Chapter XX.—The Soul, as to Its Nature Uniform, But Its Faculties Variously Developed. Varieties Only Accidental.

And here, therefore, we draw our conclusion, that all the natural properties of the soul are inherent in it as parts of its substance; and that they grow and develope along with it, from the very moment of its own origin at birth.  Just as Seneca says, whom we so often find on our side:157    Sæpe noster. “There are implanted within us the seeds of all the arts and periods of life. And God, our Master, secretly produces our mental dispositions;” that is, from the germs which are implanted and hidden in us by means of infancy, and these are the intellect: for from these our natural dispositions are evolved.  Now, even the seeds of plants have, one form in each kind, but their development varies: some open and expand in a healthy and perfect state, while others either improve or degenerate, owing to the conditions of weather and soil, and from the appliance of labour and care; also from the course of the seasons, and from the occurrence of casual circumstances. In like manner, the soul may well be158    Licebit. uniform in its seminal origin, although multiform by the process of nativity.159    Fetu. And here local influences, too, must be taken into account. It has been said that dull and brutish persons are born at Thebes; and the most accomplished in wisdom and speech at Athens, where in the district of Colythus160    Tertullian perhaps mentions this “demus” of Athens as the birthplace of Plato (Oehler). children speak—such is the precocity of their tongue—before they are a month old. Indeed, Plato himself tells us, in the Timæus, that Minerva, when preparing to found her great city, only regarded the nature of the country which gave promise of mental dispositions of this kind; whence he himself in The Laws instructs Megillus and Clinias to be careful in their selection of a site for building a city. Empedocles, however, places the cause of a subtle or an obtuse intellect in the quality of the blood, from which he derives progress and perfection in learning and science. The subject of national peculiarities has grown by this time into proverbial notoriety.  Comic poets deride the Phrygians for their cowardice; Sallust reproaches the Moors for their levity, and the Dalmatians for their cruelty; even the apostle brands the Cretans as “liars.”161    Tit. i. 12. Very likely, too, something must be set down to the score of bodily condition and the state of the health. Stoutness hinders knowledge, but a spare form stimulates it; paralysis prostrates the mind, a decline preserves it. How much more will those accidental circumstances have to be noticed, which, in addition to the state of one’s body or one’s health, tend to sharpen or to dull the intellect! It is sharpened by learned pursuits, by the sciences, the arts, by experimental knowledge, business habits, and studies; it is blunted by ignorance, idle habits, inactivity, lust, inexperience, listlessness, and vicious pursuits.  Then, besides these influences, there must perhaps162    Si et alia. be added the supreme powers. Now these are the supreme powers: according to our (Christian) notions, they are the Lord God and His adversary the devil; but according to men’s general opinion about providence, they are fate and necessity; and about fortune, it is man’s freedom of will.  Even the philosophers allow these distinctions; whilst on our part we have already undertaken to treat of them, on the principles of the (Christian) faith, in a separate work.163    Tertullian wrote a work De Fato, which is lost. Fulgentius, p. 561, gives a quotation from it. It is evident how great must be the influences which so variously affect the one nature of the soul, since they are commonly regarded as separate “natures.” Still they are not different species, but casual incidents of one nature and substance—even of that which God conferred on Adam, and made the mould of all (subsequent ones). Casual incidents will they always remain, but never will they become specific differences.  However great, too, at present is the variety of men’s maunders, it was not so in Adam, the founder of their race.  But all these discordances ought to have existed in him as the fountainhead, and thence to have descended to us in an unimpaired variety, if the variety had been due to nature.

CAPUT XX.

Et hic itaque concludimus, omnia naturalia 0682C animae, ut substantiva ejus, ipsi inesse, et cum ipsa procedere atque proficere, ex quo ipsa censetur, sicut et Seneca saepe noster: « Insita sunt nobis omnium artium et aetatum 0683A semina: magisterque ex occulto Deus producit ingenia.» Ex seminibus scilicet insitis, et occultis per infantiam, quae sunt et intellectus. Ex his enim producuntur ingenia. Porro, ut frugum seminibus una cujusque generis forma est, processus tamen varii, alia integro statu evadunt, alia etiam meliora respondent, alia degenerant pro conditione coeli et soli, pro ratione operis, et curae, pro temporum eventu, pro licentia casuum: ita et animam licebit semine uniformem, foetu multiformem: nam et hic etiam de locis interest. Thebis hebetes et brutos nasci relatum est; Athenis sapiendi dicendique acutissimos; ubi penes Colytum pueri mense citius eloquuntur, praecoce lingua. Siquidem et Plato in Timaeo, Minervam adfirmat, cum urbem illam moliretur, nihil 0683B aliud quam regionis naturam prospexisse, talia ingenia pollicitam. Unde et ipse, in Legibus, Megillo et Cliniae praecipit condendae civitati locum procurare. Sed Empedocles caussam argutae indolis et obtusae in sanguinis qualitate constituit; perfectum ac profectum de doctrina disciplinaque deducit. Tamen vulgata jam res est gentilium proprietatum. Comici Phrygas timidos illudunt; Sallustius vanos Mauros, et feroces Dalmatas pulsat; mendaces Cretas etiam Apostolus (Tit. I, 12) inurit. Fortassean et de corpore et de valetudine aliquid accedat: opimitas sapientiam impedit, exilitas expedit; paralysis mentem prodigit, phthisis servat. Quanto magis de accidentibus habebuntur, quae, citra corpulentiam et valentiam, vel acuunt, vel obtundunt! Acuunt doctrinae, 0683C disciplinae, artes, et experientia, negotia, studia; obtundunt inscitiae, ignaviae, desidiae, libidines, inexperientiae, otia, vitia; super haec, si et alia, quae praesunt potestates. Enimvero praesunt, secundum nos quidem, Deus Dominus, et diabolus aemulus; secundum communem autem opinionem providentiae fatum et necessitas, et fortuna et arbitrii libertas. Nam haec, et philosophi distingunt, et nos secundum fidem disserenda suo jam vovimus titulo. 0684A Apparet quanta sint quae unam animae naturam varie collocarint, ut vulgo naturae deputentur, quando non species sint, sed sortes naturae et substantiae unius; illius scilicet, quam Deus in Adam contulit, et matricem omnium fecit: atque adeo sortes erunt, non species substantiae unius, ut et varietas ista moralis quanta nunc est, tanta non fuerit in ipso principe generis Adam. Debuerant enim fuisse haec omnia in illo, ut in fonte naturae, atque inde cum tota varietate manasse, si varietas naturae fuisset.