώτως. καὶ τὸ ζῷον τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ καθ' αὑτὸ μέν, οὐ μὴν καὶ πρώτως. Τεκμήριόν ἐστιν τὸ ἄλυτον σημεῖον, <ὡς> τὸ ἐκ καπνοῦ πῦρ κατανοῆσαι· ἂν δὲ λύηται, σημεῖον, ὡς τὸ «ἥδε ὠχρὰ ἐπεὶ τέτοκεν». Ἐπὶ τί γένος ἀνάγεται ἡ ψυχὴ δύσκολον. οἱ μὲν γὰρ οὐσίαν λέγουσιν, οἱ δὲ ποσόν, ὡς Ξενοκράτης ἀριθμόν, οἱ δὲ ποιόν, ἤγουν κρᾶσιν ἢ