he was called by none of the apostles or of the evangelists, but instead of this the voice of the Father sufficed for them. And by principle I do not mean the beginning, nor the creative, nor that by which he is named for his dominion.

And therefore God the Father, insofar as he is Father, is principle and cause; and insofar as he is principle, he is the Father of lights, that is, of the Son and of the Spirit; and insofar as he is cause, he is cause, and principle, and Father. If, then, the Son is also cause of the Spirit, of necessity he will also be principle and Father as cause; for just as a man, insofar as man is receptive of knowledge, it is not possible for one who is receptive of knowledge not to be a man, so also in the case of God; since the Father, insofar as he is Father, is principle and cause, it is not possible for one who is cause not to be also principle and Father, although Gregory the Theologian writes, (p. 164) "thus the Son is properly Son, because he is not also Father."

Do you see the monarchy and the hypostatic unity of the Father clearly set aside by those who say the Spirit is also from the Son and who do not trace each of the persons back to one single source of the divinity? For all men are one nature, but not all are one man. And yet through one another, or rather through those before us, we might be traced back to one forefather, but immediately there are many causes, and for this reason we are not from one, and are not one. Does not one who thinks in the Latin way openly innovate?

And if our gospel was not incomplete before you, which "was preached among the nations, believed on in the world," and "the saving grace of God" and the knowledge of God according to it, which was revealed to all and taught all, if "the faith has not been made void," if the articles of the confession have not been corrupted, for which "the cloud of martyrs that surrounds us" contended and practiced, the very numerous list of the saints, the God-taught company of the teachers, all those who by deed and word and by their own sufferings bore witness to the truth, for which they also stood firm, doing well, even unto death, and not only for its sake or for their own, but also for our strengthening—unless only all these things and the faith of those called Christians is incomplete, you are indeed devising additions in vain and innovating against your own soul.

For if they knew that the Spirit is also from the Son, for what reason did they not constantly preach it openly and confirm it through the many holy synods that were often held? But was it not known to them? Then it was not the truth; for he who for our sake was known as one of us made all things known to them. And the Spirit taught them all things according to the promise (p. 166), and taught them for this reason, that they might teach us, as they were taught, as has also been said above. For if you will dare to say this, that the theologians before us did not know the truth, we shall reject this also as no less blasphemous.

For who are you who dare to mutter this? And what synod of equal number, or rather how many and where, have been witnessed to by the Spirit, who bore witness with them both while they were living and when they had departed from men, and who always bears witness and will bear witness through the miracles performed and to be performed by these wise men? "But I too," he says, "have many of the fathers bearing witness with me for the addition." What then, did they, when gathered together, hand down one thing to the church, and in private dogmatize another? Certainly not. But either you yourself are falsifying, or you reason fallaciously and misinterpret, not interpreting with the Spirit the things spoken through the Spirit.

Nay, but even if we were to grant this, which is not the case, should not the things handed down in common be accepted more than the things said privately by each one? For those things, besides being of all and

παρ᾿ οὐδενός τῶν ἀποστόλων ἤ τῶν εὐαγγελιστῶν ἐκλήθη, ἀλλά καί ἀντί τούτου ἡ τοῦ Πατρός ἀπέχρησεν αὐτοῖς φωνή. Ἀρχήν δέ λέγω οὐ τήν καταρχήν, οὐδέ τήν δημιουργικήν, οὐδ᾿ ᾗ τό τῆς δεσποτείας ἐστίν ἐπώνυμον.

Καί τοίνυν ὁ Θεός καί Πατήρ, καθό Πατήρ, ἀρχή καί αἴτιός ἐστι˙ καί καθό ἀρχή, Πατήρ τῶν φώτων, δηλαδή Υἱοῦ καί Πνεύματος˙ καί καθό αἴτιος, αἴτιος, ἀρχή τε καί Πατήρ. Εἰ οὖν καί ὁ Υἱός αἴτιός ἐστι τοῦ Πνεύματος, ἐξ ἀνάγκη ἔσται καί ἀρχή καί Πατήρ ὡς αἴτιος˙ ὡς γάρ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, καθό ἀνθρώπου ἐπιστήμης δεκτικοῦ ὑπάρχοντος, τόν ἐπιστήμης δεκτικόν οὐκ ἔνι μή καί ἄνθρωπον ὑπάρχει, οὕτω καί ἐπί Θεοῦ˙ ἐπεί ὁ Πατήρ, καθό Πατήρ, ἀρχή καί αἴτιός ἐστι, τόν αἴτιον ὑπάρχοντα οὐκ ἔνι μή καί ἀρχήν εἶναι καί Πατέρα, καίτοι τοῦ θεολόγου Γρηγορίου γράφοντος, (σελ. 164) «οὕτως εἶναι Υἱόν κυρίως τόν Υἱόν, ὅτι μή ἔστιν οὗτος καί Πατήρ».

Ὁρᾷς ἀθετουμένην σαφῶς τήν μοναρχίαν καί τό καθ᾿ ὑπόστασιν ἑνιαῖον τοῦ Πατρός ὑπό τῶν λεγόντων καί ἐκ τοῦ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα καί μή ἀναγόντων ἑκάτερον τῶν προσώπων εἰς μίαν μόνην, τήν τῆς θεότητος πηγήν; Μία γάρ φύσις καί οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωποι, ἀλλ᾿ οὐχ εἷς οἱ πάντες ἄνθρωπος. Καίτοι δι᾿ ἀλλήλων, μᾶλλον δέ διά τῶν πρό ἡμῶν, ἀναχθείημεν ἄν εἰς ἕνα τόν προπάτορα, ἀλλ᾿ εὐθύς πολλά τά αἴτια, καί οὐκ ἐξ ἑνός ἡμεῖς διά τοῦτο καί οὐχ εἷς. Ἆρ᾿ οὐ φανερῶς καινοτομεῖς ὁ λατινικῶς φρονῶν;

Καί εἰ μή πρό ὑμῶν ἐλλιπές ἦν τό καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς εὐαγγέλιον, ὅ «ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐπιστεύη ἐν κόσμῳ, καί «ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ σωτήριος χάρις» καί ἡ κατ᾿ αὐτήν θεογνωσία, ἡ πᾶσιν ἐκφανεῖσα καί διδάξασα πάντας, εἰ μή «κεκένωται ἡ πίστις», εἰ μή διέφθαρται τά τῆς ὁμολογίας, αἷς καί ἐνήθλησαν καί ἐνήσκησαν «τό τῶν μαρτύρων ἡμῖν περικείμενον νέφος», ὁ τῶν ὁσίων παμπληθής κατάλογος, ὁ τῶν διδασκάλων θεοδίδακτος θίασος, πάντες οἱ ἔργῳ καί λόγῳ καί τοῖς καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς παθήμασι μαρτυρήσαντες τῇ ἀληθείᾳ, ὑπέρ ἧς καί μεχρι θανάτου καλῶς ποιοῦντες ἐνέστησαν, καί οὐχ ὑπέρ αὐτῆς μόνον ἤ καί ἑαυτῶν, ἀλλά καί ὑπέρ τοῦ ἡμετέρου στηριγμοῦ εἰ μή μόνον ἤ ταῦθ᾿ ἅπαντα καί ἡ τῶν ἀπό Χριστοῦ καλουμένων πίστις ἐλλιπής, διακενῆς ὄντως οὐ προσθήκας ἐξευρίσκεις καί κατά τῆς σεαυτοῦ καινοτομεῖς ψυχῆς.

Εἰ μέν γάρ ἐγίνωσκον καί ἐξ Υἱοῦ τό Πνεῦμα, τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐ παρρησίᾳ διατέλεσαν κηρύττοντες καί διά τῶν ἱερῶν συνόδων πολλῶν καί πολλάκις γενομένων βεβαιώσαντες; Ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἐγνωσμένον ἦν αὐτοῖς; Οὐκοῦν οὐδ᾿ ἦν οὕτω τἀληθές˙ πάντα γάρ ἐγνώρισεν αὐτοῖς ὁ δι᾿ ἡμᾶς ἐγνωσμένος καθ᾿ ἡμᾶς. Καί πάντα κατά τήν ἐπαγγελίαν ἐδίδαξεν (σελ. 166) αὐτούς τό Πνεῦμα καί διά τοῦτ᾿ ἐδίδαξεν, ἵν᾿ ἡμᾶς οὗτοι διδάξωσιν, ὡς ἐδιδάχθησαν, ὡς καί ἀνωτέρω εἴρηται. Εἰ γάρ τοῦτο λέγειν τολμήσεις, ὡς οὐκ ἔγνωσαν οἱ πρό ἡμῶν θεολόγοι τἀληθές, ὡς καί τοῦτο μηδέν ἧττον βλάσφημον ἀποπεμψόμεθα.

Τίς γάρ εἰ ὁ τοῦτο γρύξαι τολμῶν; Ποία δ᾿ ἰσάριθμος σύνοδος, μᾶλλον δέ πόσαι καί ποῦ μαρτυρηθεῖσαι παρά τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ καί ζῶσιν ἐκείνοις καί γεγονόσιν ἐξ ἀνθρώπων συνεμαρτύρησε, καί ἀεί συμμαρτυρεῖ τε καί συμμαρτυρήσει διά τῶν ἐπί τοῖς σοφοῖς τούτων τελουμένων τε καί τελεσθησομένων θαυμάτων; Ἀλλ᾿ ἔχω κἀγώ, φησί, πολλούς τῶν πατέρων συμμαρτυροῦντάς μοι τῇ προσθήκῃ. Τί οὖν, ἕτερα μέν οὗτοι κοινῇ συνειλεγμένοι παρεδίδουν ἐκκλησίᾳ, ἕτερα δέ καθ᾿ ἑαυτούς ἐδογμάτιζον; Οὔμενουν. Ἀλλ᾿ ἤ παραχαράττεις αὐτός ἤ παραλογίζῃ καί παρεξηγῇ, μή μετά τοῦ Πνεύματος ἑρμηνεύων τά εἰρημένα διά τοῦ Πνεύματος.

Οὐ μήν, ἀλλ᾿ εἰ καί τοῦτο θείημεν, ὅπερ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐ προσδεκτέα μᾶλλον τά κοινῇ παραδεδομένα τῶν ἰδίως εἰρημένων ἑκάστῳ; Ἐκεῖνα μέν γάρ πρός τῷ πάντων εἶναι καί