being in the middle of a word, the one beginning the middle syllable is aspirated, but the one ending the same [syllable] is unaspirated, for example *syrroia*, *epirroia*, and the like. And why when two Rhos are found, is the first unaspirated, but the 48 second aspirated? Because never does a word nor a syllable end in an aspirate, whence of *amphis* and *Atthis* and *Bakchos* the first [letters] are written with a smooth breathing, and not with a rough one, and for this reason the first is unaspirated, so that a syllable may not end in an aspirate, but the second is aspirated, since a Rho beginning any word is aspirated. And why, when the other consonants are neither unaspirated nor aspirated, is Rho alone both unaspirated and aspirated? Because Rho with unaspirated letters is unaspirated, and with aspirated letters, aspirated. From where is it shown that Rho is a vowel and not a consonant? From its need both to be aspirated and to be unaspirated, and that feminine nouns ending in A, having a pure A or one with Rho, keep it also in the genitive; but if they have a consonant before the A, they change it to Eta, *dipsa*, *dipses*; *doxa*, *doxes*. For this reason some say that Rho is a vowel, and not a consonant. And again from where is it clear, that Rho is a consonant and not a vowel? Because every vowel by itself completes a sound, but Rho without the Omega cannot by itself complete a sound, and because three vowels are never found in one syllable. If therefore we said Rho is a vowel, three vowels would be found in *rheuma* and *rhous* in one syllable, which is absurd. Therefore Rho is not a vowel, but a consonant. *Rhyo*, *rhyso*, the first aorist *errysa*, the second *erryon*, the passive *erryen*, *erryes*, *errye*, and the first future *rhyēsomai*, the second person *rhyēsē*, the third, *rhyēsetai*, and with the preposition *apo*, *aporryēsetai*. Why is the other Rho added? Because prepositions ending in a vowel, if they are compounded with another word beginning with Rho, an extra Rho is added, for example, *syrroia*, *katarroia*. And otherwise: Whichever of the parts of speech mean something by themselves, these when compounded with words beginning with Rho do not double and add another Rho, for example *chrysorrēmōn*, *chrysoreithron*, *theorrēmōn*, *theorēton*; but whichever do not have meaning [by themselves], but having been given meaning (have co-meaning), these when compounded with words beginning with Rho, double and add another Rho, for example *syrroia*, *epirroia*. How does the preposition *para* differ from *apo*? It differs, in that *para* is used for animate beings, but 49 *apo* for inanimate things, for example, from Athens. But many also use a preposition in place of a preposition. What is the property of a preposition? To be placed before and not after a noun and a verb, either in composition or in construction. In composition, for example *enoikos*, *eisodos*, *probainō*, *propheugō*; for these have the preposition in composition, and they receive one accent; but in construction, for example with me, along the road. *Aporryēsomai*, the O is short, why? Every verb ending in MAI, indicative, not passive for those in Ō, wants to have a short O before the M. PANTA, a noun of three genders, for example *ho pas*, *hē hapasa*, *to pan*. The rule: it must be observed that every neuter masculine (from a masculine) derivative has the declension of the masculine. The masculine *pas*, from where does it come? It is a primitive, and it does not have a derivation. What is a primitive? Being that which is first established, and not having a prior origin of its own generation, for example *pas*, *ho pas*. Of what kind? Of those falling under the collective noun. Define it. A collective is that which in the singular number is plural [in meaning], for example people, chorus, crowd. Concerning *pas* having a circumflex; the rule: Why do nouns of one gender in AS, declined with NT, take an acute accent, for example *Zas*, *Zantos*; *Pras*, *Prantos*; but if it were declined isosyllabically, they take a circumflex, for example *Thomas*, *Thoma*; *Loukas*, *Louka*; however, *pas* takes a circumflex, as differing in gender and being of three genders; *ho pas*, *tou pantos*. The rule: nouns of three genders in AS are declined with NT, whether they be nouns or participles; the genitive of the oblique cases, of all. The accent. Disyllabic plural nominatives in ES circumflex the genitives, of months, of geese, of old women. 9 have been noted: of whom, of all. ...

ο᾿´ντος ε᾿ν μέσῃ λέξει, τὸ μὲν α᾿´ρχον τῆς μέσης συλλαβῆς δασύνεται, τὸ δὲ ληκτικὸν τῆς αυ᾿τη῀ς ψιλοῦται, οι῾῀ον σύρροια, ε᾿πι´ρροια, καὶ τὰ ο῾´μοια. Καὶ διατί ἡνίκα εὑρεθῇ δύο ΡΡ, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ψιλοῦται, τὸ δὲ 48 δεύτερον δασύνεται; ∆ιότι ου᾿δε´ποτε ου᾿´τε λέξις ου᾿´τε συλ λαβὴ ει᾿ς δασὺ λήγει, ο῾´θεν τοῦ ἀπφὶς καὶἈτθὶς καὶ Βάκχος τὰ πρῶτα διὰ ψιλοῦ γραφόμενα, καὶ ου᾿ διὰ δασέως, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ψιλοῦται, ι῾´να μὴ συλλαβὴ ει᾿ς δασὺ λήγῃ, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον δασύνεται, ε᾿πεὶ τὸ Ρ πάσης λέξεως α᾿´ρχον δασύνεται. Καὶ διατί τῶν α᾿´λλων συμφώνων μήτε ψιλουμένων μήτε δασυνομένων τὸ Ρ μόνον καὶ ψιλοῦται καὶ δασύνεται; ∆ιότι τὸ Ρ μετὰ ψιλῶν ψιλόν ε᾿στι, καὶ μετὰ τῶν δασέων δασύ. Πόθεν δείκνυται τὸ Ρ φωνῆεν ει᾿῀ναι καὶ ου᾿ σύμφωνον;Ἐκ τοῦ δεῖν αυ᾿το` καὶ δασύνεσθαι καὶ ψιλοῦσθαι, καὶ ο῾´τι τὰ ει᾿ς Α λήγοντα θηλυκὰ καθαρὰ(ὸν) ε᾿´χοντα τὸ Α η᾿` μετὰ τοῦ Ρ φυλάττει αυ᾿το` καὶ ἐπὶ γενικῆς· ει᾿ δὲ σύμφωνον ε᾿´χουσι πρὸ τοῦ Α, τρέπουσιν αυ᾿το` ει᾿ς Η, δίψα δίψης, δόξα δόξης. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο λέγουσι τινὲς τὸ Ρ ει᾿῀ναι φωνῆεν, καὶ ου᾿ σύμφωνον. Καὶ πάλιν πόθεν δῆλον, ο῾´τι σύμφωνόν ε᾿στι τὸ Ρ καὶ ου᾿ φωνῆεν; ∆ιότι πᾶν φωνῆεν καθ' ἑαυτὸ φωνὴν α᾿πο τελεῖ, τὸ δὲ Ρ χωρὶς τοῦ Ω ου᾿ δύναται καθ' ἑαυτὸ φωνὴν α᾿ποτελεῖν, καὶ ο῾´τι ου᾿δε´ποτε ε᾿ν μιᾷ συλλαβῇ φωνήεντα τρία εὑρίσκεται. Ει᾿ ου᾿῀ν ει᾿´πομεν τὸ Ρ φωνῆεν, εὑρίσκονται ε᾿ν τῷ ῥεῦμα καὶ ῥοῦς τρία φωνήεντα ε᾿ν μιᾷ συλλαβῇ, ο῾´περ α᾿´τοπον. Ου᾿κ α᾿´ρα τὸ Ρ φωνῆεν ε᾿στὶν, α᾿λλὰ σύμφωνον. Ῥύω, ῥύσω, ὁ πρῶτος ε᾿´ρρυσα, ὁ δεύτερος ε᾿´ρρυον, ὁ παθη τικὸς ε᾿ρρύην, ε᾿ρρύης, ε᾿ρρύη, καὶ ὁ μέλλων πρῶτος ῥυήσομαι, τὸ δεύτερον ῥυήσῃ, τὸ τρίτον, ῥυήσεται, καὶ μετὰ τῆς α᾿πο` προθέσεως α᾿πορρυήσεται. ∆ιατί πλεονάζει καὶ τὸ ε῾´τερον Ρ; ∆ιότι αἱ ει᾿ς φωνῆεν λήγουσαι προθέσεις, ἐὰν συντεθῶσι μεθ' ἑτέρας λέξεως τῆς α᾿πο` τοῦ Ρ α᾿ρχομένης, πλεονάζει καὶ ε῾´τερον Ρ, οι῾῀ον, σύρροια, κατάρροια. Καὶ α᾿´λλως·Ὅσα τῶν μερῶν τοῦ λόγου καθ' ἑαυτὰ σημαίνει τι, ταῦτα συντιθέμενα ταῖς α᾿πο` τοῦ Ρ α᾿ρχομέναις λέξεσιν ου᾿ διπλασιάζει καὶ ε῾´τερον Ρ, οι῾῀ον χρυσο ρήμων, χρυσόρειθρον, θεορήμων, θεόρητον· ο῾´σα δὲ ου᾿ σημαίνει, α᾿λλὰ σεσημαινομένα (συσσημαίνει,) ταῦτα συντιθέμενα ταῖς α᾿πο` τοῦ Ρ α᾿ρχομέναις λέξεσι, διπλασιάζει καὶ ε῾´τερον Ρ, οι῾῀ον σύρροια, ε᾿πι´ρροια. Τί διαφέρει ἡ παρὰ πρόθεσις τῆς α᾿πο´; ∆ιαφέρει, ο῾´τι ἡ μὲν παρὰ ἐπὶ ἐμψύχων λαμβάνεται, ἡ δὲ 49 α᾿πο` ἐπὶ ἀψύχων, οι῾῀ον, α᾿π'Ἀθηνῶν. Πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ προ θέσει κέχρηνται α᾿ντὶ προθέσεως. Τί ἐστιν ι᾿´διον τῆς προ θέσεως; Τὸ προτίθεσθαι καὶ μὴ ὑποτίθεσθαι ο᾿νο´ματι καὶ ῥήματι, η᾿` κατὰ σύνθεσιν η᾿` κατὰ σύνταξιν. Κατὰ σύνθεσιν μὲν, οι῾῀ον ε᾿´νοικος, ει᾿´σοδος, προβαίνω, προφεύγω· ταῦτα γὰρ ε᾿ν συνθέσει τὴν πρόθεσιν ε᾿´χει, καὶ ε῾´να τόνον δέχονται· ε᾿ν συντάξει δὲ, οι῾῀ον σὺν ε᾿μοὶ, καθ' ὁδόν.Ἀπορρυήσομαι, τὸ ΣΟ μικρὸν, διατί; Πᾶν ῥῆμα ει᾿ς ΜΑΙ λῆγον, ὁριστικὸν, α᾿παθὲς ε᾿πι` τῶν ει᾿ς Ω, πρὸ τοῦ Μ τὸ Ο μικρὸν θέλει ε᾿´χειν. ΠΆΝΤΑ, ο᾿´νομα τριγενὲς, οι῾῀ον ὁ πᾶς, ἡ α῾´πασα, τὸ πᾶν.Ὁ κανών· παρατηρητέον, ο῾´τι πᾶν ου᾿δε´τερον α᾿ρσενικὸν (α᾿πο` ἀρσε νικοῦ) παρεσχηματισμένον τοῦ ἀρσενικοῦ ε᾿´χει τὴν κλίσινὉ πᾶς α᾿ρσενικὸν πόθεν γίνεται; Πρωτότυπόν ε᾿στι, καὶ παραγω γὴν ου᾿κ ε᾿´χει. Τί ἐστι πρωτότυπον; Τὸ πρωτόθετον ὑπάρχον, καὶ μὴ ε᾿´χον προκάταρξιν τῆς ἑαυτοῦ γεννήσεως, οι῾῀ον πᾶς, ὁ πᾶς. Ποίου ει᾿´δους; Τῶν ὑποπεπτωκότων τῷ ὀνόματι περιληπτικοῦ. ∆ιόρισον. Περιληπτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τῷ ἑνικῷ α᾿ριθμῷ πληθυντικὸν, οι῾῀ον δῆμος, χορὸς, ο᾿´χλος. Ει᾿ς τὸν πᾶς περιεσπωμένον· ὁ κανών· ∆ιατί τὰ ει᾿ς ΑΣ μονογενῆ διὰ τοῦ Ν Τ κλινόμενα, ο᾿ξυ´νονται, οι῾῀ο Ζὰς Ζαντὸς, Πρὰς Πραντός· ει᾿ δὲ ἰσοσυλλάβως κλίνοιτο, περισπῶνται, οι῾῀ον Θωμᾶς Θωμᾶ, Λουκᾶς Λουκᾶ· τὸ μέντοι πᾶς περισπᾶται, ὡς διαλλάξαν κατὰ τὸ γένος καὶ ο᾿`ν τριγενές· ὁ πᾶς, τοῦ παντός.Ὁ κανών· τὰ ει᾿ς ΑΣ τριγενῆ διὰ τοῦ Ν Τ κλίνονται, ει᾿´τε ο᾿νο´ματα ει᾿´η, ει᾿´τε μετοχαί· ἡ γενικὴ τῶν πλαγιῶν, τῶν πάντων.Ὁ τόνος. Αἱ μὲν ει᾿ς ΕΣ δισύλλαβοι ευ᾿θεῖαι πληθυν τικαὶ περισπῶσι τὰς γενικὰς, μηνῶν, χηνῶν, γραῶν. Σεση μείωται θʹ· τίνων, πάντων. ...