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conjectural, who by accident speak the truth in some things, but in most things they err. Another prophecy is natural, as that through irrational animals; for swallows and ants and cranes and sea urchins and kingfishers naturally perceive it when winter is approaching. Another is artificial, as that seen among physicians and pilots, which has been renamed conjecture rather than prophecy. And besides these, the popular and common one, as when someone says that in three days it will be winter, that from a contentious 1.65 soul hatred often arises, and from hatred, when strife arises and grows strong, bitter jealousy is born, and from envy hidden envy attacks, and from this, terrible anger is kindled, and from anger, wicked death emerges, unless, of course, it is checked by better providences. When Joseph was sold in Egypt to Potiphar, a eunuch, Pharaoh's chief cook, and was shut up in prison, it happened that the chief baker and the chief cupbearer, Pharaoh's eunuchs, were shut up in the same prison where Joseph also was. And when some days had passed, both saw dreams. The chief cupbearer saw a vine flourishing with shoots and putting forth ripe clusters of grapes, and three roots supporting it from below. "And I," he says, "thought I was pressing the grape into the cup and giving it into Pharaoh's hand." And Joseph says the three roots are yet three days, and Pharaoh will remember your office, and he will restore you to your former position as chief cupbearer. But remember me also, when it goes well with you, because having been falsely accused I have been condemned to this fortress. Upon this the chief baker also said, "I supposed I had on my head three baskets of a baker's bread, from which the king eats; and the birds of the sky came and ate them." And Joseph said, "Yet three days, and Pharaoh will take your head from you, and hanging on a tree, the birds will feast on you. 1.66 Therefore, according to the interpretation of Joseph, so it also came to pass. After this, when two years had passed, Pharaoh himself saw a dream. he thought he saw seven cows, beautiful in appearance and fat in flesh, coming up out of the river and feeding in the marsh grass, and seven other cows following the first ones, ugly in appearance and thin, which also ate the fat and choice ones. Then having woken up, and again dreaming a second time, the king seemed to see seven ears of grain coming up on one stalk, beautiful and choice, and after them seven others sprouting, blighted by the wind and thin, which devoured the choice and full ones. Seeing these things, Pharaoh was troubled, and there was no one to declare to him the interpretation. Therefore the chief cupbearer remembers Joseph, who, having been brought before him, says the seven good cows and the seven good ears are seven years of plenty; but as for the seven gaunt cows and the seven thin and empty ears, seven years of severe famine will follow, which will consume all the good things of the years of plenty. And the doubling of the dream indicates that it is true. and that it was doubled also through the ears of grain signifies that it is through the produce of the earth; which God will also hasten to do. So Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh; to whom he also gave the wife Asenath, daughter of the priest Potipherah, with whom he had also begotten two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. And when the famine had occurred for seven years 1.67, he acquired for the house of Pharaoh all the gold and cattle and land, but indeed also slaves from among the people; and in the seventh year, giving seed to all the land of Egypt, he made them allot the fifth part to the royal treasury. which practice prevails in Egypt even to this day, with only the priests being exempt; for he left only the priestly land tax-free. And the Egyptians, considering this a very great salvation and benefit, have adopted the practice of rendering a fifth to Pharaoh of all the fruits of their land up to this time. For seventeen years Jacob lived in

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στοχαστικοί, οἳ κατὰ συμβε βηκὸς ἀληθεύοντες ἔν τισιν ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις ἁμαρτάνουσιν. ἄλλη δὲ προφητεία φυσική, ὡς ἡ διὰ τῶν ἀλόγων· χελιδόνες γὰρ καὶ μύρμηκες καὶ γέρανοι ἐχῖνοί τε καὶ ἀλκυόνες χειμῶνος ἐπιόντος φυσικῶς ἐπαισθάνονται. ἄλλη δὲ τεχνητή, ὡς ἡ παρ' ἰατροῖς καὶ κυβερνήταις ὁρωμένη, ἥτις στοχασμὸς μᾶλλον ἢ προφητεία μετωνόμασται. καὶ παρὰ ταύτας ἡ δημώδης τε καὶ κοινή, ὡς ὅταν εἴπῃ τις ὅτι μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἔσται χειμών, ὅτι ἐκ φιλο 1.65 νεικίας ψυχῆς πολλάκις μῖσος ἐγείρεται, ἐκ τοῦ μίσους δὲ ἔριδος ἀνισταμένης καὶ κρατυνομένης ζῆλος ἐγένετο πικρός, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ φθόνος ἐνέσκηψε κρυπτός, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ὁ θυμὸς ἀνῆπται δεινός, ἐκ τοῦ θυμοῦ δὲ θάνατος ἀνακύπτει πονηρός, εἰ μὴ κρείττοσι δη λονότι προνοίαις ἀνακόπτοιτο. Ἐν τῷ πραθῆναι τὸν Ἰωσὴφ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ Πετεφρῇ εὐνούχῳ τῷ ἀρχιμαγείρῳ Φαραώ, καὶ ἐν δεσμωτηρίῳ ἐγκλεισθῆναι, συνέβη τὸν ἀρχισιτοποιὸν καὶ τὸν ἀρχιοινοχόον, τοὺς εὐνούχους Φαραώ, ἐγκλεισθῆναι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ἔνθα καὶ Ἰωσήφ. ἡμερῶν δὲ διελθουσῶν ἀμφότεροι εἶδον ἐνύπνια. ὁ μὲν ἀρχιοινοχόος ἄμ πελον εἶδε θάλλουσαν βλαστοῖς καὶ πεπείρους βότρυας σταφυλῆς προβάλλουσαν, τρεῖς δὲ ταύτην ὑπέχουσαν κάτωθεν πυθμένας. "ἐγὼ δέ" φησίν "ᾤμην τῷ ποτηρίῳ τὴν σταφυλὴν ἐκθλίβων εἰς τὴν χεῖρα διδόναι Φαραώ." καὶ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ τοὺς τρεῖς πυθμένας ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἔσεσθαι φησί, καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς σου μεμνήσεται ὁ Φαραώ, καὶ ἀποκαταστήσει σε εἰς τὴν προτέραν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν. ἀλλὰ μνήσθητι κἀμοῦ, ὅταν εὖ σοι γένηται, ὅτι μάτην διαβλη θεὶς τῷ ὀχυρώματι τούτῳ κατακέκριμαι. ἐπὶ τούτοις καὶ ὁ ἀρχι σιτοποιὸς ἔφη "τρία κανᾶ χονδριτῶν σιτοποιοῦ, ἐξ ὧν ἔργων ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐσθίει, ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς μου ἔχειν ὑπελάμβανον· καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐπιόντα κατήσθιεν αὐτά." καὶ ὁ Ἰωσήφ "ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι" ἔφη, "καὶ ἀφελεῖται Φαραὼ τὴν κεφαλήν σου ἀπό σου, καὶ ἐπὶ ξύλον κρεμάμενον τὰ ὄρνεά σε καταθοινήσονται. 1.66 κατὰ τὴν κρίσιν οὖν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ οὕτω καὶ ἐγένετο. μετὰ ταῦτα δύο ἐτῶν παρῳχημένων αὐτὸς ἐνύπνιον εἶδε Φαραώ. ἑπτὰ βόας καλὰς τῷ εἴδει καὶ ταῖς σαρξὶ λιπαράς, ἀναβαινούσας ἐκ τοῦ πο ταμοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἄχιν νεμομένας ᾤετο ὁρᾶν, ἄλλας δὲ ἑπτὰ βόας ἑπομένας ταῖς πρώταις, αἰσχρὰς τῷ εἴδει καὶ λεπτάς, αἳ καὶ κατέφαγον τὰς λιπαρὰς καὶ ἐκλεκτάς. εἶτα ἐγερθεὶς καὶ αὖθις δεύτερον ἐνυπνισθεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς ὁρᾶν ἐδόκει ἑπτὰ στάχυας ἐν ἑνὶ πυθμένι ἀνιέναι, καλοὺς καὶ ἐκλεκτούς, καὶ μετ' αὐτοὺς ἄλλους ἑπτὰ ἀναφύεσθαι ἀνεμοφθόρους καὶ λεπτούς, οἳ τοὺς ἐκλεκτοὺς καὶ πλήρεις κατέπιον. ταῦτα ἰδὼν Φαραὼ ἐταράχθη, καὶ ὁ ἀπαγγέλλων αὐτῷ τὴν σύγκρισιν οὐκ ἦν. ἀναμιμνήσκεται οὖν ὁ ἀρχιοινοχόος τοῦ Ἰωσήφ, ὃς καὶ παραστὰς τὰς μὲν ἑπτὰ βόας τὰς καλὰς καὶ τοὺς ἑπτὰ στάχυας τοὺς καλοὺς ἑπτὰ ἔτη εὐθηνίας εἶναι φησί, τὰς δὲ ἑπτὰ βόας τὰς ἰσχνὰς καὶ τοὺς ἑπτὰ στάχυας τοὺς λεπτοὺς καὶ κενούς, ἑπτὰ ἔτη λιμοῦ ἰσχυροῦ ἐπακολουθήσει, ἅπερ ἐξαναλώσει πάντα τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς εὐθηνίας. τὸ δὲ δευτερῶσαι τὸ ἐνύπνιον, ἀληθές ἐστι δηλοῖ. τὸ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῶν ἀσταχύων δευτερωθῆναι τὸ διὰ τῶν γεωργημάτων τῆς γῆς σημαί νει· ὅπερ καὶ ταχυνεῖ τοῦ ποιῆσαι ὁ θεός. ἦν μὲν οὖν ἐτῶν τριά κοντα ὁ Ἰωσήφ, ὅτε παρέστη τῷ Φαραώ· ᾧ καὶ γυναῖκα τὴν Ἀσενὲθ ἐδίδου, θυγατέρα τοῦ ἱερέως Πετεφρῆ, μεθ' ἧς καὶ δύο υἱοὺς ἐτετόκει, Μανασσῆν καὶ Ἐφραΐμ. τοῦ λιμοῦ δὲ ἐπὶ ἑπταετίᾳ 1.67 γενομένου πάντα μὲν χρυσὸν καὶ κτήνη καὶ γῆν, ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀνδράποδα τῷ οἴκῳ Φαραὼ εἰσεποιήσατο· ἐν δὲ τῷ ἑβδόμῳ ἐνιαυτῷ σπέρματα δοὺς πάσῃ τῇ γῇ Αἰγύπτου, τὸ πέμ πτον μέρος ἀποκληροῦν ἐποίησε τοῖς βασιλείοις. ὅπερ καὶ μέχρι τῆς νῦν κρατεῖ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, μόνων τῶν ἱερέων ὑπεξῃρημένων· τὴν ἱερατικὴν γὰρ γῆν ἀτελῆ καταλέλοιπε μόνην. οἱ δὲ Αἰγύπτιοι σωτηρίαν μεγίστην καὶ εὐεργεσίαν τοῦτο ἡγησάμενοι, ἄχρι τοῦ δεῦρο ἀποπεμπτοῦν παρειλήφασι τῷ Φαραὼ πάντας τοὺς καρ ποὺς τῆς γῆς αὐτῶν. Ἑπτακαίδεκα μὲν ἔτη ὁ Ἰακὼβ ἐπέζησεν ἐν