Chapter XXIV.—How Moses Discharged the Part of a Military Leader.

Our Moses then is a prophet, a legislator, skilled in military tactics and strategy, a politician, a philosopher. And in what sense he was a prophet, shall be by and by told, when we come to treat of prophecy. Tactics belong to military command, and the ability to command an army is among the attributes of kingly rule. Legislation, again, is also one of the functions of the kingly office, as also judicial authority.

Of the kingly office one kind is divine,—that which is according to God and His holy Son, by whom both the good things which are of the earth, and external and perfect felicity too, are supplied. “For,” it is said, “seek what is great, and the little things shall be added.”310    Not in Scripture. The reference may be to Matt. vi. 33. And there is a second kind of royalty, inferior to that administration which is purely rational and divine, which brings to the task of government merely the high mettle of the soul; after which fashion Hercules ruled the Argives, and Alexander the Macedonians. The third kind is what aims after one thing—merely to conquer and overturn; but to turn conquest either to a good or a bad purpose, belongs not to such rule. Such was the aim of the Persians in their campaign against Greece. For, on the one hand, fondness for strife is solely the result of passion, and acquires power solely for the sake of domination; while, on the other, the love of good is characteristic of a soul which uses its high spirit for noble ends. The fourth, the worst of all, is the sovereignty which acts according to the promptings of the passions, as that of Sardanapalus, and those who propose to themselves as their end the gratification of the passions to the utmost. But the instrument of regal sway—the instrument at once of that which overcomes by virtue, and that which does so by force—is the power of managing (or tact). And it varies according to the nature and the material. In the case of arms and of fighting animals the ordering power is the soul and mind, by means animate and inanimate; and in the case of the passions of the soul, which we master by virtue, reason is the ordering power, by affixing the seal of continence and self-restraint, along with holiness, and sound knowledge with truth, making the result of the whole to terminate in piety towards God. For it is wisdom which regulates in the case of those who so practice virtue; and divine things are ordered by wisdom, and human affairs by politics—all things by the kingly faculty. He is a king, then, who governs according to the laws, and possesses the skill to sway willing subjects. Such is the Lord, who receives all who believe on Him and by Him. For the Father has delivered and subjected all to Christ our King, “that at the name of Jesus every knee may bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth, and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.”311    Phil. ii. 10, 11.

Now, generalship involves three ideas: caution, enterprise, and the union of the two. And each of these consists of three things, acting as they do either by word, or by deeds, or by both together. And all this can be accomplished either by persuasion, or by compulsion, or by inflicting harm in the way of taking vengeance on those who ought to be punished; and this either by doing what is right, or by telling what is untrue, or by telling what is true, or by adopting any of these means conjointly at the same time.

Now, the Greeks had the advantage of receiving from Moses all these, and the knowledge of how to make use of each of them. And, for the sake of example, I shall cite one or two instances of leadership. Moses, on leading the people forth, suspecting that the Egyptians would pursue, left the short and direct route, and turned to the desert, and marched mostly by night. For it was another kind of arrangement by which the Hebrews were trained in the great wilderness, and for a protracted time, to belief in the existence of one God alone, being inured by the wise discipline of endurance to which they were subjected. The strategy of Moses, therefore, shows the necessity of discerning what will be of service before the approach of dangers, and so to encounter them. It turned out precisely as he suspected, for the Egyptians pursued with horses and chariots, but were quickly destroyed by the sea breaking on them and overwhelming them with their horses and chariots, so that not a remnant of them was left. Afterwards the pillar of fire, which accompanied them (for it went before them as a guide), conducted the Hebrews by night through an untrodden region, training and bracing them, by toils and hardships, to manliness and endurance, that after their experience of what appeared formidable difficulties, the benefits of the land, to which from the trackless desert he was conducting them, might become apparent. Furthermore, he put to flight and slew the hostile occupants of the land, falling upon them from a desert and rugged line of march (such was the excellence of his generalship). For the taking of the land of those hostile tribes was a work of skill and strategy.

Perceiving this, Miltiades, the Athenian general, who conquered the Persians in battle at Marathon, imitated it in the following fashion. Marching over a trackless desert, he led on the Athenians by night, and eluded the barbarians that were set to watch him. For Hippias, who had deserted from the Athenians, conducted the barbarians into Attica, and seized and held the points of vantage, in consequence of having a knowledge of the ground. The task was then to elude Hippias. Whence rightly Miltiades, traversing the desert and attacking by night the Persians commanded by Dates, led his soldiers to victory.

But further, when Thrasybulus was bringing back the exiles from Phyla, and wished to elude observation, a pillar became his guide as he marched over a trackless region. To Thrasybulus by night, the sky being moonless and stormy, a fire appeared leading the way, which, having conducted them safely, left them near Munychia, where is now the altar of the light-bringer (Phosphorus).

From such an instance, therefore, let our accounts become credible to the Greeks, namely, that it was possible for the omnipotent God to make the pillar of fire, which was their guide on their march, go before the Hebrews by night. It is said also in a certain oracle,—

from the history of the Hebrews. Also Euripides says, in Antiope,—

The pillar indicates that God cannot be portrayed. The pillar of light, too, in addition to its pointing out that God cannot be represented, shows also the stability and the permanent duration of the Deity, and His unchangeable and inexpressible light. Before, then, the invention of the forms of images, the ancients erected pillars, and reverenced them as statues of the Deity. Accordingly, he who composed the Phoronis writes,—

Further, the author of Europia relates that the statue of Apollo at Delphi was a pillar in these words:—

Apollo, interpreted mystically by “privation of many,”312    ἀ privative, and πολλοί, many. means the one God. Well, then, that fire like a pillar, and the fire in the desert, is the symbol of the holy light which passed through from earth and returned again to heaven, by the wood [of the cross], by which also the gift of intellectual vision was bestowed on us.

Ἔστιν οὖν ὁ Μωυσῆς ἡμῖν προφητικός, νομοθετικός. τακτικός, στρατηγικός, πολιτικός, φιλόσοφος. ὅπως μὲν οὖν ἦν προφητικός, μετὰ ταῦτα λεχθήσεται, ὁπηνίκα ἂν περὶ προφητείας διαλαμβάνωμεν· τὸ τακτικὸν δὲ μέρος ἂν εἴη τοῦ στρατηγικοῦ, τὸ στρατηγικὸν δὲ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ· πάλιν τε αὖ τὸ νομοθετικὸν μέρος ἂν εἴη τοῦ βασιλικοῦ, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ δικαστικόν. τοῦ δὲ βασιλικοῦ τὸ μὲν θεῖον μέρος ἐστίν, οἷον τὸ κατὰ τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸν ἅγιον υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, παρ' ὧν τά τε ἀπὸ γῆς ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς καὶ ἡ τελεία εὐδαιμονία χορηγεῖται· αἰτεῖσθε γάρ, φησί, τὰ μεγάλα, καὶ τὰ μικρὰ ὑμῖν προστεθήσεται. δεύτερον δέ ἐστιν εἶδος βασιλείας μετὰ τὴν ἀκραιφνῶς λογικὴν καὶ θείαν διοίκησιν τὸ μόνῳ τῷ θυμοειδεῖ τῆς ψυχῆς εἰς βασιλείαν συγχρώμενον, καθ' ὃ εἶδος Ἡρακλῆς μὲν Ἄργους, Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ Μακεδόνων ἐβασίλευσε. τρίτον δὲ τὸ ἑνὸς ἐφιέμενον τοῦ νικῆσαι μόνον καὶ καταστρέψασθαι (τὸ δὲ πρὸς κακὸν ἢ ἀγαθὸν τὴν νίκην ποιεῖσθαι τῷ τοιούτῳ οὐ πρόσεστιν)· ᾧ Πέρσαι ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα στρατεύσαντες συνεχρήσαντο. τοῦ γὰρ θυμοῦ τὸ μὲν φιλόνικον μόνον ἐστίν, αὐτοῦ τοῦ κρατεῖν ἕνεκα τὴν δυναστείαν πεποιημένον, τὸ δὲ φιλόκαλον, εἰς καλὸν καταχρωμένης τῆς ψυχῆς τῷ θυμῷ. τετάρτη δὲ ἡ πασῶν κακίστη ἡ κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τάττεται βασιλεία, ὡς ἡ Σαρδαναπάλλου καὶ τῶν τὸ τέλος ποιουμένων ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις ὡς πλεῖστα χαρίζεσθαι. τοῦ δὴ βασιλικοῦ τοῦ τε κατ' ἀρετὴν νικῶντος καὶ τοῦ κατὰ βίαν ὄργανον τὸ τακτικόν, ἄλλο δὲ κατ' ἄλλην φύσιν τε καὶ ὕλην. ἐν μέν γε ὅπλοις καὶ τοῖς μαχίμοις ζῴοις δι' ἐμψύχων τε καὶ ἀψύχων ψυχὴ τὸ τάττον ἐστὶ καὶ νοῦς, ἐν δὲ τοῖς τῆς ψυχῆς πάθεσιν, ὧν ἐπικρατοῦμεν τῇ ἀρετῇ, λογισμός ἐστι τὸ τακτικόν, ἐπισφραγιζόμενος ἐγκράτειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην μεθ' ὁσιότητος καὶ γνῶσιν ἀγαθὴν μετ' ἀληθείας, τὸ τέλος εἰς εὐσέβειαν ἀναφέρων θεοῦ. οὕτω γὰρ τῇ ἀρετῇ χρωμένη φρόνησις ἡ τάττουσά ἐστι, τὰ μὲν θεῖα ἡ σοφία, τὰ ἀνθρώπεια δὲ ἡ πολιτική, σύμπαντα δὲ ἡ βασιλική. βασιλεὺς τοίνυν ἐστὶν ὁ ἄρχων κατὰ νόμους ὁ τὴν τοῦ ἄρχειν ἑκόντων ἐπιστήμην ἔχων, οἷός ἐστιν ὁ κύριος τοὺς εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ δι' αὐτοῦ πιστεύοντας προσιέμενος. πάντα γὰρ παρέδωκεν ὁ θεὸς καὶ πάντα ὑπέταξεν Χριστῷ τῷ βασιλεῖ ἡμῶν, ἵνα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Ἰησοῦ πᾶν γόνυ κάμψῃ ἐπουρανίων καὶ ἐπιγείων καὶ καταχθονίων, καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσηται ὅτι κύριος Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ πατρός. Ἰδέαις δὲ ἐνέχεται τὸ στρατήγημα τρισίν, ἀσφαλεῖ, παραβόλῳ καὶ τῷ ἐκ τούτων μικτῷ· συντίθεται δὲ τούτων ἕκαστον ἐκ τριῶν, ἢ διὰ λόγου ἢ δι' ἔργων ἢ καὶ δι' ἀμφοτέρων ἅμα τούτων. ταῦτα δὲ ὑπάρξει πάντα ἐπιτελεῖν ἢ πείθοντας ἢ βιαζομένους ἢ ἀδικοῦντας ἐν τῷ ἀμύνασθαι ἢ τὰ δίκαια ποιοῦντας, οἷς ἐμπεριέχεται ἢ ψευδομένους ἢ ἀληθεύοντας, ἢ καὶ τούτων ἅμα τισὶ χρωμένους κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρόν. ταῦτα δὲ σύμπαντα καὶ τὸ πῶς δεῖ χρῆσθαι τούτων ἑκάστῳ παρὰ Μωυσέως λαβόντες Ἕλληνες ὠφέληνται. τύπου δὲ ἕνεκεν ἑνὸς ἢ καὶ δευτέρου ἐπιμνησθήσομαι παραδείγματος στρατηγικοῦ. Μωυσῆς τὸν λαὸν ἐξαγαγὼν ὑποπτεύσας ἐπιδιώξειν τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους τὴν ὀλίγην καὶ σύντομον ἀπολιπὼν ὁδὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἔρημον ἐτρέπετο καὶ νύκτωρ τὰ πολλὰ τῇ πορείᾳ ἐκέχρητο. ἑτέρα γὰρ ἦν οἰκονομία, καθ' ἣν ἐπαιδεύοντο Ἑβραῖοι δι' ἐρημίας πολλῆς καὶ χρόνου μακροῦ, εἰς μόνον τὸ πιστεύειν τὸν θεὸν εἶναι δι' ὑπομονῆς ἐθιζόμενοι σώφρονος. τὸ γοῦν στρατήγημα τοῦ Μωυσέως διδάσκει πρὸ τῶν κινδύνων δεῖν τὰ χρήσιμα συνιδεῖν καὶ οὕτως ἐπιβαλεῖν. ἀμέλει γέγονεν ὅπερ καὶ ὑπώπτευσεν· ἐπεδίωξαν γὰρ οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ἐφ' ἵππων καὶ ὀχημάτων, ἀλλ' ἀπώλοντο θᾶττον ῥαγείσης τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ σὺν ἵπποις καὶ ἅρμασιν αὐτοὺς κατακλυσάσης, ὡς μηδὲ λείψανον αὐτῶν ἀπολειφθῆναι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα στῦλος πυρὸς ἑπόμενος (ὡδήγει γὰρ ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν) ἦγε νύκτωρ τοὺς Ἑβραίους δι' ἀβάτου, ἐν πόνοις καὶ ὁδοιπορίαις εἴς τε ἀνδρείαν εἴς τε καρτερίαν γυμνάζων καὶ συμβιβάζων αὐτούς, ἵνα καὶ χρηστὰ τὰ τῆς χώρας μετὰ τὴν πεῖραν τῶν δοκούντων δεινῶν φανῇ, εἰς ἣν ἐξ ἀνοδίας παρέπεμπεν αὐτούς. ναὶ μὴν καὶ τοὺς πολεμίους τοὺς τῆς χώρας προκαθεζομένους τροπωσάμενος ἀπέκτεινεν ἐξ ἐρήμου καὶ τραχείας ὁδοῦ (τοιαύτη γὰρ ἡ ἀρετὴ τοῦ στρατηγικοῦ) ἐπιθέμενος αὐτοῖς. ἐμπειρίας γὰρ καὶ στρατηγίας ἔργον ἦν τὸ τὴν χώραν τῶν πολεμίων λαβεῖν. Τοῦτο συνιδὼν Μιλτιάδης ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγὸς ὁ τῇ ἐν Μαραθῶνι μάχῃ νικήσας τοὺς Πέρσας ἐμιμήσατο τόνδε τὸν τρόπον· ἤγαγε τοὺς Ἀθηναίους νύκτωρ δι' ἀνοδίας βαδίσας καὶ πλανήσας τοὺς τηροῦντας αὐτὸν τῶν βαρβάρων· ὁ γὰρ Ἱππίας ὁ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀποστὰς ἐπήγαγε τοὺς βαρβάρους εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν καὶ τοὺς ἐπικαίρους τῶν τόπων προκαταλαβόμενος ἐφύλαττεν διὰ τὸ τῆς χώρας ἔχειν τὴν ἐμπειρίαν. ἔργον μὲν οὖν ἦν τὸν Ἱππίαν λαθεῖν, ὅθεν εἰκότως ὁ Μιλτιάδης συγχρησάμενος ἀνοδίᾳ τε καὶ νυκτὶ ἐπιθέμενος τοῖς Πέρσαις, ὧν ∆ᾶτις ἡγεῖτο, τὰ κατὰ τὸν ἀγῶνα μετ' ἐκείνων ὧν αὐτὸς ἡγεῖτο κατώρθωσεν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ Θρασυβούλῳ τοὺς ἐκπεσόντας ἀπὸ Φυλῆς καταγαγόντι καὶ βουλομένῳ λαθεῖν στῦλος ὁδηγὸς γίνεται διὰ τῶν ἀτριβῶν ἰόντι. τῷ Θρασυβούλῳ νύκτωρ ἀσελήνου καὶ δυσχειμέρου τοῦ καταστήματος γεγονότος πῦρ ἑωρᾶτο προηγούμενον, ὅπερ αὐτοὺς ἀπταίστως προπέμψαν κατὰ τὴν Μουνυχίαν ἐξέλιπεν, ἔνθα νῦν ὁ τῆς Φωσφόρου βωμός ἐστι, πιστὰ τοίνυν τὰ ἡμέτερα κἂν ἐντεῦθεν γενέσθω τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὅτι ἄρα δυνατὸν τῷ παντοκράτορι θεῷ προηγεῖσθαι ποιῆσαι τοῖς Ἑβραίοις νύκτωρ στῦλον πυρὸς τὸν καὶ καθηγησάμενον αὐτοῖς τῆς ὁδοῦ. λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἐν χρησμῷ τινι· στῦλος Θηβαίοισι ∆ιώνυσος πολυγηθής, ἐκ τῆς παρ' Ἑβραίοις ἱστορίας. ἀλλὰ καὶ Εὐριπίδης ἐν Ἀντιόπῃ φησίν· ἔνδον δὲ θαλάμοις βουκόλων κομῶντα κισσῷ στῦλον Εὐίου θεοῦ. σημαίνει δὲ ὁ στῦλος τὸ ἀνεικόνιστον τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ δὲ πεφωτισμένος στῦλος πρὸς τῷ τὸ ἀνεικόνιστον σημαίνειν δηλοῖ τὸ ἑστὸς καὶ μόνιμον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὸ ἄτρεπτον αὐτοῦ φῶς καὶ ἀσχημάτιστον. πρὶν γοῦν ἀκριβωθῆναι τὰς τῶν ἀγαλμάτων σχέσεις κίονας ἱστάντες οἱ παλαιοὶ ἔσεβον τούτους ὡς ἀφιδρύματα τοῦ θεοῦ. γράφει γοῦν ὁ τὴν Φορωνίδα ποιήσας· Καλλιθόη κλειδοῦχος Ὀλυμπιάδος βασιλείης, Ἥρης Ἀργείης, ἣ στέμμασι καὶ θυσάνοισι πρώτη ἐκόσμησε[ν] περὶ κίονα μακρὸν ἀνάσσης. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ τὴν Εὐρωπίαν ποιήσας ἱστορεῖ τὸ ἐν ∆ελφοῖς ἄγαλμα Ἀπόλλωνος κίονα εἶναι διὰ τῶνδε· ὄφρα θεῷ δεκάτην ἀκροθίνιά τε κρεμάσαιμεν σταθμῶν ἐκ ζαθέων καὶ κίονος ὑψηλοῖο. Ἀπόλλων μέντοι μυστικῶς κατὰ στέρησιν τῶν πολλῶν νοούμενος ὁ εἷς ἐστι θεός. ἀλλ' οὖν τὸ πῦρ ἐκεῖνο τὸ ἐοικὸς στύλῳ καὶ πῦρ τὸ διὰ βάτου σύμβολόν ἐστι φωτὸς ἁγίου τοῦ διαβαίνοντος ἐκ γῆς καὶ ἀνατρέχοντος αὖθις εἰς οὐρανὸν διὰ τοῦ ξύλου, δι' οὗ καὶ τὸ βλέπειν ἡμῖν νοητῶς δεδώρηται.