3. Up to this point, the order in which plants shoot bears witness to their first arrangement. Every herb, every plant proceeds from a germ. If, like the couch-grass and the crocus, it throws out a shoot from its root and from this lower protuberance, it must always germinate and start outwards. If it proceeds from a seed, there is still, by necessity, first a germ, then the sprout, then green foliage, and finally the fruit which ripens upon a stalk hitherto dry and thick. “Let the earth bring forth grass.” When the seed falls into the earth, which contains the right combination of heat and moisture, it swells and becomes porous, and, grasping the surrounding earth, attracts to itself all that is suitable for it and that has affinity to it. These particles of earth, however small they may be, as they fall and insinuate themselves into all the pores of the seed, broaden its bulk and make it send forth roots below, and shoot upwards, sending forth stalks no less numerous than the roots. As the germ is always growing warm, the moisture, pumped up through the roots, and helped by the attraction of heat, draws a proper amount of nourishment from the soil, and distributes it to the stem, to the bark, to the husk, to the seed itself and to the beards with which it is armed. It is owing to these successive accretions that each plant attains its natural development, as well corn as vegetables, herbs or brushwood. A single plant, a blade of grass is sufficient to occupy all your intelligence in the contemplation of the skill which produced it.  5  “To me the meanest flower that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.” Wordsworth, Ode on Immortality. Why is the wheat stalk better with joints?  6  Literally, knee—Latin geniculum. cf. Xen., Anab. iv. 5, 26, and Theoph. viii. 2, 4. “Knee-jointed” is a recognised English term for certain grasses. Are they not like fastenings, which help it to bear easily the weight of the ear, when it is swollen with fruit and bends towards the earth? Thus, whilst oats, which have no weight to bear at the top, are without these supports, nature has provided them for wheat. It has hidden the grain in a case, so that it may not be exposed to birds’ pillage, and has furnished it with a rampart of barbs, which, like darts, protect it against the attacks of tiny creatures.

Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου, σπεῖρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος καὶ καθ' ὁμοιότητα. Ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἡ τάξις τῶν φυομένων μαρτυρεῖ τῇ πρώτῃ διακοσμήσει. Ἡ γὰρ βλάστησις καθηγεῖται πάσης βοτάνης καὶ πάσης πόας. Εἴτε γὰρ ἀπὸ ῥίζης ἐκδίδοταί τι ἐκ τῆς κάτωθεν προβολῆς, ὡς κρόκος καὶ ἄγρωστις, ἀναβλαστῆσαι δεῖ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἔξω προκύψαι: εἴτε ἀπὸ σπέρματος, καὶ οὕτως ἀνάγκη πρῶτον βλάστησιν, εἶτα βοτάνην γενέσθαι, εἶτα χόρτον χλοάζοντα, εἶτα τὸν καρπὸν ἐπὶ ξηρᾶς ἤδη καὶ παχείας τῆς καλάμης ἁδρυνόμενον. Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου. Ὅταν εἰς γῆν καταπέσῃ τὸ σπέρμα συμμέτρως νοτίδος καὶ θέρμης ἔχουσαν, χαῦνον γενόμενον καὶ πολύπορον, τῆς παρακειμένης γῆς περιδραξάμενον, τὰ οἰκεῖα καὶ σύμφυλα πρὸς ἑαυτὸ ἐπισπᾶται. Ἐμπίπτοντα δὲ τοῖς πόροις καὶ περιολισθαίνοντα τῆς γῆς τὰ λεπτότατα μόρια, ἐπὶ πλέον ἀνευρύνει τοὺς ὄγκους αὐτῆς ὥστε ῥιζοῦσθαι μὲν εἰς τὸ κάτω, ἐπὶ τὸ ἄνω δὲ προκύπτειν ἰσαρίθμων ταῖς ῥίζαις τῶν καλάμων προβαλλομένων: θαλπομένου δὲ ἀεὶ τοῦ βλαστήματος, συρομένην διὰ τῶν ῥιζῶν τὴν νοτίδα, τῇ ὁλκῇ τοῦ θερμοῦ συνεπάγεσθαι τοῦ τροφίμου τῆς γῆς ὅσον μέτριον, καὶ τοῦτο καταμερίζειν εἰς καλάμην καὶ φλοιὸν καὶ τὰς θήκας τοῦ σίτου, καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν σῖτον καὶ τοὺς ἀνθέρικας: καὶ οὕτω κατὰ μικρὸν τῆς αὐξήσεως γινομένης, ἐπὶ τὸ οἰκεῖον μέτρον ἕκαστον τῶν φυομένων ἀποκαθίστασθαι, εἴτε τι τῶν σιτηρῶν, εἴτε τῶν χεδροπῶν, εἴτε τῶν λαχανωδῶν ἢ φρυγανικῶν τυγχάνοι. Εἷς χόρτος καὶ μία βοτάνη ἐξαρκεῖ τὴν διάνοιάν σου πᾶσαν εἰς τὴν θεωρίαν τῆς ἐξεργασαμένης αὐτὰ τέχνης ἀπασχολῆσαι: πῶς γόνασι διαζώννυται ἡ καλάμη τοῦ σίτου, ἵνα ὥσπερ σύνδεσμοί τινες ῥᾳδίως τὸ βάρος τῶν ἀσταχύων φέρωσιν, ὅταν πλήρεις ὄντες καρπῶν πρὸς τὴν γῆν κατακλίνωνται. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μὲν βρόμος διόλου κενὸς, ἅτε μηδενὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν βαρυνόμενος: τὸν δὲ σῖτον τοῖς συνδέσμοις τούτοις ἡ φύσις κατησφαλίσατο. Ἐν θήκῃ δὲ τὸν κόκκον ἀποθεμένη ὡς μὴ εὐδιάρπαστον εἶναι τοῖς σπερμολόγοις: ἔτι καὶ τῇ προβολῇ τῶν ἀνθερίκων οἷον ἀκίσι τὰς ἐκ τῶν μικρῶν ζῴων ἀφίστησι βλάβας.