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unwilling to come to that which God commanded them, they were plunged into the reasonings of foolishness. Then, showing and sketching out the stormy sea, how grievous it is and destitute of all pardon, he went on to say; And they changed the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things. 3. First charge, that they did not find God; second, that they had great and clear starting-points; third, that they claimed to be wise; fourth, that not only did they not find Him, but they also brought down that worship to demons and stones and wood. He takes down their pride, then, in the Epistle to the Corinthians as well, but not in the same way there as here. For there he gives them a blow from the cross, saying, that The foolishness of God is wiser than men; but here, even without comparison, he ridicules their wisdom in and of itself, showing it to be foolishness, and only a display of arrogance. Then, that you may learn that having the knowledge of God, 60.414 they so betrayed it, He said, They changed; and he who changes, changes as having something else. For they wanted to find something more, and did not put up with the given bounds; wherefore also they fell away from these; for they were desirous of novelties. For all things Greek are of such a kind. For this reason also they stood against one another, and Aristotle rose up against Plato, and the Stoics were insolent toward him, and one became an enemy to another; so that one must not so much admire them for their wisdom, as turn away from and hate them, because for this very reason they have become fools. For if they had not entrusted their affairs to reasonings and syllogisms and sophisms, they would not have suffered what they did suffer. Then, intensifying the charge against them, he ridicules all their idolatry. Most of all, then, even the changing is ridiculous; but to change to such things is beyond all defense. To what then did they change, and to what did they attribute the glory, consider: One ought to have imagined concerning Him, for instance, that He is God, that He is Lord of all, that He made things that were not, that He provides, that He cares; for these things are the glory of God. To what then did they attribute this? Not to men, but to an image made like to corruptible man. And they did not even stop there, but were also brought down to beasts, or rather, even to their images. But you, consider for me the wisdom of Paul, how he has set the two extremes, God who is highest, and the creeping things that are lowest; or rather, not even the creeping things, but their likenesses, that he might clearly show their brilliant madness. For the knowledge which they ought to have had concerning Him who is incomparably superior to all, this they attributed to that which is incomparably more worthless than all. And what has this to do with the philosophers, he says? To them indeed, most of all, are all the things that have been said. For these have as teachers the Egyptians who invented these things; and Plato, who is thought to be more venerable than the others, prides himself on these things, and his teacher is frantic about these idols; at least, he is the one who commands to sacrifice the cock to Asclepius. Where one might see images of these beasts and creeping things, and Apollo and Dionysus being worshipped with these creeping things. And some of the philosophers even raised up to heaven bulls and scorpions and serpents and all the other nonsense; for everywhere the devil has hastened to bring men down to the likenesses of creeping things, and to subject to the most irrational of all things those whom God wished to raise above the heaven. And not only from this, but also from another point you will see their leader being liable to what is said. For when he gathers the poets, and says that one must believe them in their words about God, as if they knew precisely, he introduces nothing other than the string of this nonsense, and says that one must consider this great mockery to be true. Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonor their own bodies between themselves. He shows from this, that impiety has become the cause also of the perversion of the laws. But the, He gave them up, here

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ἀνασχόμενοι ταύτην ἐλθεῖν, ἣν ὁ Θεὸς ἐκέλευσεν αὐτοῖς, ἐβαπτίσθησαν τοῖς τῆς ἀνοίας λογισμοῖς. Εἶτα δεικνὺς καὶ ὑπογράφων τὸ κλυδώνιον, πῶς χαλεπὸν καὶ συγγνώμης ἁπάσης ἐστερημένον, ἐπήγαγε, λέγων· Καὶ ἤλλαξαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ ἀφθάρτου Θεοῦ ἐν ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καὶ πετεινῶν καὶ τετραπόδων καὶ ἑρπετῶν. γʹ. Πρῶτον ἔγκλημα, ὅτι Θεὸν οὐχ εὗρον· δεύτερον, ὅτι καὶ ἀφορμὰς ἔχοντες μεγάλας καὶ σαφεῖς· τρίτον, ὅτι σοφοὶ λέγοντες εἶναι· τέταρτον, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐχ εὗρον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς δαίμονας κατήγαγον καὶ λίθους καὶ ξύλα τὸ σέβας ἐκεῖνο. Καθαιρεῖ μὲν οὖν αὐτῶν καὶ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους Ἐπιστολῇ τὸν τῦφον, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐκεῖ καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς πληγὴν, λέγων, ὅτι Τὸ μωρὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφώτερον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐστίν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ χωρὶς συγκρίσεως αὐτὴν καθ' ἑαυτὴν κωμῳδεῖ τὴν σοφίαν αὐτῶν, δεικνὺς μωρίαν οὖσαν, καὶ ἀλαζονείας ἐπίδειξιν μόνον. Εἶτα ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι ἔχοντες τὴν περὶ Θεοῦ γνῶ 60.414 σιν, οὕτως αὐτὴν προὔδωκαν, Ἤλλαξαν, εἶπεν· ὁ δὲ ἀλλάσσων, ὡς ἄλλο ἔχων ἀλλάσσει. Ἤθελον γάρ τι πλέον εὑρεῖν, καὶ οὐκ ἠνέσχοντο τῶν δοθέντων ὅρων· διὸ καὶ τούτων ἐξέπεσον· καινοτομίας γὰρ ἦσαν ἐπιθυμηταί. Καὶ γὰρ τοιαῦτα πάντα τὰ Ἑλληνικά. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ κατ' ἀλλήλων ἔστησαν, καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης μὲν ἐπανέστη Πλάτωνι, οἱ Στωϊκοὶ δὲ πρὸς τοῦτον ἐφρυάξαντο, καὶ ἄλλος ἄλλῳ πολέμιος γέγονεν· ὥστε οὐχ οὕτως αὐτοὺς χρὴ θαυμάζειν διὰ τὴν σοφίαν, ὡς ἀποστρέφεσθαι καὶ μισεῖν, ὅτι δι' αὐτὸ τοῦτο μωροὶ γεγόνασιν. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ λογισμοῖς ἐπέτρεψαν καὶ συλλογισμοῖς καὶ σοφίσμασι τὰ καθ' ἑαυτοὺς, οὐκ ἂν ἔπαθον, ὅπερ ἔπαθον. Εἶτα ἐπιτείνων αὐτῶν τὴν κατηγορίαν, κωμῳδεῖ τὴν εἰδωλολατρείαν αὐτῶν ἅπασαν. Μάλιστα μὲν οὖν καὶ τὸ ἀλλάξαι, καταγέλαστον· τὸ δὲ καὶ εἰς τοιαῦτα ἀλλάξαι, πάσης ἀπολογίας ἐκτός. Εἰς τίνα οὖν ἤλλαξαν, καὶ τίσι περιέθηκαν τὴν δόξαν, σκόπει· Φαντασθῆναι ἔδει περὶ ἐκείνου, οἷον, ὅτι Θεὸς, ὅτι πάντων Κύριος, ὅτι οὐκ ὄντας ἐποίησεν, ὅτι προνοεῖ, ὅτι κήδεται· ταῦτα γὰρ δόξα Θεοῦ. Τίσιν οὖν ταύτην ἀνέθηκαν; Οὐκ ἀνθρώποις, ἀλλ' ὁμοιώματι εἰκόνος φθαρτοῦ ἀνθρώπου. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἔστησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς κνώδαλα κατηνέχθησαν, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ εἰς τὰς τούτων εἰκόνας. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ Παύλου, πῶς τὰ δύο ἄκρα τέθεικε, Θεὸν τὸν ἀνωτάτω, καὶ τὰ ἑρπετὰ τὰ κατωτάτω· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ ἑρπετὰ, ἀλλὰ τούτων ὁμοιώματα, ἵνα σαφῶς δείξῃ τὴν λαμπρὰν αὐτῶν μανίαν. Τὴν γὰρ γνῶσιν, ἣν ἔδει περὶ τοῦ πάντων ἀσυγκρίτως ὑπερέχοντος ἔχειν, ταύτην τῷ πάντων ἀσυγκρίτως εὐτελεστέρῳ περιέθηκαν. Καὶ τί ταῦτα πρὸς τοὺς φιλοσόφους, φησί; Πρὸς αὐτοὺς μὲν οὖν μάλιστα πάντα τὰ εἰρημένα. Καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι τοὺς ταῦτα ἐφευρόντας Αἰγυπτίους διδασκάλους ἔχουσι· καὶ Πλάτων ὁ δοκῶν εἶναι τῶν ἄλλων σεμνότερος, ἐγκαλλωπίζεται τούτοις, καὶ ὁ τούτου διδάσκαλος περὶ τὰ εἴδωλα ταῦτα ἐπτόηται· τὸν γοῦν ἀλεκτρυόνα ὁ κελεύων τῷ Ἀσκληπιῷ θύειν, οὗτός ἐστιν. Ἔνθα τῶν κνωδάλων τούτων καὶ τῶν ἑρπετῶν εἰκόνας, καὶ τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα δὲ καὶ τὸν ∆ιόνυσον μετὰ τούτων θεραπευομένους τῶν ἑρπετῶν ἴδοι τις ἄν. Τινὲς δὲ τῶν φιλοσόφων καὶ εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνήγαγον ταύρους καὶ σκορπίους καὶ δράκοντας καὶ τὸν ἄλλον ἅπαντα λῆρον· πανταχοῦ γὰρ ὁ διάβολος ἐσπούδασεν εἰς τὰ τῶν ἑρπετῶν ὁμοιώματα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καταγαγεῖν, καὶ ὑποτάξαι τοῖς πάντων ἀλογωτέροις αὐτοὺς, οὓς ὁ Θεὸς ὑπὲρ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναγαγεῖν ἠθέλησεν. Οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρωθεν ὄψει τὸν κορυφαῖον αὐτῶν ὑπεύθυνον τοῖς λεγομένοις ὄντα. Ὅταν γὰρ τοὺς ποιητὰς συνάγῃ, καὶ λέγῃ χρῆναι πιστεύειν αὐτοῖς ἐν τοῖς περὶ Θεὸν λόγοις, ὡς ἀκριβῶς εἰδόσιν, οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ τὸν ὁρμαθὸν τῶν λήρων τούτων εἰσάγει, καὶ τὸν πολὺν γέλωτα τοῦτον ὅτι ἀληθῆ χρὴ νομίζειν εἶναί φησι. ∆ιὸ καὶ παρέδωκεν ὁ Θεὸς αὐτοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν, τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς. ∆είκνυσιν ἐντεῦθεν, ὅτι καὶ τῆς τῶν νόμων διαστροφῆς ἡ ἀσέβεια γέγονεν αἰτία. Τὸ δὲ, Παρέδωκεν, ἐνταῦθα