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the young Valentinian, not yet having reached puberty. who, having been corrupted by his Arianizing mother Justina, agreed with the dogma of the Arians and opposed the orthodox. Therefore, when Maximus rose up against him and attempted a tyranny and prevailed in battles, he wrote to the emperor Theodosius about what had happened, asking for an alliance. And that one wrote back that he should not be surprised if the slave, having risen up, prevails over a master who rejects his own Lord and calls the creator, who is consubstantial and of equal honor with the Father, a creature and a slave. But going to his aid, he captured and killed Maximus, and also the general Andragathius, who had treacherously murdered Gratian. Then again Eugenius rose up against the young Valentinian and attempted a tyranny. Therefore Valentinian, becoming afraid, removed himself from life by hanging. And when Theodosius learned of the tyranny of Eugenius, he marched out against him. And having come to Thessalonica with the army, he was insulted 86 by the Thessalonians, and the prefect was murdered, when the populace rioted for certain reasons. At that time, therefore, the emperor seemed to bear the commotion of the people with forbearance; but after this he proclaimed a horse race and when the people had gathered at the theater, he surrounded them with his troops and they shot the people with arrows and javelins, so that as many as fifteen thousand of them died. And so Theodosius, having satisfied his anger, departed from there and arrived at the city of Milan. where he was also rebuked by the great Ambrose and was not permitted to enter the church. And he did not grant him entrance into the divine precinct before he established a law that death sentences should not be carried out before thirty days had passed after the sentence. And he did this because of the emperor’s quickness to anger, so that during the thirty days, with his anger being calmed, he might examine the sentences dispassionately and ratify the lawful ones, but nullify those perhaps decreed out of wrath. And Theodosius, having engaged the ty87rant Eugenius in Gaul, defeats him, captures, and kills him. This emperor, when he was a private citizen, had a wife, Plakilla, who was pious, prudent, and a lover of the poor, from whom were born to him Honorius and Arcadius; whom he also made Augusta. After he became emperor, when she died, he married Galla, the daughter of Valentinian the Great. And when the emperor was away in the western parts, the Jews, having won over the prefect of the city, Honoratus, built a magnificent synagogue in the Chalcoprateia, with his permission; for he held the beliefs of the Greeks. But the populace of the city, indignant at this, reviled the prefect; and he held the insults of no account. Therefore, the people, not enduring it, set fire to the synagogue by night and burn it down. Therefore the prefect writes about this to the emperor Theodosius. And he imposes on those who dared the arson of the synagogue the cost of its rebuilding and allows it to be built 88 again. The great Ambrose, learning this, when the emperor was staying in the city of Milan and had come to the church during one of the Lord's festivals, began to say, "Why, O emperor, do you insult Him who made you emperor from a private citizen, and entrusted to you His own flock, which He acquired with His own blood, and crowned your formerly unadorned head, you yourself, by considering those who reject Him more honorable than those who have acknowledged Him, and by exacting penalties from Christians on behalf of Jews and forcing them in the midst of the city, in which Christ is preached and the cross is venerated, to build a synagogue for the Christ-killers?" And the emperor, shamed by the rebuke, said, "And shall we grant, O bishop, to disorderly and shameless mobs in well-ordered cities whatever they wish to do?" "But neither should this be granted, O emperor," the holy Ambrose retorted, "for the Jews to have synagogues in the midst

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νέος Οὐαλεντινιανός, μήπω δὲ πρόσηβος γεγονώς. ὃς ὑποφθαρεὶς παρὰ τῆς μητρὸς Ἰουστίνης ἀρειανιζούσης τῷ τῶν Ἀρειανῶν συνέθετο δόγματι καὶ τοῖς ὀρθοδόξοις ἀντέκειτο. ἐπαναστάντος οὖν αὐτῷ τοῦ Μαξίμου καὶ τυραννίδι ἐπιχειρήσαντος καὶ ἐν μάχαις ὑπερτερήσαντος ἔγραψε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Θεοδόσιον τὰ συμβάντα, συμμαχίαν αἰτούμενος. κἀκεῖνος μὴ δεῖν θαυμάζειν ἀντέγραψεν εἰ ὁ δοῦλος ὑπερτερεῖ δεσπότου κατεξαναστὰς τοῦ τὸν οἰκεῖον ἀθετοῦντος δεσπότην καὶ κτίσμα καὶ δοῦλον καλοῦντος τὸν κτίστην καὶ τῷ πατρὶ ὁμοούσιον καὶ ὁμότιμον. ἀπελθὼν δὲ εἰς συμμαχίαν αὐτοῦ τόν τε Μάξιμον συλλαβὼν ἀνεῖλε καὶ τὸν στρατηγὸν Ἀνδραγάθιον, ὃς ἐδολοφόνησε τὸν Γρατιανόν. Εἶτ' αὖθις Εὐγένιος ἐπανέστη κατὰ τοῦ νέου Οὐαλεντινιανοῦ καὶ τυραννίδι ἐπέθετο. φοβηθεὶς οὖν Οὐαλεντινιανὸς ἀγχόνῃ τοῦ βίου ἑαυτὸν ὑπεξήγαγε. καὶ μαθὼν τὴν Εὐγενίου τυραννίδα Θεοδόσιος ἐξεστράτευσε κατ' αὐτοῦ. καὶ εἰς Θεσσαλονίκην ἐλθὼν μετὰ τοῦ στρατεύματος ἐκεῖνος μὲν ὑβρίσθη 86 ὑπὸ τῶν Θεσσαλονικέων, ὁ δὲ ἔπαρχος ἐφονεύθη, στασιάσαντος τοῦ δήμου δι' αἰτίας τινάς. τότε μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ λαοῦ κινήσει ἔδοξεν ἀνεξικακῆσαι ὁ βασιλεύς· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἱππικὸν ἀγῶνα ἐκήρυξε καὶ τοῦ λαοῦ ἀθροισθέντος ἐπὶ τὸ θέατρον περιέστησεν αὐτοῖς τὰ στρατεύματα καὶ κατετόξευσαν τὸν δῆμον καὶ κατηκόντισαν, ὥστε θανεῖν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἄχρι τῶν πεντεκαίδεκα χιλιάδων. καὶ οὕτως ἐκπλήσας ὁ Θεοδόσιος τὸν θυμόν, ἐκεῖθεν ἀπάρας εἰς τὴν πόλιν τῶν Μεδιολάνων ἀφίκετο. ὅπου καὶ ἠλέγχθη παρὰ τοῦ μεγάλου Ἀμβροσίου καὶ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν οὐ συγκεχώρητο. καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἐφῆκεν αὐτῷ τὴν εἰς τὸ θεῖον τέμενος εἴσοδον, εἰ μὴ νόμον ἔθετο τὰς ψήφους τὰς φονικὰς μὴ πρότερον ἐκβιβάζεσθαι, πρὶν ἂν παρέλθοιεν μετὰ τὴν ψῆφον ἡμέραι τριάκοντα. τοῦτο δ' ἐποίησε διὰ τὸ τοῦ βασιλέως ὀξύρροπον εἰς θυμόν, ἵνα διὰ τῶν τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν τοῦ θυμοῦ καταστορεννυμένου ἀπαθῶς ἐπισκέπτηται τὰς ψήφους καὶ τὰς μὲν ἐννόμους κυροῖ, τῶν δὲ δι' ὀργὴν ἴσως ἐψηφισμένων ἀργίαν καταψηφίζηται. τῷ δὲ τυ87 ράννῳ Εὐγενίῳ συμμίξας ἐν ταῖς Γαλλίαις ὁ Θεοδόσιος νικᾷ τε αὐτὸν καὶ συλλαμβάνει καὶ ἀναιρεῖ. Οὗτος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἰδιωτεύων εἶχε γυναῖκα εὐσεβῆ καὶ σώφρονα καὶ φιλόπτωχον τὴν Πλακίλλαν, ἐξ ἧς αὐτῷ ἐγεννήθησαν Ὀνώριος καὶ Ἀρκάδιος· ἣν καὶ Αὐγούσταν ἐποίησε. μετὰ δὲ τὴν βασιλείαν θανούσης αὐτῆς ἔγημε Γάλλαν τὴν Οὐαλεντινιανοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου θυγατέρα. Ἀποδημοῦντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς τὰ ἑσπέρια οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν τῆς πόλεως ἔπαρχον Ὀνωράτον δεξιωσάμενοι κτίζουσι συναγωγὴν ἐν τοῖς Χαλκοπρατίοις πολυτελῆ, ἐκείνου παραχωρήσαντος· ἦν γὰρ τὰ Ἑλλήνων πρεσβεύων. ὁ δὲ τῆς πόλεως δῆμος ἀγανακτήσας ἐπὶ τούτῳ ἐβλασφήμει τὸν ἔπαρχον· καὶ ὃς ἐν οὐδενὶ λόγῳ τὰς βλασφημίας πεποίητο. μὴ φέρων οὖν ὁ λαὸς πῦρ ἐνίησι νυκτὸς τῇ συναγωγῇ καὶ ταύτην ἐμπίπρησι. γράφει οὖν περὶ τούτου τῷ βασιλεῖ Θεοδοσίῳ ὁ ἔπαρχος. κἀκεῖνος ἐπιτιμᾷ τοῖς τολμήσασι τὸν ἐμπρησμὸν τῆς συναγωγῆς ἔκτισιν τῶν ἀναλωμάτων τῶν εἰς αὐτὴν καὶ ἐφίησιν αὖθις κτι88 σθῆναι αὐτήν. τοῦτο μαθὼν ὁ μέγας Ἀμβρόσιος, τοῦ βασιλέως τῇ πόλει Μεδιολάνων ἐνδημοῦντος καὶ κατά τινα τῶν δεσποτικῶν ἑορτῶν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἀφικομένου, ἤρξατο λέγειν "ἵνα τί, βασιλεῦ, τὸν ἐξ ἰδιώτου σε βασιλέα ποιήσαντα καὶ τὴν οἰκείαν ἐγχειρίσαντα ποίμνην, ἣν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ ἐκτήσατο αἵματι, καὶ ταινιώσαντά σου τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐχμῶσαν πρῴην, αὐτὸς ὑβρίζεις, τοὺς ἀθετοῦντας αὐτὸν τῶν ἐπεγνωκότων προτιμοτέρους τιθέμενος καὶ δίκας εἰσπράττων ὑπὲρ Ἰουδαίων χριστιανοὺς καὶ βίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπάγων ἐν μέσῃ τῇ πόλει, ἐν ᾗ κηρύττεται ὁ Χριστὸς καὶ προσκυνεῖται σταυρός, συναγωγὴν οἰκοδομῆσαι τοῖς χριστοκτόνοις;" καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς πρὸς τὸν ἔλεγχον αἰδεσθεὶς ἔφη "καὶ δώσομεν, ὦ ἐπίσκοπε, τοῖς δήμοις ἀτάκτως καὶ ἀναιδῶς εὐνομουμέναις πόλεσιν ὅσα βούλονται δρᾶν;" "ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦτο δοτέον, ὦ βασιλεῦ," ὁ ἱερὸς Ἀμβρόσιος ἀντεπήνεγκε "τὸ συναγωγὰς ἔχειν τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἐν μέσῳ