LETTER XL. [A.D.388.]

In the year 388 A.D. the synagogue of the Jews at Callinicum in Mesopotamia was burnt by the Christians, at the instance, it was asserted, of the Bishop. Some monks also in the same district, having been insulted by some Valentinian heretics, while singing Psalms in processsion on the Festival of the Maccabees, (Aug. 1st.) had burnt their conventicle. Theodosius had ordered that the Bishop should re-build the synagogue at his own cost, and that the monks should be punished, and the whole matter carefully sifted, and justice done. This Letter is written by S. Ambrose to remonstrate. He urges his plea with the boldest importunity, and, as he tells his sister in the following letter, Theodosius eventually yielded.

TO THE MOST GRACIOUS PRINCE AND BLESSED EMPEROR HIS MAJESTY THEODOSIUS, BISHOP AMBROSE SENDS GREETING.

1. Nearly incessant are the cares which harass me, most excellent Emperor, but never was I in such trouble as at present; for I see I must be on my guard against the danger even of a charge of sacrilege. Wherefore I beseech you patiently to hear my address. For if I am unworthy to be heard by you, I am unworthy to offer for you, or to have your vows and prayers intrusted to me. Will you not hear him whom you wish to be heard in your behalf? Will you not hear him pleading for himself whom you have heard when pleading for others? Will you not dread the consequences of your own judgment; and fear to render him unworthy to be heard in your behalf, by treating him as unworthy of a hearing from you.

2. But it is neither the part of an Emperor to deny liberty of speech, nor of a Bishop not to utter what he thinks. There is no quality more amiable and popular in an Emperor than to cherish freedom even in those who owe him military allegiance. For there is this difference between good and bad rulers, that the good love freedom, the bad slavery. And there is nothing in a Bishop so offensive in God's sight, or so base before men, as not freely to declare his opinions. For it is written,  I spake of Thy testimonies also even before kings, and was not ashamed, and in another place,  Son of man, I have made thee a watchman unto the house of Israel; with the intent, it proceeds,  that if the righteous man doth turn from his righteousness and commit iniquity, because thou hast not given him warning   04-27  27. 1 distonxisti ei that is, hast not told him what to beware of,  his righteousness which he hath done shall not be remembered; but his blood will I require at thine hand. Nevertheless, if thou warn the righteous man, that the righteous sin not, and he doth not sin, he shall surely live, because he is warned; also thou shalt deliver thy soul, 

3. I prefer then, to have fellowship with your Majesty in good rather than in evil; and therefore the silence of a Bishop ought to be displeasing to your Clemency, and his freedom pleasing. For you will be implicated in the danger of my silence, you will share in the benefits of my outspokenness. I am not then an officious meddler in matters beyond my province, an intruder in the concerns of others, but I comply with my duty, I obey the commandment of our God. This I do chiefly from love and regard to you, and from a wish to preserve your well-being. But if I am not believed, or am forbidden to act on this motive, then in truth I speak from fear of offending God. For if my own danger could deliver you, I would consent to be offered for you, though not willingly, for I would rather that without danger to myself you should be accepted and glorified by God. But if I am to suffer under the charge of silence and dissimulation without effecting your exculpation I had rather you should deem me too importunate than useless or mercenary. For it is written, in the words of the holy Apostle Paul, whose teaching you cannot gainsay,  Be instant in season, out of season: reprove, rebuke, exhort with all long-suffering and doctrine. 

4. We then also have One Whom it is even more dangerous to displease; especially as even Emperors themselves are not offended with any man for fulfilling his function, but you patiently give ear to every one speaking concerning his own department, nay you reprove him for not acting in accordance with his line of duty. Can that then which you readily accept from your soldiers, seem to you offensive in a Bishop; seeing that we speak not according to our own wills, but as we are commanded? For you know that it is written,  when ye shall be brought before   governors and kings take no thought how or what ye shall speak, for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak. For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father Which speaketh in you.  Were it in civil causes that I had to speak, my not obtaining an audience would not give me such apprehension, although even then justice ought to be observed, but in God's cause whom will you hear, if you hear not the Bishop, at whose great peril it is that sin is committed? Who will dare to tell you the truth, if a Bishop does not?

5. I know that you are pious, merciful, meek and gentle, having at heart the faith and fear of the Lord; but some failings oftentimes escape our notice. Some men  have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge, and we ought, I think, to beware lest this steal even over faithful souls. I know your piety towards God, your lenity towards men; I am myself indebted to your courtesy for many benefits. Wherefore I feel greater fear, and deeper solicitude lest even your own judgment should hereafter condemn me for having failed, through cowardice or flattery, in saving you from a fall. If I had seen you sin against myself, I ought not to have kept silence, for it is written,  If thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault; then rebuke him before two or three witnesses, and if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the Church.  Shall I then be silent in the cause of God? Now then let us consider what it is I have to apprehend.

6. The military Count of the East  04-28  28. a 'Oriens' or 'the East' was the title of the great civil 'diocese' which included Syria, Palestine, Cilicia, Cyprus, Mesopotamia, and some adjacent districts, and corresponded to the Patriarchate of Antioch in the ecclesiastical division. It was originally under one chief called 'Comes orientis,' but it would appear from this passage, as is asserted by Gothofred, that the civil and military functions had been divided, and there were now two officers, 'Comes orientis militarium partium,' and 'Comes orientis civilium partium.' The subject is somewhat obscure. reported that a synagogue had been burnt, and that this had been done at the instigation of the Bishop. You decided that the others should be punished, and that the synagogue should be rebuilt by the Bishop himself. I will not insist on the propriety of calling for the Bishop's own statement; for the clergy are wont to check disturbances and desirous of peace, save when they are themselves moved by some offence against God or insult to the Church. But suppose this Bishop to have been too eager in setting fire to this synagogue, and now to grow timid before the judgment-seat, has your Majesty no fear, lest he should acquiesce in your sentence, no apprehension of his becoming apostate?

7. Do you not fear, what will certainly be the case, that he will meet your officer with a refusal; and so he will be obliged to make him either an apostate or a martyr, and both of these are adverse to your interests and savour of persecution, that he should be forced either to become an apostate or undergo martyrdom. You see then whereunto this matter tends; if you think the Bishop firm, avoid driving his firmness to martyrdom; if you think him frail, shun exposing his frailty to a fall. For a heavy responsibility lies on him who has caused one who is weak to fall.

8. Under these circumstances I suppose that the Bishop will say that he himself kindled the fire, gathered the crowd, collected the people; so as not to lose an opportunity of martyrdom, and in place of the weak to offer up a bolder victim. O happy falsehood; obtaining for others acquittal, for himself Grace. This is my request also to your Majesty, that you would turn your vengeance upon me, and, if you consider this a crime, impute it to me. Why do you order the absent to be punished? you have the guilty person before you, you hear his confession, I openly affirm that I myself set the synagogue on fire, or at least, that I ordered others to do so; that there might be no place in which Christ is denied. And if it be objected, why did I not set it on fire in this very city? It began to be burnt, I reply, by the Divine judgment, my work was superseded. And to speak the truth, I was the less zealous because I expected no punishment. Why should I do that which being unavenged would also be unrewarded? These words are a shock to modesty, but they also bring back grace; they provide against the commission of that which may offend Almighty God.

9. But suppose that no one will cite the Bishop to do this; for this is what I have begged of your Clemency, and though I have not yet read that the edict is revoked, I will nevertheless assume it to be so. But what if other more timid persons, from a fear of death offer to rebuild the synagogue from their own funds, or the Count, finding this previously ordained, should himself command it to be restored at the expense of the Christians? Your Majesty will then have an apostate Count, and you will entrust your victorious banner, your labarum, which is consecrated by the name of Christ, to one who is the restorer of the synagogue which knows not Christ. Command the labarum to be carried into the synagogue, and let us see if they do not resist.

10. Shall then a building be raised for perfidious Jews out of the spoils of the Church, and shall that patrimony, which by Christ's mercy has been assigned to Christians, be transferred to the temples of the unbelieving? We read that temples were in former days erected from the spoils of the Cimbri and other enemies of Rome. Shall the Jews inscribe this title on the front of their synagogue: 'The temples of impiety built from the spoils of Christians?'

11. But the maintenance of discipline is perhaps what influences your Majesty. Is the show of discipline then weightier than the cause of religion? Police should give place to religion.

12. Has your Majesty never heard that when Julian commanded the temple at Jerusalem to be restored, they who cleared away the rubbish were destroyed by fire from heaven? Are you not afraid lest this should now happen? Surely you ought not to have commanded what Julian commanded.

13. But why are you thus moved? Is it generally because a public building has been burnt, or because it is a synagogue? If you are moved by the conflagration of the meanest edifice, (and what else could there have been in so obscure a town,) does not your Majesty remember how many prefects' houses have been burnt at Rome, and yet no man enacted vengeance for them? Nay, if any Emperor had desired to punish such an act severely, he would rather have injured the cause of those who had suffered so great a loss. Which then is the more fitting, that the partial burning of some houses at Callinicum  04-29  29. b Callinicum was in Osrhoene, a name given to the north-western part of Mesopotamia. , or the burning of the city of Rome should be punished, if indeed either of them ought to have been so. At Constantinople, a while ago, the Bishop's  04-30  30. c Socrates, B v. ch. 13., mentions that Nectarius' house was burnt by the Arian party in the same year in which this letter was written. house was burnt, and your Majesty's son interceded with you, that you would not avenge the wrong done to him, the youthful Emperor, nor the burning of the Bishop's palace. Your Majesty should consider, that, if you should in like manner command this act to be punished, he may again intercede to prevent it. The former boon however was happily obtained from the father by the son, for it was only fitting that he should first remit the injury to himself. A good distribution of favour and well allotted it is, that the son should be petitioned for his own loss, and the father for the offence against his son. In this case there is nothing which you need keep back on your son's account, beware also lest you derogate ought from God.

14. There is then no adequate reason for any such commotion, that the people should be so severely punished for the burning of any building; much less seeing that it is a synagogue that has been burnt, a place of unbelief, a house of impiety, a receptacle of madness, which God Himself hath condemned. For thus we read what the Lord our God spake by the mouth of Jeremiah,  Therefore will I do unto this house, which is called by My Name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you, and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh. And I wilt cast you out of My sight, as I have cast out all your brethren, even the whole seed of Ephraim. Therefore pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry nor prayer for them, neither make intercession to Me, for I will not hear thee. Seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah?  God forbids him to intercede for those whom you think worthy of being avenged.

15. Were I pleading according to the law of nations, I should assuredly recount how many Churches the Jews burnt in the time of Julian's reign: two at Damascus, one of which is but just repaired, and that at the expense, not of the synagogue, but of the Church, while the other is still a mass of shapeless ruins. Churches were likewise burnt at Gaza, Ascalon, Berytus, and nearly every town in that region, and yet no man asked for vengeance. At Alexandria too the most beautiful Church of all was burnt down by the Gentiles and Jews. The Church has not been avenged, shall then the synagogue be?

16. And shall the burning of the temple of the Valentinians likewise be punished? For what but a temple is the place where Gentiles assemble? The Gentiles indeed reckon twelve gods, the Valentinians worship thirty two Aeons  04-31  31. d See a note in Newman's Fleury, p. 160. , whom they call gods. Concerning these I am informed that they have called for punishment upon some monks. For the Valentinians having endeavoured to stop them as they were going in procession according to ancient custom, chanting psalms, to celebrate the festival of the Maccabees, the monks exasperated by this affront, set fire to one of their rudely constructed temples in some country village.

17. How many have to offer themselves to this choice, remembering that in Julian's time he who threw down the altar and disturbed the sacrifice was condemned by the judge, and suffered martyrdom. And accordingly the judge who tried him was never considered other than a persecutor, no man would associate with him, no man deemed him worthy of a kiss of greeting. Were he not now dead, I should fear your Majesty's taking vengeance upon him. Nevertheless he escaped not the Divine vengeance, but saw his son die before him.

18. But it is reported that the judge was ordered to take cognizance of the matter, and was informed that he ought not to have reported upon it, but to have punished it, that the offerings which had been taken away were to be demanded back. Other particulars 1 will omit; but when the Jews burnt our Churches, nothing was restored, nothing demanded, nothing sought for. But what could the synagogue possess in that distant place, when everything in it was but of little value, nothing precious or abundant. In short of what could a fire deprive the treacherous Jews? These are devices of the Jews who wish to accuse us falsely, that through their representations an extraordinary military tribunal may be appointed, and an officer sent, who perhaps will say what one said here before your accession, 'How shall Christ help us, when we fight for the Jews against Christ? when we are sent to take vengeance on their behalf? They have lost their own armies, and they wish to destroy ours.'

19. Nay, what are the calumnies into which they will not rush, who by false witnesses have slandered Christ Himself? who are false even in matters relating to God? Whom will they not charge with the guilt of this sedition? whom will they not thirst after, even though they know them not? They desire to see rank after rank of Christians in chains, to see the necks of the faithful placed under the yoke, the servants of God hidden in darkness, smitten with the axe, delivered to the fire, or sent to the mines, that their pains may be slow and lingering.

20. Will your Majesty give this triumph to the Jews over the Church of God? this victory over the people of Christ, this joy to the unbelievers, this felicity to the Synagogue, this grief to the Church? They will place this solemnity among their feast-days; numbering it among those wherein they triumphed over the Ammonites, or Canaanites, or over Pharaoh king of Egypt, or which delivered them from the hands of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. This festival they will add in memory of the triumph they have gained over Christ's people.

21. Although they refuse to be bound by Roman laws, deeming them even criminal, they now pretend to claim vengeance according to those laws. Where were those laws, when they burnt the roofs of the consecrated Basilicas? If Julian avenged not the Church because he was an Apostate, will your Majesty, being a Christian, avenge the injury done to the Synagogue?

22. And what will Christ hereafter say to you? Do you not remember what he said to holy David by the prophet Nathan? 'I have chosen thee the youngest of thy brethren, and from private life have made thee Emperor. I have placed thy offspring upon the Imperial throne. I have put barbarous nations under thy feet, I have given thee peace, I have delivered thine enemy captive into thy hands. Thou hadst no corn to support thy army, I opened to thee the enemies' gates, the enemies' granaries, by their own hand; they gave thee the very stores which they had provided for themselves. I confounded the counsels of thy enemy, so that he laid bare his own plans. The very usurper of thy empire I so bound, and so fettered his mind, that although he had the means of flying from you he shut himself in with all his followers, as if fearing lest any should escape you. His lieutenant  04-32  32. e Andragathius, who commanded a fleet in Maximus' interest expecting Theodosius to come to Italy by sea. and his forces on the other element, whom I had before dispersed to prevent their combining to make war on thee, I now called together again to render thy victory complete. Thy army, an assemblage of many fierce nations, I caused to keep faith and peace and concord, as if they had been one nation. And when there was imminent danger lest the perfidious plots of the barbarians should penetrate the Alps, I gave thee victory within the very barrier of the Alps, that thy victory might be without loss. Thus I made thee to triumph over thy enemy, and thou art giving my enemies a triumph over my people.'

23. Was it not the very reason why Maximus was abandoned, that before he set out on his expedition, hearing that a synagogue had been burnt at Rome, he sent an edict thither, acting as if he were the guardian of public order. Wherefore the Christians said, No good awaits this man. That king is become a Jew, and we have heard of him as a protector of order, but Christ, who died for sinners, shortly after put him to the proof  04-33  33. f The Benedictine editors say 'tota luce pericope in uno Cod. Reg. desideratur: forte non male.' It is difficult to elicit any sense from it. . And if this was said of words only, what will be said of actual punishment? So he was soon defeated by the Franks and by the Saxons, in Sicily, at Siscia  04-34  34. g Siscia, now Sissek, was a large town in upper Pannonia, on the south bank of the Save. Petavio, now Pettau, was on the Drave. It seems likely that 'in Sicilia' should he omitted, as being only a false meaning for 'Sciscia.' There is no mention of Sicily being in any way connected with the war. But see Tillemont, Theod. art. xlv. , at Petavio, and in every quarter of the globe. What has a devout man in common with an unbeliever? The precedents of his impiety ought to be obliterated together with the impious man himself. That which injured the vanquished, that at which he stumbled, the victor ought to condemn, not to imitate.

24. Now I have recounted these things to you not as though you were ungrateful; rather I have spoken of them as being rightly bestowed, that reminded thereby you may love much, as being one on whom much has been bestowed. To Simon's answer our Lord thus replied,  Thou hast rightly judged; and then, turning straightway to the woman who had anointed His feet with ointment, and was the type of the Church, He said to Simon,  Wherefore I say unto thee, her sins, which are many, are forgiven, for she loved much: but to whom little is forgiven, the same loveth little.  This is that woman who entered the house of the Pharisee, and cast out the Jew, but gained Christ. For the Church shut out the Synagogue, and why is it now attempted, that, with the servant of Christ, that is, from the breast of faith, and abode of Christ, the Synagogue should shut out the Church.

25. It is from affection and regard for your Majesty, that I have introduced these things into my pleading. The beneficence which has led you, at my request, to liberate many persons from exile, from prison, from the extreme penalties of death, obliges me to incur the danger of offending you for the sake of your own good, rather than lose in one moment that privilege of every Bishop which I have for so long possessed. For no man can feel greater confidence than he who zealously loves, no man certainly ought to injure him who is careful for his well-being. And yet it is not the loss of favour I deprecate, but the danger to salvation.

26. Yet how important it is that your Majesty should not think of enquiry or punishment in a matter with regard to which no one up to this time has ever held enquiry or inflicted punishment! It is a grievous thing to hazard your faith for the sake of Jews. When Gideon killed the consecrated calf, the Gentiles  04-35  35. h S. Ambrose is quoting from memory and slightly varies the facts from the narrative in book of Judges. said, Let the gods themselves avenge this affront towards them. Who is to avenge the Synagogue? Christ Whom they slew, Whom they denied? Or will God the Father avenge them, seeing that by rejecting the Son they have rejected the Father also. Who is to avenge the heresy of the Valentinians? how will your Piety be able to avenge them, seeing that you have commanded them to be shut out, and forbidden them to meet together? And should I bring forward to you the example of King Josiah as approved of God, will you condemn in this case that for which he is praised.

27. But if you do not place sufficient confidence in me, let your Majesty command the presence of those bishops whom you do approve, and let the question be discussed, what ought to be done so as not to injure the Faith. If in financial matters you consult your Courts, how much more fitting is it that in the cause of religion you should consult the Bishops of the Lord?

28. Let your Clemency consider what dangerous spies and liers in wait the Church has against her, if they find ever so small an opening they will plant a dart therein. I speak after the manner of men; but God is feared more than men, and is rightly preferred to Emperors themselves. If any man thinks obedience should be paid to a friend, a parent, or a neighbour, am I wrong in deeming that God should be obeyed, and that in preference to all others. Let your Majesty consult for your own well-being, or suffer me to consult for mine.

29. What shall I hereafter answer, if it shall appear that by an edict issued from hence Christians have been slain by the sword, or beaten to death with clubs or thongs loaded with lead? How shall I justify such an act, how shall I excuse it to those Bishops who having discharged the office of the priesthood for thirty years, nay for many more, have now bitterly to bewail, being deprived of their sacred functions and called to undertake municipal offices. If  04-36  36. i See a learned note in Newman's Fleury vol. 1 p. 162, on the exemption of the Clergy from municipal offices, compare also letter xviii. 14, and the note there. those who fight for you are set free after a certain period of service, how much more ought you to consider those who fight for God! How I repeat, shall I defend this to the Bishops who complain in behalf of the clergy, and write word that the Churches are overborne by violent oppression.

30. This however I desired should be made known to your Majesty; about this you will deign to deliberate and direct according to your will; but as to that which distresses and rightly distresses myself, exclude and reject it from your consideration. You do yourself whatsoever you have commanded to be done; even if he  ^{04-37  37. k i. e. the Count of the East.} do it not, I would rather that you should be merciful than that he should refuse to do what he has been commanded.

31. Here are persons in dealing with whom you ought still to invite and earn the Clemency of God towards the Roman empire; here are persons for whom rather than for yourself you have to hope; let their grace, their well-being, appeal to you in what I now say. I fear your entrusting your cause to the judgement of others. As yet you are committed to nothing. Herein I will pledge myself for you to our God, fear not your oath. That change cannot be displeasing to God which is made for His honour. You have no need to alter your former letter whether it be yet dispatched or not, but command another to be written which shall be replete with faith and piety. It is open to you to change, it is not open to me to keep back the truth.

32. You have forgiven the people of Antioch  04-38  38. l This refers to the famous sedition at Antioch, when the mob, enraged at the imposition of new taxes, overthrew the Emperor's statues, and dragged them through the eity. After a period of suspense, during which S. Chrysostom preached the Homilies on the Statues, Theodosius, who had at first been violently enraged, sent them a free pardon. This was in the previous year. their offence against you, you have recalled the daughters of your enemy  04-39  39. m i. e. of Maximus. , you have committed them to be nurtured by their relative, you have bestowed money from your treasury on the mother of your enemy. This great piety, this great faith towards God will be obscured by your present act. Having thus spared your armed foes, and preserved your enemies, do not, I beseech you, so eagerly seek for vengeance upon Christians.

33. And now I entreat your Majesty not to disdain to listen to my fears both for yourself and myself; for it is the saying of an holy man,  Woe is me, wherefore was I born to see this misery of my people? is it that I should incur the risk of offending God? Assuredly I have done what is most respectful to you: I have sought that you should listen to me in the palace, that you might not have to listen to me in the Church.

[Footnotes moved to the end and numbered]

EPISTOLA XL.

 1101B  Ab imperatore audiri se postulat, affirmans in principe laudari facilitatem; tacere se sine utriusque periculo non posse; nec regibus displicere libertatem; illum vero, quamvis pius sit, decipi posse; sententiam de synagoga reparanda esse periculosam, cum episcopum martyrio vel praevaricationi exponat. In hanc rem exemplo Juliani proposito, rescripti causae refelluntur, maxime quod Judaei plures usserint ecclesias. Hinc agitur de Valentinianorum, qui gentilibus pejores declarantur, fano, ac donariis, quae dicebantur sublata, extenuatis, januam ad calumnias Judaeis aperiri, triumphumque de Christo dari demonstratur. Hac de   re allegorica instituitur Domini expostulatio; postquam deterretur Maximi exemplo Theodosius, neve Judaeos aut haereticos ulcisci velit, admonitus,   1101C  denuo stimulatur ad clementiam. 

Clementissimo principi, ac beatissimo imperatori THEODOSIO augusto AMBROSIUS episcopus.

1. Exercitus semper jugibus fere curis sum, Imperator beatissime: sed numquam tanto in aestu fui, quanto nunc; cum video cavendum ne quid sit, quod ascribatur mihi etiam de sacrilegii periculo. Itaque peto ut patienter sermonem meum audias. Nam si indignus sum, qui a te audiar; indignus sum, qui pro te offeram, cui tua vota, cui tuas committas preces. Ipse ergo non audies eum, quem pro te audiri velis? Non audies pro se agentem, quem pro aliis audisti? Nec vereris judicium tuum, ne cum indignum putaris, quem audias, indignum feceris, qui pro te audiatur?

 1101D 2. Sed neque imperiale est libertatem dicendi denegare, neque sacerdotale, quod sentias, non dicere. Nihil enim in vobis imperatoribus tam populare et tam amabile est, quam libertatem etiam in iis  1102A diligere, qui obsequio militiae vobis subditi sunt. Siquidem hoc interest inter bonos et malos principes, quod boni libertatem amant, servitutem improbi. Nihil etiam in sacerdote tam periculosum apud Deum, tam turpe apud homines, quam quod sentiat, non libere denuntiare. Siquidem scriptum est:  Et loquebar in testimoniis tuis in conspectu regum, et non confundebar (Psal. CXVIII, 46); et alibi:  Fili hominis, speculatorem te posui domui Israel, in eo, inquit,  ut si avertatur justus a justitiis suis, et fecerit delictum; quia non distinxisti ei, hoc est, non dixisti quid sit cavendum,  non retinebitur memoria justitiae ejus, et sanguinem ejus de manu tua exquiram. Tu autem  si distinxeris justo, ut non 947  peccet, et ipse non peccaverit, justus vita vivet; quia dixisti ei: et tu animam tuam liberabis (Ezech. III, 17-19).

 1102B 3. Malo igitur, Imperator, bonorum mihi esse tecum, quam malorum consortium; et ideo clementiae tuae displicere debet sacerdotis silentium, libertas placere. Nam silentii mei periculo involveris, libertatis bono juvaris. Non ergo importunus indebitis me intersero, alienis ingero: sed debitis obtempero, mandatis Dei nostri obedio. Quod facio primum tui amore, tui gratia, tuae studio conservandae salutis. Si id mihi vel non creditur, vel interdicitur: dico sane divinae offensae metu. Nam si meum periculum te exueret, patienter me pro te offerrem, sed non libenter; malo enim te sine meo acceptum Deo esse et gloriosum periculo. Sin autem silentii mei dissimulationisque culpa et me ingravat, nec te liberat;  1102C malo importuniorem me, quam inutiliorem aut turpiorem judices. Siquidem scriptum est, dicente sancto apostolo Paulo, cujus non potes doctrinam refellere:  Insta opportune, importune; argue, obsecra, increpa in omni patientia et doctrina (II Tim. IV, 2).

4. Habemus ergo et nos cui displicere plus periculi sit; praesertim cum etiam imperatoribus non displiceat suo quemque fungi munere, et patienter audiatis unumquemque pro suo suggerentem officio; immo corripiatis, si non utatur militiae suae ordine. Quod ergo in iis libenter accipitis, qui vobis militant, num hoc in sacerdotibus potest molestum videri; cum id loquamur, non quod volumus, sed quod jubemur? Scis enim lectum:  Cum stabitis ante reges et  1102D  praesides, nolite cogitare  quid loquamini; dabitur enim vobis in illa hora quid loquamini: non enim vos estis qui loquimini, sed Spiritus Patris vestri, qui loquitur in vobis  (Matth. X, 19, 20). Et tamen si in causis  1103A reipublicae loquar, quamvis etiam illic justitia servanda sit, non tanto astringar metu, si non audiar; in causa vero Dei quem audies, si sacerdotem non audias, cujus majore peccatur periculo? Quis tibi verum audebit dicere, si sacerdos non audeat?

5. Novi te pium, clementem, mitem, atque tranquillum, fidem ac timorem Domini cordi 948 habentem: sed plerumque aliqua nos fallunt. Habent aliqui zelum Dei, sed non secundum scientiam (Rom. X, 2). Ne igitur hoc etiam fidelibus animis obrepat, cavendum arbitror. Novi pietatem tuam erga Deum, lenitatem in homines: obligatus sum beneficiis tuarum indulgentiarum. Et ideo plus metuo, amplius sollicitor; ne etiam ipse tuo me postea judicio condemnes, quod mea aut dissimulatione aut adulatione  1103B prolapsionem non evitaveris. Si in me peccari viderem, non deberem tacere; scriptum est enim: Si frater tuus in te peccaverit, corripe illum primo, deinde increpa, duobus aut tribus testibus (Matth. XVIII, 15 et seq.). Si te non audierit, dic Ecclesiae. Causam ergo Dei tacebo? Quid igitur sit, quod metuam consideremus.

6. Relatum est a comite orientis militarium partium incensam esse synagogam, idque auctore factum episcopo. Jussisti vindicari in caeteros, synagogam ab ipso exaedificari episcopo. Non astruo exspectandam fuisse assertionem episcopi; sacerdotes enim turbarum moderatores sunt, studiosi pacis, nisi cum et ipsi moventur injuria Dei, aut Ecclesiae contumelia. Sit alioquin iste episcopus ferventior in exustione  1103C synagogae, timidior in judicio: non vereris, imperator,  1104A ne acquiescat sententiae tuae; ne praevaricetur, non times?

7. Non etiam vereris, quod futurum est; ne verbis resistat comiti tuo? Necesse erit igitur ut aut praevaricatorem aut martyrem faciat: utrumque alienum temporibus tuis, utrumque persecutionis instar, si aut praevaricari cogatur, aut subire martyrium. Vides quo inclinet causae exitus. Si fortem episcopum putas, caveto martyrium fortioris: si inconstantem, declina lapsum fragilioris: plus enim astringitur, qui labi infirmum coegerit.

8. Hac proposita conditione, puto dicturum episcopum quod ipse ignes sparserit, turbas compulerit, populos conduxerit; ne amittat occasionem martyrii, et pro invalidis subjiciat validiorem. O beatum  1104B mendacium, quo acquiritur sibi aliorum absolutio, sui gratia! Hoc est, imperator, quod poposci et ego; ut in me 949 magis vindicares: et si hoc crimen putares, mihi ascriberes. Quid mandas in absentes judicium? Habes praesentem, habes confitentem reum. Proclamo quod ego synagogam incenderim, certe quod ego illis mandaverim; ne esset locus in quo Christus negaretur. Si objiciatur mihi, cur hic non incenderim? Divino jam cremari coepit judicio: meum cessavit opus. Et si verum quaeritur, ideo segnior fui, quia non putabam hoc vindicandum. Quid facerem, quod nullo ultore sine praemio foret? Tangunt haec verecundiam, sed revocant gratiam; ne fiat quo Dei summi contrahatur offensio.

9. Esto tamen, nemo episcopum ad hoc munus  1104C conveniat; rogavi enim clementiam tuam: et licet  1105A ipse hoc revocatum adhuc non legerim, revocatum tamen constituamus. Quid si alii timidiores, dum mortem reformidant, offerant ut de suis facultatibus reparetur synagoga; aut comes ubi hoc compererit primo constitutum, ipse de christianorum censu exaedificari jubeat? Habebis, imperator, comitem praevaricatorem, et huic vexilla committes victricia, huic labarum, hoc est, Christi sacratum nomine, qui synagogam instauret, quae Christum nesciat? Jube labarum synagogae inferri, videamus si non resistunt.

10. Erit igitur locus Judaeorum perfidiae factus de exuviis Ecclesiae: et patrimonium, quod favore Christi acquisitum est christianis, hoc transferetur ad donaria perfidorum? Legimus templa idolis antiquitus  1105B condita de manubiis Cimbrorum, de spoliis reliquorum hostium. Hunc titulum Judaei in fronte synagogae suae scribent: Templum impietatis factum de manubiis christianorum.

11. Sed disciplinae te ratio, imperator, movet. Quid igitur est amplius? disciplinae species, an causa religionis? Cedat oportet censura devotioni.

12. Non audisti, imperator, quia cum jussisset Julianus reparari templum Hierosolymis, divino, qui faciebant repurgium, igne flagrarunt? Non caves ne etiam nunc fiat? Adeo a te non fuit jubendum, ut Julianus hoc jusserit!

950 13. Quid tamen movet? Utrum quia quodcumque aedificium publicum exustum est, an quia synagogae locus? Si aedificio incenso moveris vilissimo  1105C (quid enim in tam ignobili castro esse potuit), non recordaris, imperator, quantorum Romae domus  1106A praefectorum incensae sint, et nemo vindicavit? Immo si quis imperatorum voluit factum severius reprehendere, ejus magis qui tanto est perculsus dispendio, causam gravavit. Quid igitur dignius, ut Callinici castri in parte aliqua aedificiorum incendium, an urbis Romae vindicandum aestimaretur, si oporteret tamen? Constantinopoli dudum domus episcopi incensa est, et filius clementiae tuae intercessit apud patrem; ut et suam, hoc est, filii imperatoris injuriam, et domus sacerdotalis incendium non vindicares. Non consideras, Imperator, ne et hoc cum vindicari jusseris, ipse iterum interveniat, ne vindicetur? Sed bene illud acquisitum est a patre filio; dignum erat enim, ut suam injuriam prius ipse donaret. Bene illud cum gratiae distinctione divisum est, ut  1106B et filius pro sua, et pater pro filii injuria rogaretur. Hinc nihil est quod filio reserves, et vide ne quid Deo deroges.

14. Non est ergo causa tantae commotioni idonea; ut propter aedificii exustionem in populum tam severe vindicetur: multo autem minus quia synagoga incensa est, perfidiae locus, impietatis domus, amentiae receptaculum, quod Deus damnavit ipse. Sic enim legimus per os Hieremiae, dicente Domino Deo nostro:  Et faciam domui, ubi invocatum est nomen meum super ipsam, in qua confiditis vos, et loco quem dedi vobis et patribus vestris,  sicut feci Selon: et projiciam vos a facie mea, sicut projeci fratres vestros omne semen Ephraem. Et tu noli orare pro populo isto, et noli postulare illis misericordiam, et neque accesseris ad me   1106C  pro illis: quia non exaudiam te. Aut non vides quid isti faciunt in civitatibus Juda (Jerem. VII, 14 et seq.)?  1107A Deus se pro illis prohibet rogari, quos tu vindicandos putas.

15. At certe si jure gentium agerem, dicerem quantas Ecclesiae basilicas Judaei tempore imperii Juliani incenderint. Duas Damasci, quarum una vix reparata est, sed Ecclesiae, non 951 synagogae impendiis: altera basilica informibus horret ruinis. Incensae sunt basilicae Gazis, Ascalonae, Beryto, et illis fere locis omnibus, et vindictam nemo quaesivit. Incensa est basilica et Alexandriae a gentilibus et Judaeis, quae sola praestabat caeteris. Ecclesia non vindicata est, vindicabitur synagoga?

16. Vindicabitur etiam Valentinianorum fanum incensum? Quid est enim nisi fanum, in quo est conventus gentilium? Licet gentiles duodecim deos  1107B appellent, isti triginta et duos Aeonas colant, quos appellant deos. Nam et de ipsis comperi relatum et praeceptum, ut in monachos vindicaretur, qui prohibentibus iter Valentinianis, quo psalmos canentes ex consuetudine usuque veteri pergebant ad celebritatem Machabaeorum martyrum, moti insolentia incenderunt fanum eorum in quodam rurali vico tumultuarie conditum.

17. Quanti se offerre habent tali optioni; cum meminerint tempore Juliani illum, qui aram dejecit, et turbavit sacrificium, damnatum a judice fecisse martyrium? Itaque numquam alias ille judex, qui audivit eum, nisi persecutor habitus est; nemo illum congressu, nemo illum umquam osculo dignum putavit. Qui nisi jam esset defunctus, timerem, Imperator,  1107C ne in eum tu vindicares, quamquam vindictam coelestem non evaserit, suo superstes haeredi.

18. Sed refertur cognitionem mandatam judici, scriptumque eo quod non referre debuerit, sed vindicare: requirenda quoque sublata donaria. Omittam alia: incensae sunt a Judaeis Ecclesiarum  1108A basilicae, et nihil redditum est, nihil repetitum, nihil quaesitum. Quid autem habere potuit synagoga in castro ultimo; cum totum quidquid illic est, non multum sit, nihil pretiosum, nihil copiosum? Quid deinde incendio potuit rapi Judaeis insidiantibus? Artes istae sunt Judaeorum volentium calumniari; ut dum ista queruntur, mandetur extra ordinem militaris censura judicii, mittatur miles fortasse dicturus quod hic aliquando ante tuum, Imperator, dixit adventum: Quomodo poterit nos Christus juvare, qui pro Judaeis adversus Christum militamus? qui mittimur ad vindictam Judaeorum? Suos perdiderunt exercitus, nostros volunt perdere.

952 19. In quas praeterea non prosiliant calumnias, qui etiam Christo falsis testimoniis calumniati  1108B sunt? In quas non prosiliant calumnias homines et circa divina mendaces? Quos non auctores seditionis fuisse dicant? Quos non appetant, etiam quos non recognoscant; ut catenatorum ordines innumeros spectent de christiano populo, ut captiva videant colla plebis fidelis, ut condantur in tenebras Dei servuli, ut feriantur securibus, dentur ignibus, tradantur metallis, ne poena cito transeat?

20. Hunc dabis triumphum Judaeis de Ecclesia Dei? hoc tropaeum de Christi populo? haec gaudia, Imperator, perfidis? hanc celebritatem Synagogae, hos luctus Ecclesiae? Referet Judaeorum populus hanc solemnitatem in dies festos suos; et inter illos profecto numerabit, quibus aut de Amorrhaeis, aut de Chananaeis triumphavit, aut de Pharao rege Aegypti,  1108C aut de Nabuchodonosor regis Babyloniae manu liberari potuit. Addet hanc celebritatem, significans se de Christi populo triumphum egisse.

21. Et cum ipsi Romanis legibus teneri se negent, ita ut crimina leges putent; nunc velut Romanis legibus se vindicandos putant. Ubi erant istae leges,  1109A cum incenderent ipsi sacratarum basilicarum culmina? Si Julianus non est ultus Ecclesiam; quia praevaricator erat: tu, Imperator, ulcisceris synagogae injuriam, quia christianus es?

22. Et quid tecum posthac Christus loquetur? Non recordaris quid David sancto per Nathan prophetam mandaverit (II Reg. VII, 8 et seq.)? Ego te de fratribus tuis minorem elegi, et de privato imperatorem feci. Ego de fructu seminis tui in sede imperiali locavi. Ego tibi subjeci nationes barbaras, ego tibi pacem dedi, ego tibi inimicum tuum in potestatem tuam captivum deduxi. Frumentum non habebas ad exercitus alimoniam, ipsorum hostium manu patefeci tibi portas, aperui horrea: dederunt tibi hostes tui commeatus suos, quos sibi paraverant. Ego perturbavi  1109B hostis tui consilia, ut se ipse nudaret. Ego ipsum usurpatorem imperii ita vinxi, ac mentem ejus ligavi, ut cum haberet adhuc fugiendi copiam, tamen cum omnibus suis tamquam metuens, ne quis tibi periret, ipse se clauderet. Ego comitem ejus atque exercitum ex 953 altera parte naturae, quos ante disperseram, ne ad belli societatem coirent, ad supplementum tibi victoriae congregavi. Ego exercitum tuum ex multis indomitis convenam nationibus, quasi unius gentis fidem et tranquillitatem et concordiam servare praecepi. Ego cum periculum summum esset ne Alpes infida barbarorum penetrarent consilia, intra ipsum Alpium vallum victoriam tibi contuli, ut sine damno vinceres. Ego ergo te triumphare feci de inimico tuo, et tu de plebe  1109C mea das meis inimicis triumphum.

23. Nonne propterea Maximus destitutus est, qui ante ipsos expeditionis dies, cum audisset Romae synagogam incensam, edictum Romam miserat, quasi vindex disciplinae publicae? Unde populus christianus ait: Nihil boni huic imminet. Rex iste Judaeus factus est: defensorem istum disciplinae audivimus, quem mox Christus probavit, qui pro peccatoribus mortuus est (Rom. V, 6). Si de sermone hoc dictum est, quid de ultione dicetur? Ille  1110A igitur statim a Francis, a Saxonum gente, in Sicilia, Sisciae, Petavione: ubique denique terrarum victus est. Quid pio commune cum perfido? Abolenda cum impio sunt etiam impietatis exempla. Quod illi nocuit, quo victus offendit; hoc non sequi debet, sed damnare, qui vicit.

24. Itaque illa tibi non quasi ingrato recensui, sed quasi jure collata numeravi; ut his admonitus, cui plus collatum est, plus diligas. Denique hoc respondenti Simoni dixit Dominus Jesus:  Recte judicasti (Luc. VII, 44). Statimque conversus ad mulierem quae pedes ejus unguento unxit, typum Ecclesiae gerens, ait Simoni:  Propter quod dico tibi: remissa sunt peccata ejus multa, quoniam dilexit multum. Cui autem minus dimittitur, minus diligit (Ibid., 47). Haec  1110B est mulier quae in domum Pharisaei intravit, et ejecit Judaeum, Christum autem acquisivit. Ecclesia enim Synagogam exclusit: cur iterum tentatur, ut apud Christi famulum, hoc est, de pectore fidei, de domo Christi Synagoga excludat Ecclesiam?

25. Haec ego, Imperator, amore et studio tui in hunc sermonem contuli. Debeo enim beneficiis tuis, quibus me petente, liberasti plurimos de exsiliis, de carceribus, de ultimae necis poenis; 954 ut malle debeam pro salute tua etiam offensionem tui animi non timere (nemo majore fiducia utitur, quam qui ex affectu diligit: nemo certe debet laedere, qui sibi consulit) ne tot annorum conceptam cujuscumque sacerdotis gratiam uno momento amittam. Et tamen non damnum gratiae deprecor, sed salutis periculum.

 1110C 26. Quamquam quantum est, Imperator, ut quaerendum aut vindicandum non putes, quod in hunc diem nemo quaesivit, nemo umquam vindicavit? Grave est fidem tuam pro Judaeis periclitari. Gedeon cum occidisset sacratum vitulum (Judic. VI, 31), dixerunt gentiles: Dii ipsi injuriam suam vindicent. Quis habet Synagogam vindicare? Christus quem occiderunt, quem negaverunt? An Deus Pater vindicabit eos, qui nec Patrem recipiunt, dum Filium non receperunt? Quis habet Valentinianorum haeresim  1111A vindicare: quam pietas tua quomodo vindicat, cum eos excludi jusserit, nec conveniendi usurpare copiam (IV Reg. XXII, 2)? Si Josiam tibi objiciam regem Deo probatum, hoc in istis damnabis, quod in illo probatum est.

27. Certe si mihi parum fidei defertur, jube adesse quos putaveris episcopos: tractetur, Imperator, quid salva fide agi debeat. Si de causis pecuniariis comites tuos consulis, quanto magis in causa religionis sacerdotes Domini aequum est consulas!

28. Consideret clementia tua quantos insidiatores habeat Ecclesia, quantos exploratores: levem rimam si offenderint, figent aculeum. Secundum homines loquor: caeterum plus hominibus Deus timetur, qui etiam imperatoribus jure praefertur.  1111B Si amico aliquis, si parenti aut propinquo deferendum existimat, recte ego et deferendum Deo, et eum praeferendum omnibus judicavi. Consule tibi, Imperator, aut patere me consulere mihi.

29. Quid respondebo postea, si compertum fuerit, data hinc auctoritate, aliquos christianorum aut gladio, aut fustibus, aut plumbeis necatos? Quomodo hoc purgabo factum? Quomodo excusabo apud episcopos, qui nunc quia per triginta et innumeros annos presbyteri quidam 955 gradu functi, vel ministri Ecclesiae retrahuntur a munere sacro, et curiae deputantur, graviter gemunt? Nam si qui vobis militant, certo militiae tempore servantur; quanto magis etiam eos considerare debetis, qui Deo militant! Quomodo, inquam, hoc excusabo apud  1111C episcopos, qui queruntur de clericis, et impressione gravi vastari scribunt ecclesias?

 1112A 30. Hoc tamen in notitiam clementiae tuae pervenire volui; de hoc, ut placet, arbitrio tuo consulere et temperare dignaberis: illud autem quod me angit, et jure angit, exclude atque ejice. Ipse facis, quidquid fieri jussisti: aut si ille facturus non est, malo te magis esse clementem, quam illum non fecisse, quod jussus est.

31. Habes in quibus Domini adhuc debes circa imperium Romanum invitare et emereri clementiam; habes quibus amplius, quam tibi speres: illorum gratia, illorum salus te in hoc sermone conveniat. Timeo ne causam tuam alieno committas judicio. Integra adhuc tibi sunt omnia. In hoc me ego Deo nostro pro te obligo, nec verearis sacramentum. Numquid Deo displicere poterit quod pro  1112B ejus emendatur honorificentia? Nihil mutaveris certe in illa epistola, sive missa, sive nondum missa est: dictari jube aliam, quae plena fidei, plena pietatis sit. Tibi integrum est emendare, mihi non est integrum dissimulare.

32. Antiochenis tuam donasti injuriam, inimici tui filias revocasti, nutriendas apud affinem dedisti, matri hostis tui misisti de aerario tuo sumptus. Haec tanta pietas, tanta erga Deum fides hoc facto obfuscabitur. Tu igitur qui armatis pepercisti hostibus, et servasti inimicos tuos; ne, quaeso, tanto studio putes vindicandum in christianos.

33. Nunc te, Imperator, rogo, ut non aspernanter acceperis me et pro te et pro me timentem; sancti enim vox est:  Ut quid factus sum videre contritionem  1112C  populi mei (I Mach. II, 7), ut offensam incurram Dei? Ego certe quod honorificentius fieri  1113A potuit, feci; ut me magis audires in regia, ne, si necesse esset, audires in Ecclesia.