Chapter XVII.—On the Saying of the Saviour, “All that Came Before Me Were Thieves and Robbers.”189    John x. 8.

But, say they, it is written, “All who were before the Lord’s advent are thieves and robbers.” All, then, who are in the Word (for it is these that were previous to the incarnation of the Word) are understood generally. But the prophets, being sent and inspired by the Lord, were not thieves, but servants. The Scripture accordingly says, “Wisdom sent her servants, inviting with loud proclamation to a goblet of wine.”190    Prov. ix. 3.

But philosophy, it is said, was not sent by the Lord, but came stolen, or given by a thief. It was then some power or angel that had learned something of the truth, but abode not in it, that inspired and taught these things, not without the Lord’s knowledge, who knew before the constitution of each essence the issues of futurity, but without His prohibition.

For the theft which reached men then, had some advantage; not that he who perpetrated the theft had utility in his eye, but Providence directed the issue of the audacious deed to utility. I know that many are perpetually assailing us with the allegation, that not to prevent a thing happening, is to be the cause of it happening. For they say, that the man who does not take precaution against a theft, or does not prevent it, is the cause of it: as he is the cause of the conflagration who has not quenched it at the beginning; and the master of the vessel who does not reef the sail, is the cause of the shipwreck. Certainly those who are the causes of such events are punished by the law. For to him who had power to prevent, attaches the blame of what happens. We say to them, that causation is seen in doing, working, acting; but the not preventing is in this respect inoperative. Further, causation attaches to activity; as in the case of the shipbuilder in relation to the origin of the vessel, and the builder in relation to the construction of the house. But that which does not prevent is separated from what takes place. Wherefore the effect will be accomplished; because that which could have prevented neither acts nor prevents. For what activity does that which prevents not exert? Now their assertion is reduced to absurdity, if they shall say that the cause of the wound is not the dart, but the shield, which did not prevent the dart from passing through; and if they blame not the thief, but the man who did not prevent the theft. Let them then say, that it was not Hector that burned the ships of the Greeks, but Achilles; because, having the power to prevent Hector, he did not prevent him; but out of anger (and it depended on himself to be angry or not) did not keep back the fire, and was a concurring cause. Now the devil, being possessed of free-will, was able both to repent and to steal; and it was he who was the author of the theft, not the Lord, who did not prevent him. But neither was the gift hurtful, so as to require that prevention should intervene.

But if strict accuracy must be employed in dealing with them, let them know, that that which does not prevent what we assert to have taken place in the theft, is not a cause at all; but that what prevents is involved in the accusation of being a cause. For he that protects with a shield is the cause of him whom he protects not being wounded; preventing him, as he does, from being wounded. For the demon of Socrates was a cause, not by not preventing, but by exhorting, even if (strictly speaking) he did not exhort. And neither praises nor censures, neither rewards nor punishments, are right, when the soul has not the power of inclination and disinclination, but evil is involuntary. Whence he who prevents is a cause; while he who prevents not judges justly the soul’s choice. So in no respect is God the author of evil. But since free choice and inclination originate sins, and a mistaken judgment sometimes prevails, from which, since it is ignorance and stupidity, we do not take pains to recede, punishments are rightly inflicted. For to take fever is involuntary; but when one takes fever through his own fault, from excess, we blame him. Inasmuch, then, as evil is involuntary,—for no one prefers evil as evil; but induced by the pleasure that is in it, and imagining it good, considers it desirable;—such being the case, to free ourselves from ignorance, and from evil and voluptuous choice, and above all, to withhold our assent from those delusive phantasies, depends on ourselves. The devil is called “thief and robber;” having mixed false prophets with the prophets, as tares with the wheat. “All, then, that came before the Lord, were thieves and robbers;” not absolutely all men, but all the false prophets, and all who were not properly sent by Him. For the false prophets possessed the prophetic name dishonestly, being prophets, but prophets of the liar. For the Lord says, “Ye are of your father the devil; and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own; for he is a liar, and the father of it.”191    John viii. 44.

But among the lies, the false prophets also told some true things. And in reality they prophesied “in an ecstasy,” as192    [The devil can quote Scripture. Hermas, p. 27, this volume. See, on this important chapter, Elucidation XIII., infra.] the servants of the apostate. And the Shepherd, the angel of repentance, says to Hermas, of the false prophet: “For he speaks some truths. For the devil fills him with his own spirit, if perchance he may be able to cast down any one from what is right.” All things, therefore, are dispensed from heaven for good, “that by the Church may be made known the manifold wisdom of God, according to the eternal foreknowledge,193    Clement reads πρόγνωσιν for πρόθεσιν. which He purposed in Christ.”194    Eph. iii. 10, 11. Nothing withstands God: nothing opposes Him: seeing He is Lord and omnipotent. Further, the counsels and activities of those who have rebelled, being partial, proceed from a bad disposition, as bodily diseases from a bad constitution, but are guided by universal Providence to a salutary issue, even though the cause be productive of disease. It is accordingly the greatest achievement of divine Providence, not to allow the evil, which has sprung from voluntary apostasy, to remain useless, and for no good, and not to become in all respects injurious. For it is the work of the divine wisdom, and excellence, and power, not alone to do good (for this is, so to speak, the nature of God, as it is of fire to warm and of light to illumine), but especially to ensure that what happens through the evils hatched by any, may come to a good and useful issue, and to use to advantage those things which appear to be evils, as also the testimony which accrues from temptation.

There is then in philosophy, though stolen as the fire by Prometheus, a slender spark, capable of being fanned into flame, a trace of wisdom and an impulse from God. Well, be it so that “the thieves and robbers” are the philosophers among the Greeks, who from the Hebrew prophets before the coming of the Lord received fragments of the truth, not with full knowledge, and claimed these as their own teachings, disguising some points, treating others sophistically by their ingenuity, and discovering other things, for perchance they had “the spirit of perception.”195    Ex. xxviii. 3. Aristotle, too, assented to Scripture, and declared sophistry to have stolen wisdom, as we intimated before. And the apostle says, “Which things we speak, not in the words which man’s wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth.”196    1 Cor. ii. 13. For of the prophets it is said, “We have all received of His fulness,”197    John i. 16. that is, of Christ’s. So that the prophets are not thieves. “And my doctrine is not Mine,” saith the Lord, “but the Father’s which sent me.” And of those who steal He says: “But he that speaketh of himself, seeketh his own glory.”198    John vii. 16, 18. Such are the Greeks, “lovers of their own selves, and boasters.”199    2 Tim. iii. 2. Scripture, when it speaks of these as wise, does not brand those who are really wise, but those who are wise in appearance.

Ναί φασι γεγράφθαι· πάντες οἱ πρὸ τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ κυρίου κλέπται εἰσὶ καὶ λῃσταί. πάντες μὲν οὖν οἱ ἐν λόγῳ, οὗτοι δὴ οἱ πρὸ τῆς τοῦ λόγου σαρκώσεως, ἐξακούονται καθολικώτερον. ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν προφῆται, ἅτε ἀποσταλέντες καὶ ἐμπνευσθέντες ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, οὐ κλέπται, ἀλλὰ διάκονοι. φησὶ γοῦν ἡ γραφή· ἀπέστειλεν ἡ σοφία τοὺς ἑαυτῆς δούλους, συγκαλοῦσα μετὰ ὑψηλοῦ κηρύγματος ἐπὶ κρατῆρα οἴνου. φιλοσοφία δὲ οὐκ ἀπεστάλη ὑπὸ κυρίου, ἀλλ' ἦλθε, φασί, κλαπεῖσα ἢ παρὰ κλέπτου δοθεῖσα, εἴτ' οὖν δύναμις ἢ ἄγγελος μαθών τι τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ μὴ καταμείνας ἐν αὐτῇ, ταῦτα ἐνέπνευσε καὶ κλέψας ἐδίδαξεν, οὐχὶ μὴ εἰδότος τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ καὶ τὰ τέλη τῶν ἐσομένων πρὸ καταβολῆς τοῦ [κόσμου καὶ τοῦ] ἕκαστον εἶναι ἐγνωκότος, ἀλλὰ μὴ κωλύσαντος· εἶχεν γάρ τινα ὠφέλειαν τότε ἡ εἰς ἀνθρώπους ἐρχομένη κλοπή, οὐ τοῦ ὑφελομένου τὸ συμφέρον σκοπουμένου, κατευθυνούσης δὲ εἰς τὸ συμφέρον τῆς προνοίας τὴν ἔκβασιν τοῦ τολμήματος. Οἶδα πολλοὺς ἀδιαλείπτως ἐπιφυομένους ἡμῖν καὶ τὸ μὴ κωλῦον αἴτιον εἶναι λέγοντας· φασὶ γὰρ αἴτιον εἶναι κλοπῆς τὸν μὴ φυλάξαντα ἢ τὸν μὴ κωλύσαντα, ὡς τοῦ ἐμπρησμοῦ τὸν μὴ σβέσαντα τὸ δεινὸν ἀρχόμενον καὶ τοῦ ναυαγίου τὸν κυβερνήτην μὴ στείλαντα τὴν ὀθόνην. αὐτίκα κολάζονται πρὸς τοῦ νόμου οἱ τούτων αἴτιοι. ᾧ γὰρ κωλῦσαι δύναμις ἦν, τούτῳ καὶ ἡ αἰτία τοῦ συμβαίνοντος προσάπτεται. φαμὲν δὴ πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὸ αἴτιον ἐν τῷ ποιεῖν καὶ ἐνεργεῖν καὶ δρᾶν νοεῖσθαι, τὸ δὲ μὴ κωλῦον κατά γε τοῦτο ἀνενέργητον εἶναι. ἔτι τὸ μὲν αἴτιον πρὸς τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ ἐστί, καθάπερ ὁ μὲν ναυπηγὸς πρὸς τῷ γίγνεσθαι τὸ σκάφος, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος πρὸς τῷ κτίζεσθαι τὴν οἰκίαν· τὸ δὲ μὴ κωλῦον κεχώρισται τοῦ γινομένου. διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν ἐπιτελεῖται, ὅτι τὸ κωλῦσαι δυνάμενον οὐκ ἐνεργεῖ οὐδὲ κωλύει. τί γὰρ ἐνεργεῖ ὁ μὴ κωλύων; ἤδη δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀπέμφασιν αὐτοῖς ὁ λόγος χωρεῖ, εἴ γε τῆς τρώσεως οὐχὶ τὸ βέλος, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀσπίδα τὴν μὴ κωλύσασαν τὸ βέλος διελθεῖν αἰτιάσονται· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸν κλέπτην, ἀλλὰ τὸν μὴ κωλύσαντα τὴν κλοπὴν καταμέμψονται. καὶ τὰς ναῦς τοίνυν τῶν Ἑλλήνων μὴ τὸν Ἕκτορα ἐμπρῆσαι λεγόν των, ἀλλὰ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα, διότι κωλῦσαι τὸν Ἕκτορα δυνάμενος οὐ κεκώλυκεν· ἀλλ' ὃ μὲν διὰ μῆνιν (ἐπ' αὐτῷ δὲ ἦν καὶ μηνίειν καὶ μὴ) καὶ μὴν οὐκ ἀπεῖρξε τὸ πῦρ, καὶ ἴσως συναίτιος· ὁ δὲ διάβολος αὐτεξούσιος ὢν καὶ μετανοῆσαι οἷός τε ἦν καὶ κλέψαι, καὶ ὁ αἴτιος αὐτὸς τῆς κλοπῆς, οὐχ ὁ μὴ κωλύσας κύριος. ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐπιβλαβὴς ἡ δόσις ἦν, ἵνα ἡ κώλυσις παρέλθῃ. εἰ δὲ χρὴ ἀκριβολογεῖσθαι πρὸς αὐτούς, ἴστωσαν τὸ μὲν μὴ κωλυτικόν, ὅπερ φαμὲν ἐπὶ τῆς κλοπῆς γεγονέναι, μηδ' ὅλως αἴτιον εἶναι, τὸ δὲ κωλυτικὸν ἐνέχεσθαι τῷ τοῦ αἰτίου ἐγκλήματι. ὁ γὰρ προασπίζων αἴτιός ἐστι τῷ προασπιζομένῳ τοῦ μὴ τιτρώσκεσθαι κωλύων τὸ τρωθῆναι αὐτόν, καὶ τῷ Σωκράτει τὸ δαιμόνιον αἴτιον ἦν οὐχὶ μὴ κωλῦον, ἀλλ' ἀποτρέπον, εἰ καὶ μὴ προέτρεπεν. οὔτε δὲ οἱ ἔπαινοι οὔτε οἱ ψόγοι οὔθ' αἱ τιμαὶ οὔθ' αἱ κολάσεις δίκαιαι, μὴ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐχούσης τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῆς ὁρμῆς καὶ ἀφορμῆς, ἀλλ' ἀκουσίου τῆς κακίας οὔσης. ὅθεν ὁ μὲν κωλύσας αἴτιος, ὁ δὲ μὴ κωλύσας τὴν αἵρεσιν τῆς ψυχῆς κρίνει δικαίως, ἵν' ὅτι μάλιστα ὁ θεὸς μένῃ ἡμῖν κακίας ἀναίτιος. ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων προαίρεσις καὶ ὁρμὴ κατάρχει, διημαρτημένη δὲ ὑπόληψις ἔσθ' ὅτε κρατεῖ, ἧς, ἀγνοίας καὶ ἀμαθίας οὔσης, ὀλιγωροῦμεν ἀποστῆναι, εἰκότως ἂν κολάσειε (καὶ γὰρ τὸ πυρέττειν ἀκούσιον· ἀλλ' ὅταν δι' ἑαυτόν τις καὶ δι' ἀκρασίαν πυρέττῃ, αἰτιώμεθα τοῦτον) ὣς δὲ καὶ τῆς κακίας ἀκουσίου οὔσης· οὐ γὰρ αἱρεῖταί τις κακὸν ᾗ κακόν, τῇ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸ ἡδονῇ συναπαγόμενος, ἀγαθὸν ὑπολαβών, ληπτὸν ἡγεῖται. ὧν οὕτως ἐχόντων τὸ ἀπαλλάττεσθαι τῆς τε ἀγνοίας τῆς τε αἱρέσεως τῆς φαύλης καὶ ἐπιτερποῦς καὶ πρὸ τούτων τὸ μὴ συγκατατίθεσθαι ταῖς ἀπατηλαῖς ἐκείναις φαντασίαις ἀπόκειται ἐφ' ἡμῖν. λῃστὴς δὲ καὶ κλέπτης ὁ διάβολος λέγεται ψευδοπροφήτας ἐγκαταμίξας τοῖς προφήταις, καθάπερ τῷ πυρῷ τὰ ζιζάνια. πάντες οὖν οἱ πρὸ κυρίου κλέπται καὶ λῃσταί, οὐχ ἁπλῶς πάντες ἄνθρωποι, πάντες δὲ οἱ ψευδοπροφῆται καὶ πάντες οἱ μὴ κυρίως ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἀποσταλέντες. Εἶχον δὲ καὶ οἱ ψευδοπροφῆται τὸ κλέμμα, τὸ ὄνομα τὸ προφητικόν, προφῆται ὄντες, οὐ τοῦ κυρίου, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ψεύστου· λέγει ὁ κύριος ὑμεῖς ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ διαβόλου ἐστὲ καὶ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν θέλετε ποιεῖν. ἐκεῖνος ἀνθρωποκτόνος ἦν ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ οὐχ ἕστηκεν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν αὐτῷ. ὅταν λαλῇ τὸ ψεῦδος, ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων λαλεῖ, ὅτι ψεύστης ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ψεύδεσι καὶ ἀληθῆ τινα ἔλεγον οἱ ψευδοπροφῆται, καὶ τῷ ὄντι οὗτοι ἐν ἐκστάσει προεφήτευον ὡς ἂν ἀποστάτου διάκονοι. λέγει δὲ καὶ ὁ ποιμήν, ὁ ἄγγελος τῆς μετανοίας τῷ Ἑρμᾷ περὶ τοῦ ψευδοπροφήτου· τινὰ γὰρ ῥήματα ἀληθῆ λαλεῖ· ὁ γὰρ διάβολος αὐτὸν πληροῖ τῷ ἑαυτοῦ πνεύματι, εἴ τινα δυνήσεται ῥῆξαι τῶν δικαίων. πάντα μὲν οὖν οἰκονομεῖται ἄνωθεν εἰς καλόν, ἵνα γνωρισθῇ διὰ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ, κατὰ πρόγνωσιν τῶν αἰώνων ἣν ἐποίησεν ἐν Χριστῷ. τῷ θεῷ δὲ οὐδὲν ἀντίκειται οὐδὲ ἐναντιοῦταί τι αὐτῷ, κυρίῳ καὶ παντοκράτορι ὄντι. ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ τῶν ἀποστατησάντων βουλαί τε καὶ ἐνέργειαι, μερικαὶ οὖσαι, γίνονται μὲν ἐκ φαύλης διαθέσεως, καθάπερ καὶ αἱ νόσοι αἱ σωματικαί· κυβερνῶνται δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς καθόλου προνοίας ἐπὶ τέλος ὑγιεινόν, κἂν νοσοποιὸς ᾖ ἡ αἰτία. μέγιστον γοῦν τῆς θείας προνοίας τὸ μὴ ἐᾶσαι τὴν ἐξ ἀποστάσεως ἑκουσίου φυεῖσαν κακίαν ἄχρηστον καὶ ἀνωφελῆ μένειν μηδὲ μὴν κατὰ πάντα βλαβερὰν αὐτὴν γενέσθαι· τῆς γὰρ θείας σοφίας καὶ ἀρετῆς καὶ δυνάμεως ἔργον ἐστὶν οὐ μόνον τὸ ἀγαθοποιεῖν (φύσις γὰρ ὡς εἰπεῖν αὕτη τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς τοῦ πυρὸς τὸ θερμαίνειν καὶ τοῦ φωτὸς τὸ φωτίζειν), ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνο μάλιστα τὸ διὰ κακῶν τῶν ἐπινοηθέντων πρός τινων ἀγαθόν τι καὶ χρηστὸν τέλος ἀποτελεῖν καὶ ὠφελίμως τοῖς δοκοῦσι φαύλοις χρῆσθαι καθάπερ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πειρασμοῦ μαρτυρίῳ. ἔστιν οὖν κἀν φιλοσοφίᾳ, τῇ κλαπείσῃ καθάπερ ὑπὸ Προμηθέως, πῦρ ὀλίγον εἰς φῶς ἐπιτήδειον χρησίμως ζωπυρούμενον, ἴχνος τι σοφίας καὶ κίνησις περὶ θεοῦ. τάχα δ' ἂν εἶεν κλέπται καὶ λῃσταὶ οἱ παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλόσοφοι καὶ οἱ πρὸ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου παρουσίας παρὰ τῶν Ἑβραϊκῶν προφητῶν μέρη τῆς ἀληθείας οὐ κατ' ἐπίγνωσιν λαβόντες, ἀλλ' ὡς ἴδια σφετερισάμενοι δόγματα, καὶ τὰ μὲν παραχαράξαντες, τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ περιεργίας ἀμαθῶς σοφισάμενοι, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἐξευρόντες· ἴσως γὰρ καὶ πνεῦμα αἰσθήσεως ἐσχήκασιν. ὡμολόγησε δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης τῇ γραφῇ, κλεπτικὴν σοφίας τὴν σοφιστικὴν εἰπών, ὡς προεμηνύσαμεν. ὁ δὲ ἀπόστολος ἃ καὶ λαλοῦμεν λέγει οὐκ ἐν διδακτοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις, ἀλλ' ἐν διδακτοῖς πνεύματος. ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν προφητῶν πάντες φησὶν ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ ἐλάβομεν, δηλονότι τοῦ Χριστοῦ. ὥστε οὐ κλέπται οἱ προφῆται. καὶ ἡ διδαχὴ ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὴ ὁ κύριος λέγει, ἀλλὰ τοῦ πέμψαντός με πατρός. ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν κλεπτόντων ὁ δὲ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ φησὶ λαλῶν τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἰδίαν ζητεῖ. τοιοῦτοι δὲ οἱ Ἕλληνες, οἱ φίλαυτοι καὶ ἀλαζόνες. σοφοὺς δὲ αὐτοὺς λέγουσα ἡ γραφὴ οὐ τοὺς ὄντως σοφοὺς διαβάλλει, ἀλλὰ τοὺς δοκησισόφους.