Chapter XIX.

How should seemliness be represented by a speaker? Does beauty add anything to virtue, and, if so, how much? Lastly, what care should we take that nothing conceited or effeminate be seen in us?

81. It has given me pleasure to dwell somewhat at length on the various functions of modesty; for I speak to you who either can recognize the good that is in it in your own cases, or at least do not know its loss. Fitted as it is for all ages, persons, times, and places, yet it most beseems youthful and childish years.

82. But at every age we must take care that all we do is seemly and becoming, and that the course of our life forms one harmonious and complete whole. Wherefore Cicero107    Cic. de Off. I. 35, § 126. thinks that a certain order ought to be observed in what is seemly. He says that this lies in beauty, order, and in appointment fitted for action. This, as he says, it is difficult to explain in words, yet it can be quite sufficiently understood.

83. Why Cicero should have introduced beauty, I do not quite understand; though it is true he also speaks in praise of the powers of the body. We certainly do not locate virtue in the beauty of the body, though, on the other hand, we do recognize a certain grace, as when modesty is wont to cover the face with a blush of shame, and to make it more pleasing. For as a workman is wont to work better the more suitable his materials are, so modesty is more conspicuous in the comeliness of the body. Only the comeliness of the body should not be assumed; it should be natural and artless, unstudied rather than elaborated, not heightened by costly and glistening garments, but just clad in ordinary clothing. One must see that nothing is wanting that one’s credit or necessity demands, whilst nothing must be added for the sake of splendour.

84. The voice, too, should not be languid, nor feeble, nor womanish in its tone,—such a tone of voice as many are in the habit of using, under the idea of seeming important. It should preserve a certain quality, and rhythm, and a manly vigour. For all to do what is best suited to their character and sex, that is to attain to beauty of life. This is the best order for movements, this the employment fitted for every action. But as I cannot approve of a soft or weak tone of voice, or an effeminate gesture of the body, so also I cannot approve of what is boorish and rustic. Let us follow nature. The imitation of her provides us with a principle of training, and gives us a pattern of virtue.

CAPUT XIX.

Decorum quomodo describatur ab Oratore: an et quantum 0048Aad virtutem conferat formositas: postremo qua cura ne quid affectatum aut effeminatum in nobis appareat, efficiendum?

81. Delectavit me diutius in partibus demorari verecundiae; quia ad vos loquebar, qui aut bona ejus ex vobis recognoscitis, aut damna ignoratis. Quae cum sit omnibus aetatibus, personis, temporibus et locis apta, tamen adolescentes, juvenilesque annos maxime decet.

82. In omni autem servandum aetate, ut deceat quod agas et conveniat, et quadret sibi ordo vitae tuae. Unde Tullius etiam ordinem putat in illo decore servari oportere: idque positum dicit in formositate, ordine, ornatu ad actionem apto: quae difficile ait loquendo explicari posse, et ideo satis esse intelligi.

0048B 83. Formositatem autem cur posuerit, non satis intelligo; quamvis ille etiam vires corporis laudet. Nos certe in pulchritudine corporis locum virtutis non ponimus, gratiam tamen non excludimus; quia verecundia et vultus ipsos solet pudore obfundere, gratioresque reddere. Ut enim artifex in materia commodiore melius operari solet, sic verecundia in ipso quoque corporis decore plus eminet; ita tamen ut etiam ipse non sit affectatus decor corporis: sed naturalis, simplex, neglectus magis quam expetitus, non pretiosis et albentibus adjutus vestimentis sed 0049A communibus; ut honestati vel necessitati nihil desit, nihil accedat nitori.

24 84. Vox ipsa non remissa, non fracta, nihil femineum sonans, qualem multi gravitatis specie simulare consuerunt, sed formam quamdam et regulam ac succum virilem reservans. Hoc est enim pulchritudinem vivendi tenere, convenientia cuique sexui et personae reddere. Hic ordo gestorum optimus, hic ornatus ad omnem actionem accommodus. Sed ut molliculum et infractum aut vocis sonum, aut gestum corporis non probo; ita neque agrestem ac rusticum. Naturam imitemur: ejus effigies, formula disciplinae, forma honestatis est.