Cyril of Jerusalem, The Catechetical Lectures

1. Even of itself 1 the teaching of the Blessed Paul is sufficient to give you a full assurance concerning those Divine Mysteries, of which having been deemed worthy, ye are become of the same body 2 and blood with Christ. For you have just heard him say distinctly, That our Lord Jesus Christ in the night in which He was betrayed, took bread, and when He had given thanks He brake it, and gave to His disciples, saying, Take, eat, this is My Body: and having taken the cup and given thanks, He said, Take, drink, this is My Blood 3 . Since then He Himself declared and said of the Bread, This is My Body , who shall dare to doubt any longer? And since He has Himself affirmed and said, This is My Blood , who shall ever hesitate, saying, that it is not His blood?

2. He once in Cana of Galilee, turned the water into wine, akin to blood 4 , and is it incredible that He should have turned wine into blood? When called to a bodily marriage, He miraculously wrought 5 that wonderful work; and on the children of the bride-chamber 6 , shall He not much rather be acknowledged to have bestowed the fruition of His Body and Blood 7 ?

3. Wherefore with full assurance let us partake as of the Body and Blood of Christ: for in the figure 8 of Bread is given to thee His Body, and in the figure of Wine His Blood; that thou by partaking of the Body and Blood of Christ, mayest be made of the same body and the same blood with Him. For thus we come to bear Christ 9 in us, because His Body and Blood are distributed 10 through our members; thus it is that, according to the blessed Peter, we become partakers of the divine nature 11 .

4. Christ on a certain occasion discoursing with the Jews said, Except ye eat My flesh and drink My blood, ye have no life in you 12 . They not having heard His saying in a spiritual sense were offended, and went back, supposing that He was inviting them to eat flesh.

5. In the Old Testament also there was shew-bread; but this, as it belonged to the Old Testament, has come to an end; but in the New Testament there is Bread of heaven, and a Cup of salvation, sanctifying soul and body; for as the Bread corresponds to our body, so is the Word 13 appropriate to our soul.

6. Consider therefore the Bread and the Wine not as bare elements, for they are, according to the Lord’s declaration, the Body and Blood of Christ; for even though sense suggests this to thee, yet let faith establish thee. Judge not the matter from the taste, but from faith be fully assured without misgiving, that the Body and Blood of Christ have been vouchsafed to thee.

7. Also the blessed David shall advise thee the meaning of this, saying, Thou hast prepared a table before me in the presence of them that afflict me 14 . What he says, is to this effect: Before Thy coming, the evil spirits prepared a table for men 15 , polluted and defiled and full of devilish influence 16 ; but since Thy coming. O Lord, Thou hast prepared a table before me . When the man says to God, Thou hast prepared before me a table , what other does he indicate but that mystical and spiritual Table, which God hath prepared for us over against , that is, contrary and in opposition to the evil spirits? And very truly; for that had communion with devils, but this, with God. Thou hast anointed my head with oil 17 . With oil He anointed thine head upon thy forehead, for the seal which thou hast of God; that thou mayest be made the engraving of the signet, Holiness unto God 18 . And thy cup intoxicateth me, as very strong 19 . Thou seest that cup here spoken of, which Jesus took in His hands, and gave thanks, and said, This is My blood, which is shed for many for the remission of sins 20 .

8. Therefore Solomon also, hinting at this grace, says in Ecclesiastes, Come hither, eat thy bread with joy (that is, the spiritual bread; Come hither , he calls with the call to salvation and blessing), and drink thy wine with a merry heart (that is, the spiritual wine); and let oil be poured out upon thy head (thou seest he alludes even to the mystic Chrism); and let thy garments be always white, for the Lord is well pleased with thy works 21 ; for before thou camest to Baptism, thy works were vanity of vanities 22 . But now, having put off thy old garments, and put on those which are spiritually white, thou must be continually robed in white: of course we mean not this, that thou art always to wear white raiment; but thou must be clad in the garments that are truly white and shining and spiritual, that thou mayest say with the blessed Esaias, My soul shall be joyful in my God; for He hath clothed me with a garment of salvation, and put a robe of gladness around me 23 .

9. Having learnt these things, and been fully assured that the seeming bread is not bread, though sensible to taste, but the Body of Christ; and that the seeming wine is not wine, though the taste will have it so, but the Blood of Christ 24 ; and that of this David sung of old, saying, And bread strengtheneth man’s heart, to make his face to shine with oil 25 , “strengthen thou thine heart,” by partaking thereof as spiritual, and “make the face of thy soul to shine.” And so having it unveiled with a pure conscience, mayest thou reflect as a mirror the glory of the Lord 26 , and proceed from glory to glory , in Christ Jesus our Lord:—To whom be honour, and might, and glory, for ever and ever. Amen.

1 αὐτή found in all mss. is changed for the worse into αὕτη by the Benedictine Editor.

2 Introduction, “Eucharist.” The word σύσσωμοι has a different sense in Eph. iii. 6, where it is applied to the Gentiles as having been made members of Christ’s body the Church.

3 1 Cor. xi. 23. The clause “and gave to His disciples” is an addition taken from Matt. xxvi. 26. The part relating to the cup does not correspond exactly either with St. Paul’s language or with the Evangelists’.

4 οἰκεῖον αἵματι. Cod. Scirlet. (Grodecq), Mesm. (Morel), Vindob.; Ben. Ed. οἰκείῳ νεύματι, Codd. Monac. 1, 2, Genovef. Vatt. (Prevot.). Rupp. The whole passage is omitted in Codd. Coisl. R. Casaub. owing to the repetition of αἷμα The reading οἰκείῳ νεύματι, “by His own will,” introduces a superfluous thought, and destroys the very point of Cyril’s argument, in which the previous change of water into an element so different as wine is regarded as giving an a fortiori probability to the change of that which is already “akin to blood” into blood itself. If Cyril thus seems to teach a physical change of the wine, it must be remembered that we are not bound to accept his view, but only to state it accurately. See however the section of the Introduction on his Eucharistic doctrine.

5 ἐθαυματούργησε τὴν παραδοξοποιίαν. Cf. Chrysost. Epist. I. ad Olympiad. de Deo, § 1, c.: τότε θαυματουργεῖ καὶ παραδοξοποιεῖ.

6 Matt. ix. 15.

7 Ben. Ed.: “That the force of Cyril’s argument may be the better understood, we must observe that in Baptism is celebrated the marriage of Christ with the Christian soul; and that the consummation of this marriage is perfected through the union of bodies in the mystery of the Eucharist. Read Chrysostom’s Hom. xx. in Ephes.” Chrysostom’s words are: “In like manner therefore we become one flesh with Christ by participation (μετουσίας).” But the participation expressed by μετουσία does not necessarily refer to the Eucharist. From the use of the word in Cat. xxiii. 11, and in Athanasius (Contra Arianos, Or. i.; de Synodis. 19, 22, 25) the meaning rather seems to be that we are one flesh with Christ not by nature but by His gift.

8 See Index, Τύπος, and the references there, and Waterland, On the Eucharist, c. vii.

9 Χριστοφόροι γινόμεθα. Procat. 15.

10 Ben. Ed.: “᾽Αναδιδομένου. The Codices Coisl. Roe, Casaub. Scirlet. Ottob. 2. Genovef. have ἀναδεδεγμένοι, which does not agree well with the Genitives τοῦ σώματος and τοῦ αἵματος. It is evident that it was an ill-contrived emendation of ἀναδιδομένου, the transcribers being offended at the distribution of Christ’s Body among our members. But Cyril uses even the same word in Cat. xxiii. 9: Οὗτος ὁ ἄρτος.…εἰς πᾶσάν σου τὴν σύστασιν ἀναδίδοται, εἰς ὠφέλειαν σώματος καὶ ψυχῆς, ‘This Bread is distributed into thy whole system, to the benefit of body and soul.’” ᾽Αναδιδομένου is the reading of Milles and Rupp. For similar language see Justin M. Apol. i. 66; Iren. V. ii. 2.

11 2 Pet. i. 4.

12 John vi. 53.

13 Ben. Ed.: “Here we are to understand (by ὁ Λόγος) the Divine Word, not the bare discourse of God, but the second Person of the Holy Trinity, Christ Himself, the Bread of Heaven, as He testifies of Himself, John vi. 51: Him Cyril contrasts with the earthly shew-bread in the O.T.; otherwise he could not rightly from this sentence infer, by the particle οὖν, “therefore,” that the Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. And since he says, in Cat. xxiii. 15, that the Eucharistic food is “appointed for the substance of the soul,” for its benefit, that cannot be said of Christ’s body or of His soul, but only of the Word which is conjoined with both. Moreover that the Divine Word is the food of Angels and of the soul, is a common mode of speaking with all the Fathers. They often play on the ambiguity of this word (λόγος), saying sometimes that the Divine Word, sometimes the word and oracles of God, are the food of our souls: both statements are true. For the whole life-giving power of the Eucharist is derived from the Word of God united to the flesh which He assumed: and the whole benefit of Eucharistic eating consists in the union of our soul with the Word, in meditation on His mysteries and sayings, and conformity thereto.”

14 Ps. xxiii. 5.

15 ἠλισγημένην, a good restoration by Milles, with Codd. Roe, Casaub. Coislin. The earlier printed texts had ἠλυγισμένην, “overshadowed.” Cf. Mal. i. 7: ἄρτους ἠλισγημένους ,.…Τράπεζα Κυρίου ἠλισγημένη ἐστίν

16 Cyril refers to the idolatrous feasts, which St. Paul calls “the table of devils,” 1 Cor. x. 21.

17 Ps. xxiii. 5.

18 Ex. xxviii. 36; Ecclus. xlv. 12. The plate of pure gold on the forefront of Aaron’s mitre was engraved with the motto, Holy unto the Lord. This symbolism Cyril transfers to the sacramental Chrism, in which the forehead is signed with ointment, and the soul with the seal of God.

19 Ps. xxiii. 5: My cup runneth over. Eusebius (Dem. Evang. I. c. 10, § 28) applies the Psalm, as Cyril does, to the Eucharist.

20 Matt. xxvi. 28.

21 Eccles. ix. 7, 8.

22 For προσέλθῃς (Bened.) we must read προσῆλθες, or, with Monac. 1, προσελθεῖν.

23 Is. lxi. 10.

24 On this passage see the section of the Introduction referred to in the Index, “Eucharist.”

25 Ps. civ. 15.

26 2 Cor. iii. 18.

[4] ΚΑΤΗΧΗΣΙΣ ΜΥΣΤΑΓΩΓΙΚΗ Δʹ ΠΕΡΙ ΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ Καὶ ἀνάγνωσις ἐκ τῆς πρὸς Κορινθίους [ἐπιστολῆς]: «Ἐγὼ γὰρ παρέλαβον ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου [ὃ] καὶ παρέδωκα ὑμῖν», καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.

Καὶ αὕτη τοῦ μακαρίου Παύλου ἡ διδασκαλία ἱκανὴ καθέστηκε πληροφορῆσαι ὑμᾶς περὶ τῶν θείων μυστηρίων ὧν κατηξιώθητε, σύσσωμοι καὶ σύναιμοι τοῦ Χριστοῦ γενόμενοι. Αὐτὸς γὰρ ἄρτι ἐβόα:« Ὅτι ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ᾗ παρεδίδοτο ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, λαβὼν ἄρτον καὶ εὐχαριστήσας ἔκλασε καὶ ἔδωκε τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μαθηταῖς, λέγων: Λάβετε, φάγετε, τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ σῶμα. Καὶ λαβὼν ποτήριον καὶ εὐχαριστήσας εἶπε: Λάβετε, πίετε, τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ αἷμα.» Αὐτοῦ οὖν ἀποφηναμένου καὶ εἰπόντος περὶ τοῦ ἄρτου: «Τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ σῶμα», τίς τολμήσει ἀμφιβάλλειν λοιπόν; Καὶ αὐτοῦ διαβεβαιωσαμένου καὶ εἰρηκότος: «Τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ αἷμα», τίς ἐνδοιάσει ποτὲ λέγων μὴ εἶναι αὐτοῦ αἷμα;

Τὸ ὕδωρ ποτὲ εἰς οἶνον οἰκείῳ νεύματι μεταβέβληκεν ἐν Κανᾶ τῆς Γαλιλαίας, καὶ οὐκ ἀξιόπιστός ἐστιν οἶνον εἰς αἷμα μεταβαλών; Εἰς γάμον σωματικὸν κληθεὶς ταύτην ἐθαυματούργησε τὴν παραδοξοποΐαν, καὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς τοῦ νυμφῶνος οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ αἵματος δωρησάμενος ὁμολογηθήσεται;

Ὥστε μετὰ πάσης πληροφορίας ὡς σώματος καὶ αἵματος μεταλαμβάνομεν Χριστοῦ. Ἐν τύπῳ γὰρ ἄρτου δίδοταί σοι τὸ σῶμα, καὶ ἐν τύπῳ οἴνου δίδοταί σοι τὸ αἷμα, ἵνα γένῃ, μεταλαβὼν σώματος καὶ αἵματος Χριστοῦ, σύσσωμος καὶ σύναιμος Χριστοῦ. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ χριστοφόροι γινόμεθα, τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ αἵματος εἰς τὰ ἡμέτερα ἀναδιδομένου μέλη. Οὕτω κατὰ τὸν μακάριον Πέτρον θείας «κοινωνοὶ γινόμεθα φύσεως».

Ποτὲ Χριστὸς τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διαλεγόμενος ἔλεγεν: «Ἐὰν μὴ φάγητέ μου τὴν σάρκα καὶ πίητέ μου τὸ αἷμα, οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς.» Ἐκεῖνοι, μὴ ἀκηκοότες πνευματικῶς τῶν λεγομένων, σκανδαλισθέντες ἀπῆλθον εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, νομίζοντες τὸν Σωτῆρα ἐπὶ σαρκοφαγίαν αὐτοὺς προτρέπεσθαι.

Ἦσαν καὶ ἐν παλαιᾷ διαθήκῃ ἄρτοι προθέσεως: ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνοι παλαιᾶς ὄντες διαθήκης τέλος εἰλήφασιν. Ἐν δὲ τῇ καινῇ διαθήκῃ ἄρτος οὐράνιος καὶ ποτήριον σωτηρίου, ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα ἁγιάζοντα. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ ἄρτος τῷ σώματι κατάλληλος, οὕτω καὶ ὁ Λόγος τῇ ψυχῇ ἁρμόδιος.

Μὴ πρόσεχε οὖν ὡς ψιλοῖς τῷ ἄρτῳ καὶ τῷ οἴνῳ: σῶμα γὰρ καὶ αἷμα κατὰ τὴν δεσποτικὴν τυγχάνει ἀπόφασιν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἡ αἴσθησίς σοι τοῦτο ὑποβάλλει, ἀλλὰ ἡ πίστις σε βεβαιούτω. Μὴ ἀπὸ τῆς γεύσεως κρίνῃς τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς πίστεως πληροφοροῦ ἀνενδοιάστως, σώματος καὶ αἵματος Χριστοῦ καταξιωθείς.

Καὶ ὑπαγορεύει σοι Δαβὶδ ὁ μακάριος τὴν δύναμιν, λέγων: «Ἡτοίμασας ἐνώπιόν μου τράπεζαν ἐξεναντίας τῶν θλιβόντων με.» Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Πρὸ τῆς σῆς παρουσίας, τράπεζαν οἱ δαίμονες τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἡτοίμαζον, ἠλισγημένην καὶ μεμιασμένην, καὶ διαβολικῆς πεπληρωμένην δυνάμεως: ἀλλὰ μετὰ τὴν σὴν παρουσίαν, ὦ Δέσποτα, ἡτοίμασας ἐνώπιόν μου τράπεζαν. Ὅταν ἄνθρωπος λέγῃ Θεῷ: «Ἡτοίμασας ἐνώπιόν μου τράπεζαν», τί ἄλλο σημαίνει ἢ τὴν μυστικὴν καὶ νοητὴν τράπεζαν, ἣν ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῖν ἡτοίμασεν ἐξεναντίας, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου, ἀντικειμένως τοῖς δαίμοσιν; Καὶ μάλα εἰκότως: ἐκείνη μὲν γὰρ κοινωνίαν εἶχε δαιμόνων, αὕτη δὲ κοινωνίαν Θεοῦ. «Ἐλίπανας ἐν ἐλαίῳ τὴν κεφαλήν μου.» Ἐλαίῳ ἐλίπανέ σου τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐπὶ μετώπου διὰ τὴν σφραγῖδα, ἣν ἔχεις τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἵνα γενήσῃ ἐκτύπωμα σφραγῖδος, ἁγίασμα Θεοῦ. «Καὶ τὸ ποτήριόν σου μεθύσκον με ὡσεὶ κράτιστον.» Ὁρᾷς ἐνταῦθα ποτήριον λεγόμενον, ὃ λαβὼν Ἰησοῦς μετὰ χεῖρας καὶ εὐχαριστήσας εἶπε: «Τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ αἷμα, τὸ ὑπὲρ πολλῶν ἐκχυνόμενον εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν.»

Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Σολομὼν ταύτην αἰνιττόμενος τὴν χάριν ἐν τῷ Ἐκκλησιαστῇ λέγει: «Δεῦρο, φάγε ἐν εὐφροσύνῃ ἄρτον σου», τὸν πνευματικὸν ἄρτον. «Δεῦρο»: καλεῖ τὴν σωτήριον καὶ μακαριοποιὸν κλῆσιν: «καὶ πίε ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀγαθῇ οἶνόν σου», τὸν πνευματικὸν οἶνον, «καὶ ἔλαιον ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς σου ἐκχείσθω:» ὁρᾷς αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ μυστικὸν αἰνιττόμενον χρῖσμα; Καὶ «διαπαντὸς ἔστω σου τὰ ἱμάτια λευκά, ὅτι ηὐδόκησε Κύριος τὰ ποιήματά σου:» νῦν ηὐδόκησε Κύριος τὰ ποιήματά σου. Πρὶν γὰρ προσελθεῖν τῇ χάριτι, «ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων» ἦν τὰ ποιήματά σου.

Νῦν δὲ ἀποδυσάμενος τὰ παλαιὰ ἱμάτια καὶ ἐνδυσάμενος τὰ πνευματικῶς λευκά, χρὴ λευχειμονεῖν διαπαντός. Οὐ πάντως τοῦτο λέγομεν, ὅτι σε δεῖ λευκὰ περιβεβλῆσθαι ἱμάτια ἀεί, ἀλλὰ τὰ ὄντως λευκὰ καὶ λαμπρὰ καὶ πνευματικὰ ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι περιβεβλῆσθαι, ἵνα λέγῃς κατὰ τὸν μακάριον Ἡσαΐαν: «Ἀγαλλιάσθω ἡ ψυχή μου ἐπὶ τῷ Κυρίῳ: ἐνέδυσε γάρ με ἱμάτιον σωτηρίου, καὶ χιτῶνα εὐφροσύνης περιέθηκέ μοι.»

Ταῦτα μαθὼν καὶ πληροφορηθείς, ὡς ὁ φαινόμενος ἄρτος οὐκ ἄρτος ἐστίν, εἰ καὶ τοιοῦτός ἐστι τῇ γεύσει, ἀλλὰ σῶμα Χριστοῦ, καὶ ὁ φαινόμενος οἶνος οὐκ οἶνός ἐστιν, εἰ καὶ ἡ γεῦσις τοῦτο βούλεται, ἀλλὰ αἷμα Χριστοῦ, καὶ ὅτι περὶ τούτου ἔλεγε ψάλλων πάλαι ὁ Δαβίδ: «Καὶ ἄρτος καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου στηρίζει, τοῦ ἱλαρῦναι πρόσωπον ἐν ἐλαίῳ:» στηρίζου τὴν καρδίαν, μεταλαμβάνων αὐτοῦ ὡς πνευματικοῦ, καὶ ἱλαρύνου τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς πρόσωπον. Ὃ γένοιτό σε ἀνακεκαλυμμένον ἔχοντα ἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει, τὴν δόξαν Κυρίου κατοπτριζόμενον, ἔρχεσθαι ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν, ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.