Chapter XXI.

We must guard against anger, before it arises; if it has already arisen we must check and calm it, and if we cannot do this either, at least we should keep our tongue from abuse, so that our passions may be like boys’ quarrels. He relates what Archites said, and shows that David led the way in this matter, both in his actions and in his writings.

90. Let anger be guarded against.108    Cic. de Off. I. 25, § 89. If it cannot, however, be averted, let it be kept within bounds. For indignation is a terrible incentive to sin. It disorders the mind to such an extent as to leave no room for reason. The first thing, therefore, to aim at, if possible, is to make tranquillity of character our natural disposition by constant practice, by desire for better things, by fixed determination. But since passion is to a large extent implanted in our nature and character, so that it cannot be uprooted and avoided, it must be checked by reason, if, that is, it can be foreseen. And if the mind has already been filled with indignation before it could be foreseen or provided against in any way, we must consider how to conquer the passion of the mind, how to restrain our anger, that it may no more be so filled. Resist wrath, if possible; if not, give way, for it is written: “Give place to wrath.”109    Rom. xii. 19.

91. Jacob dutifully gave way to his brother when angry, and to Rebecca; that is to say, taught by counsels of patience, he preferred to go away and live in foreign lands, rather than to arouse his brother’s anger; and then to return only when he thought his brother was appeased.110    Gen. xxvii. 42. Thus it was that he found such great grace with God. With what offers of willing service, with what gifts, did he reconcile his brother to himself again, so that he should not remember the blessing which had been taken away from him, but should only remember the reparation now offered?111    Gen. xxxii. 3 ff.

92. If, then, anger has got the start, and has already taken possession of thy mind, and mounted into thy heart, forsake not thy ground. Thy ground is patience, it is wisdom, it is reason, it is the allaying of indignation. And if the stubbornness of thy opponent rouses thee, and his perverseness drives thee to indignation: if thou canst not calm thy mind, check at least thy tongue. For so it is written: “Keep thy tongue from evil, and thy lips that they speak no guile. Seek peace and pursue it.”112    Ps. xxxiv. [xxxiii.] 13, 14. See the peace of holy Jacob, how great it was! First, then, calm thy mind. If thou canst not do this, put a restraint upon thy tongue. Lastly, omit not to seek for reconciliation. These ideas the speakers of the world have borrowed from us, and have set down in their writings. But he who said it first has the credit of understanding its meaning.

93. Let us then avoid or at any rate check anger, so that we may not lose our share of praise, nor yet add to our list of sins. It is no light thing to calm one’s anger. It is no less difficult a thing than it is not to be roused at all. The one is an act of our own will, the other is an effect of nature. So quarrels among boys are harmless, and have more of a pleasant than a bitter character about them. And if boys quickly come to quarrel one with the other, they are easily calmed down again, and quickly come together with even greater friendliness. They do not know how to act deceitfully and artfully. Do not condemn these children, of whom the Lord says: “Except ye be converted and become as this child, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.”113    S. Matt. xviii. 3. So also the Lord Himself, Who is the Power of God, as a Boy, when He was reviled, reviled not again, when He was struck, struck not back.114    1 Pet. ii. 23. Set then thy mind on this—like a child never to keep an injury in mind, never to show malice, but that all things may be done blamelessly by thee. Regard not the return made thee by others. Hold thy ground. Guard the simplicity and purity of thy heart. Answer not an angry man according to his anger, nor a foolish man according to his folly. One fault quickly calls forth another. If stones are rubbed together, does not fire break forth?

94. The heathen—(they are wont to exaggerate everything in speaking)—make much of the saying of the philosopher Archites115    lived c. b.c. 400. A noted philosopher, and also general. of Tarentum, which he spoke to his bailiff: “O you wretched man, how I would punish you, if I were not angry.” But David already before this had in his indignation held back his armed hand. How much greater a thing it is not to revile again, than not to avenge oneself! The warriors, too, prepared to take vengeance against Nabal, Abigail restrained by her prayers.116    1 Sam. [1 Kings] xxv. From whence we perceive that we ought not only to yield to timely entreaties, but also to be pleased with them. So much was David pleased that he blessed her who intervened, because he was restrained from his desire for revenge.

95. Already before this he had said of his enemies: “For they cast iniquity upon me, and in their wrath they were grievous to me.”117    Ps. lv. [liv.] 3. Let us hear what he said when overwhelmed in wrath: “Who will give me wings like a dove, and I will flee away and be at rest.”118    Ps. lv. [liv.] 6. They kept provoking him to anger, but he sought quietness.

96. He had also said: “Be ye angry and sin not.”119    Ps. iv. 4. The moral teacher who knew that the natural disposition should rather be guided by a reasonable course of teaching, than be eradicated, teaches morals, and says: “Be angry where there is a fault against which ye ought to be angry.” For it is impossible not to be roused up by the baseness of many things;120    Cic. de Off. I. 38, § 136. otherwise we might be accounted, not virtuous, but apathetic and neglectful. Be angry therefore, so that ye keep free from fault, or, in other words: If ye are angry, do not sin, but overcome wrath with reason. Or one might put it thus: If ye are angry, be angry with yourselves, because ye are roused, and ye will not sin. For he who is angry with himself, because he has been so easily roused, ceases to be angry with another. But he who wishes to prove his anger is righteous only gets the more inflamed, and quickly falls into sin. “Better is he,” as Solomon says, “that restraineth his anger, than he that taketh a city,”121    Prov. xvi. 32. for anger leads astray even brave men.

97. We ought therefore to take care that we do not get into a flurry, before reason prepares our minds. For oftentimes anger or distress or fear of death almost deprives the soul of life, and beats it down by a sudden blow. It is therefore a good thing to anticipate this by reflection, and to exercise the mind by considering the matter. So the mind will not be roused by any sudden disturbance, but will grow calm, being held in by the yoke and reins of reason.

CAPUT XXI.

Iracundiam priusquam oriatur, praecavendam; si oborta fuerit, reprimendam ac mitigandam: si nec id assequi valuerimus linguam saltem a conviciis coercendam; ut sint motus nostri puerilium commotionum similes. Dictum Architae memoratur, ostenditurque Davidem ipsi hac in re factis et scriptis praeivisse.

90. Caveatur iracundia, aut si praecaveri non 0050C potest, cohibeatur; mala enim illex peccati indignatio est: quae ita animum perturbat, ut rationi non relinquat locum. Primum est igitur, si fieri potest, ut morum tranquillitas usu quodam, affectione, proposito, in naturam vertatur. Deinde quoniam ita plerumque motus infixus est naturae ac moribus, ut evelli atque evitari non queat: si praevideri potuerit, ratione reprimatur. Aut si prius occupatus fuerit animus ab indignatione, quam consilio prospici ac provideri potuerit, ne occuparetur: meditare quomodo motum animi tui vincas, iracundiam temperes. Resiste irae, si potes: cede, si non potes; 0051A quia scriptum est: Date locum irae (Rom. XII, 19).

91. Jacob fratri indignanti pie cessit (Gen. XXVII, 42 et seq.), et Rebeccae, id est, patientiae instructus consilio, abesse maluit et peregrinari, quam excitare fratris indignationem; et tunc redire, cum fratrem mitigatum putaret. Et ideo tantam apud Deum invenit gratiam. Quibus deinde obsequiis, quantis muneribus fratrem ipsum reconciliavit sibi; ut ille praereptae benedictionis non meminisset, meminisset delatae satisfactionis (Gen. XXXII, 3 et seq.)!

92. Ergo si praevenerit et praeoccupaverit mentem tuam iracundia, et ascenderit in te, non relinquas locum tuum. Locus tuus patientia est, 26 locus tuus sapientia est, locus tuus ratio est, locus tuus sedatio indignationis est. Aut si te contumacia respondentis moverit, et 0051B perversitas impulerit ad indignationem: si non potueris mitigare mentem, reprime linguam tuam. Sic enim scriptum est: Cohibe linguam tuam a malo, et labia tua ne loquantur dolum. Deinde inquire pacem, et sequere eam (Psal. XXXIII, 14, 15). Pacem illam sancti Jacob vide, qua tu primum sedato animum: si non praevalueris, frenos linguae impone tuae: deinde reconciliationis studium non praetermittas. Haec oratores saeculi de nostris usurpata in suis posuere libris: sed ille sensus hujus habet gratiam, qui prior dixit.

93. Vitemus ergo, aut temperemus iracundiam; ne sit ejus aut in laudibus exceptio, aut in vitiis exaggeratio. Non mediocre est mitigare iracundiam: non inferius quam omnino non commoveri. Hoc 0051C nostrum est, naturae illud. Denique commotiones in pueris innoxiae sunt, quae plus habent gratiae, quam amaritudinis. Et si cito pueri inter se moventur, facile sedantur, et majori suavitate in se recurrunt. Nesciunt se subdole artificioseque tractare. Nolite hos contemnere pueros, de quibus Dominus ait: Nisi conversi fueritis, et efficiamini sicut puer iste, non intrabitis in regnum coelorum (Matth. XVIII, 3). Itaque et ipse Dominus, hoc est, Dei virtus, sicut puer, cum malediceretur, non remaledixit: cum percuteretur non repercussit (I Petr. II, 23). Ita ergo te compara, ut quasi puer injuriam non teneas, malitiam non exerceas: omnia a te innocenter proficiscantur. Non consideres quid ab aliis in te revertatur. Locum tuum serva, simplicitatem 0051D et puritatem tui pectoris custodi. Noli respondere irato ad iracundiam ejus, sive imprudenti ad imprudentiam. Cito culpa culpam excutit. Si lapides teras, nonne ignis erumpit?

0052A 94. Ferunt gentiles, ut in majus omnia verbis extollere solent Architae Tarentini dictum philosophi, quod ad villicum suum dixerit: O te infelicem, quem afflictarem, nisi iratus essem! Sed jam David et armatam dexteram in indignatione compresserat (I Reg. XXV, 32). Et quanto plus est non remaledicere, quam non vindicare? Et bellatores adversus Nabal ad ultionem paratos, Abigail deprecatione revocaverat. Unde advertimus tempestivis quoque intercessionibus non solum cedere nos, sed etiam delectari oportere. Eo usque autem delectatus est, ut benediceret intervenientem, quod ab studio vindictae revocatus foret.

95. Jam dixerat de inimicis suis: Quoniam declinaverunt in me iniquitatem, et in ira molesti erant mihi0052B (Psal. LIV, 4). Audiamus turbatus in ira quid dixerit: Quis dabit mihi pennas sicut columbae, et volabo, et requiescam (Ibid., 7)? Illi ad iracundiam provocabant, hic tranquillitatem eligebat.

96. Jam dixerat: Irascimini, et nolite peccare (Psal. IV, 5). Moralis magister, qui naturalem affectum inflectendum magis ratione doctrinae, quam extirpandum 27 noverat, moralia docet; hoc est, Irascimini ubi culpa est, cui irasci debeatis. Non potest enim fieri, ut non rerum indignitate moveamur: alioquin non virtus, sed lentitudo et remissio judicatur. Irascimini ergo ita, ut a culpa abstineatis. Vel sic: Si irascimini, nolite peccare, sed vincite ratione iracundiam. Vel certe sic: Si irascimini, vobis irascamini, quia commoti estis, et non 0052C peccabitis. Qui enim sibi irascitur, quia cito commotus est, desinit irasci alteri: qui autem vult iram suam justam probare, plus inflammatur, et cito in culpam cadit. Melior est autem secundum Salomonem (Prov. XVI, 32), qui iracundiam continet, quam qui urbem capit; quia ira etiam fortes decipit.

97. Cavere igitur debemus, ne in perturbationes prius incidamus, quam animos nostros ratio componat; exanimat enim mentem plerumque aut ira, aut dolor, aut formido mortis, et improviso percellit ictu. Ideo praevenire pulchrum est cogitatione, quae volvendo mentem exerceat; ne repentinis excitetur commotionibus, sed jugo quodam rationis et habenis astricta mitescat.