§23. The variety of idolatrous cults proves that they are false.

But not only from these considerations may one appreciate their godlessness, but also from their discordant opinions about the idols themselves. For if they be gods according to their assertion and their speculations, to which of them is one to give allegiance, and which of them is one to judge to be the higher, so as either to worship God with confidence, or as they say to recognise the Deity by them without ambiguity? For not the same beings are called gods among all; on the contrary, for every nation almost there is a separate god imagined. And there are cases of a single district and a single town being at internal discord about the superstition of their idols. 2. The Phœnicians, for example, do not know those who are called gods among the Egyptians, nor do the Egyptians worship the same idols as the Phœnicians have. And while the Scythians reject the gods of the Persians, the Persians reject those of the Syrians. But the Pelasgians also repudiate the gods in Thrace, while the Thracians know not those of Thebes. The Indians moreover differ from the Arabs, the Arabs from the Ethiopians, and the Ethiopians from the Arabs in their idols. And the Syrians worship not the idols of the Cilicians, while the Cappadocian nation call gods beings different from these. And while the Bithynians have adopted others, the Armenians have imagined others again. And what need is there for me to multiply examples? The men on the continent worship other gods than the islanders, while these latter serve other gods than those of the main lands. 3. And, in general, every city and village, not knowing the gods of its neighbours, prefers its own, and deems that these alone are gods. For concerning the abominations in Egypt there is no need even to speak, as they are before the eyes of all: how the cities have religions which are opposite and incompatible, and neighbours always make a point of worshipping the opposite of those next to them38    Hdt. ii. 69; cf. Juv. Sat. xv. 36,   ‘numina vicinorum   Odit uterque locus.’   This is one of the few places where Athanasius has any Egyptian ‘local colour’ (cf. supra 9 and 10). M. Fialon is certainly too imaginative (p. 86 contradicted p. 283), when he sees in the contra Gentes an appreciation of the higher religious principles which the modern science (‘toute Francaise’) of Egyptology has enabled us to read behind the grotesque features of popular Egyptian polytheism.: so much so that the crocodile, prayed to by some, is held in abomination by their neighbours, while the lion, worshipped as a god by others, their neighbours, so far from worshipping, slay, if they find it, as a wild beast; and the fish, consecrated by some people, is used as food in another place. And thus arise fights and riots and frequent occasions of bloodshed, and every indulgence of the passions among them. 4. And strange to say, according to the statement of historians, the very Pelasgians, who learned from the Egyptians the names of the gods, do not know the gods of Egypt, but worship others instead. And, speaking generally, all the nations that are infatuated with idols have different opinions and religions, and consistency is not to be met with in any one case. Nor is this surprising. 5. For having fallen from the contemplation of the one God, they have come down to many and diverse objects; and having turned from the Word of the Father, Christ the Saviour of all, they naturally have their understanding wandering in many directions. And just as men who have turned from the sun and are come into dark places go round by many pathless ways, and see not those who are present, while they imagine those to be there who are not, and seeing see not; so they that have turned from God and whose soul is darkened, have their mind in a roving state, and like men who are drunk and cannot see, imagine what is not true.

23 Οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐκ τούτων ἄν τις αὐτῶν τὴν ἀθεότητα καταμάθοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀφ' ὧν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἀσύμφωνος ἡ δόξα. εἰ γὰρ αὐτοὶ θεοί εἰσιν, ὡς λέγουσι καὶ περὶ αὐτῶν φιλο σοφοῦσι, τίνι τις πρόσθηται τούτων, καὶ ποίους ἂν αὐτῶν κρίνῃ κυριωτέρους, ἵνα ἢ τὸν Θεὸν θαρρήσῃ προσκυνῶν, ἤ, ὥς φασιν, ἐν αὐτοῖς μὴ διστάζῃ γινώσκων τὸ Θεῖον; οὐ γὰρ οἱ αὐτοὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ὀνομάζονται θεοί· ἀλλ' ὅσα κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστόν ἐστιν ἔθνη, τοσοῦτοι καὶ θεοὶ ἀναπλάττονται. ἔστι δὲ ὅπου καὶ μία χώρα, καὶ μία πόλις πρὸς ἑαυτὰς στασιάζουσι περὶ τῆς τῶν εἰδώλων δεισιδαιμονίας. Φοίνικες γοῦν οὐκ ἴσασι τοὺς παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις λεγομένους θεούς, οὐδὲ Αἰγύπτιοι τὰ αὐτὰ τοῖς παρὰ Φοίνιξι προσκυνοῦσιν εἴδωλα. καὶ Σκύθαι μὲν τοὺς Περσῶν, Πέρσαι δὲ τοὺς Σύρων οὐ παραδέχονται θεούς. ἀλλὰ καὶ Πελασγοὶ μὲν τοὺς ἐν Θρᾴκῃ θεοὺς διαβάλλουσι· Θρᾷκες δὲ τοὺς παρὰ Θηβαίοις οὐ γινώσκουσιν. Ἰνδοὶ δὲ κατὰ Ἀράβων, καὶ Ἄραβες κατ' Αἰθιόπων, καὶ Αἰθίοπες κατ' αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις διαφέρονται. καὶ Σύροι μὲν τὰ Κιλίκων οὐ σέβουσι· Καππαδοκῶν δὲ τὸ γένος ἄλλους παρὰ τούτους ὀνομάζουσι θεούς. καὶ Βιθυνοὶ μὲν ἑτέρους, Ἀρμένιοι δὲ ἄλλους ἑαυτοῖς ἀνεπλάσαντο. καὶ τί μοι πολλῶν; ἠπειρῶται παρὰ τοὺς ἐν ταῖς νήσοις ἄλλους θεοὺς προσκυνοῦσι· καὶ νησιῶται παρὰ τοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἠπείροις θρησκεύουσι. καὶ ὅλως ἑκάστη πόλις καὶ κώμη, τοὺς ἐκ γειτόνων οὐκ εἰδυῖα θεούς, τοὺς ἑαυτῆς προκρίνει, καὶ μόνους εἶναι τούτους νομίζει θεούς. περὶ γὰρ τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ μυσαρῶν οὐδὲ λέγειν ἐστί, πᾶσιν ἐπ' ὀφθαλμῶν ὄντων ὅτι ἐναντίας καὶ μαχομένας ἀλλήλαις ἔχουσι τὰς θρησκείας αἱ πόλεις, καὶ οἱ ἐκ γειτόνων ἀεὶ σπουδάζουσι κατὰ τῶν πλησίων τὰ ἐναντία σέβειν. ὁ γοῦν παρ' ἑτέροις προσκυνούμενος ὡς θεὸς κροκόδειλος, οὗτος παρὰ τοῖς πλησίον βδέλυγμα νομίζεται· καὶ ὁ παρ' ἑτέροις λέων ὡς θεὸς θρησκευόμενος, τοῦτον οἱ ἀστυ γείτονες οὐ μόνον οὐ θρησκεύουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὑρόντες ἀποκτείνουσιν ὡς θηρίον· καὶ ὁ παρ' ἄλλοις ἀνατεθεὶς ἰχθύς, οὗτος ἄλλων ἀλήθεται τροφή. ὅθεν δὴ πόλεμοι καὶ στάσεις καὶ πᾶσα φόνων πρόφασις καὶ πᾶσα τῶν παθῶν ἡδονὴ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἐστι. καὶ τό γε θαυμαστόν, ὅτι ὡς οἱ ἱστορήσαντες ἐξηγοῦνται, παρ' Αἰγυπτίων οἱ Πελασγοὶ μαθόν τες τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν θεῶν, οὐκ ἴσασιν οὗτοι τοὺς παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις θεούς, ἀλλὰ ἄλλους παρ' ἐκείνους θρησκεύουσι. καὶ ὅλως πάντων τῶν ἐν εἰδώλοις μανέντων ἐθνῶν διάφορός ἐστιν ἡ δόξα καὶ ἡ θρησκεία, καὶ οὐ τὰ αὐτὰ παρὰ τοῖς αὐτοῖς εὑρίσκεται. καὶ εἰκότως γε τοῦτο πάσχουσιν. ἐκπεσόντες γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς τὸν ἕνα Θεὸν κατανοήσεως, εἰς πολλὰ καὶ διάφορα καταπεπτώκασι· καὶ ἀπο στραφέντες τὸν ἀληθῶς τοῦ Πατρὸς Λόγον, τὸν πάντων Σωτῆρα Χριστόν, εἰκότως εἰς πολλὰ τὴν διάνοιαν ἔχουσι ῥεμβομένην. καὶ ὥσπερ οἱ τὸν ἥλιον ἀποστραφέντες καὶ ἐν σκοτεινοῖς γενόμενοι τόποις, πολλὰς ἀνόδους κυκλεύουσιν ὁδούς, καὶ τοὺς μὲν παρόντας οὐχ ὁρῶσι, τοὺς δὲ μὴ ὄντας φαντάζονται ὡς παρόντας, καὶ βλέποντες οὐ βλέπουσι· τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον οἱ τὸν Θεὸν ἀπο στραφέντες καὶ σκοτισθέντες τὴν ψυχὴν ῥεμβόμενον ἔχουσι τὸν νοῦν, καὶ τὰ οὐκ ὄντα ὡς μεθύοντες καὶ μὴ ὁρῶντες φαντάζονται.