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of intensification; for he says they were Filled, and with All. And having named wickedness in general, he goes on to the particulars, and these with hyperbole, saying, Full of envy, murder, For the one comes from the other, as was shown in the case of Abel and of Joseph. 60.422 Then having said, strife, deceit, malignity, whisperers, backbiters, haters of God, insolent, and having placed things that seem to many to be indifferent in the category of accusations, he again increases the charge, ascending to the citadel of evils, and saying, boasters. For to be proud while sinning is worse than to sin; wherefore he also accuses the Corinthians of this, saying, And you are puffed up. For if someone being puffed up over a right action lost everything, how much punishment would he not be worthy of who does this with sins? For such a person will no longer be able to repent. Then he says, Inventors of evil things; showing that they were not content even with those things that already existed, but also invented others; which again was the mark of those who study and are zealous, not of those who are seized and carried away. And having spoken of wickedness in detail, and having shown that they also stood against nature itself (For, he says, disobedient to parents), he then proceeds to the root of such great corruption, calling them without natural affection and implacable. For Christ also says this is the cause of wickedness, saying, When lawlessness shall abound, love shall grow cold. This, therefore, Paul also says here, calling them covenant-breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful, and showing that they have betrayed the very gift of nature. For we have a certain natural affinity for one another, which even beasts possess toward each other. For every creature, he says, loves its like, and man his neighbor. But these have become more savage even than those. Therefore, through these things he has set before us the disease that came upon the world from wicked doctrines, and clearly showed that both 60.423 sicknesses were from the laziness of the sick. And he shows then, as he did in the case of doctrines, that here too they are deprived of excuse; wherefore he says: Who, knowing the judgment of God, that those who do such things are worthy of death, not only do them themselves, but also have pleasure in those who do them. Having set down two objections, he here refuted both of them beforehand. For what would you say, he says, that you do not know what ought to be done? Indeed, even if you did not know, you are the cause, who have abandoned the God who made Himself known to you; but now we show you by many things that you know, and transgress willingly. But are you drawn by passion? Why then do you also cooperate, and praise? For not only do they do them, he says, but they also have pleasure in those who do them. Having therefore first set down the more grievous and inexcusable thing, in order to convict (for he who praises sin is much worse than he who transgresses); having therefore said this first, through this he again handles him more vehemently in what follows, saying thus: Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judges; for in what you judge another, you condemn yourself. He said these things, addressing the rulers, since that city at that time was entrusted with the rule of the world. Therefore, anticipating, he says: You take away your own excuse, whoever you may be; for when you condemn the adulterer, and you yourself commit adultery, even if no man judges you, in the vote concerning the guilty party you have brought the sentence against yourself as well. For we know that the judgment of God is according to truth against those who do such things. For lest anyone should say, "For the time being I have escaped," he says, frightening him, that it is not so with God as it is here. For here one is punished, while another doing the same things escapes; but there it is not so. That the one who judges knows what is just, he said; but from where he knows it, he did not add; for it was superfluous. For in the case of impiety he shows both, that knowing God, he was impious, and from where he knew, from creation. For since it was not clear to all, he also stated the cause; but here, as something acknowledged, he passes it by. And when he says, Every one that judges, he is not speaking to rulers only, but also to private citizens and subjects. 2. For all men, even if not

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ἐπιτάσεως· καὶ γὰρ Πεπληρωμένους εἶναί φησι, καὶ Πάσῃ. Ὀνομάσας δὲ γενικῶς τὴν κακίαν, καὶ τοῖς μέρεσιν ἐπεξέρχεται, καὶ τούτοις μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς, λέγων Μεστοὺς φθόνου, φόνου, Τοῦτο γὰρ ἐξ ἐκείνου, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἄβελ καὶ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἐδείχθη. 60.422 Εἶτα εἰπὼν, Ἔριδος, δόλου, κακοηθείας, ψιθυριστὰς, καταλάλους, θεοστυγεῖς, ὑβριστὰς, καὶ τὰ δοκοῦντα ἀδιάφορα εἶναι πολλοῖς ἐν τάξει θεὶς ἐγκλημάτων, αὔξει πάλιν τὴν κατηγορίαν, ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἀναβὰς τῶν κακῶν, καὶ εἰπὼν Ἀλαζόνας. Τοῦ γὰρ ἁμαρτάνειν τὸ καὶ ἁμαρτάνοντα φρονεῖν μέγα, χαλεπώτερον· διὸ καὶ Κορινθίοις αὐτὸ ἐγκαλεῖ λέγων· Καὶ ὑμεῖς πεφυσιωμένοι ἐστέ. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπὶ κατορθώματί τις φυσώμενος τὸ πᾶν ἀπώλεσεν, ὁ μετὰ ἁμαρτημάτων τοῦτο ποιῶν, πόσης οὐκ ἂν εἴη τιμωρίας ἄξιος; οὐδὲ γὰρ μεταγνῶναι δυνήσεται λοιπὸν ὁ τοιοῦτος. Εἶτά φησιν, Ἐφευρετὰς κακῶν· δηλῶν, ὅτι οὐδὲ τοῖς ἤδη οὖσιν ἠρκέσθησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐφεῦρον ἕτερα· ὅπερ πάλιν μελετώντων ἦν καὶ σπουδαζόντων, οὐχὶ συναρπαζομένων καὶ παρασυρομένων. Εἰπὼν δὲ κατὰ μέρος τὴν κακίαν, καὶ δείξας, ὅτι καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν πάλιν τὴν φύσιν ἔστησαν (Γονεῦσι γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀπειθεῖς), ἐπὶ τὴν ῥίζαν λοιπὸν πρόεισι τῆς τοσαύτης λύμης, Ἀστόργους καὶ ἀσπόνδους καλῶν. Ταύτην γὰρ καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τὴν αἰτίαν εἶναί φησι τῆς πονηρίας, λέγων· Ὅταν πληθυνθῇ ἡ ἀνομία, ψυγήσεται ἡ ἀγάπη. Τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ ἐνταῦθα λέγει ὁ Παῦλος, Ἀσυνθέτους, ἀστόργους, ἀσπόνδους, ἀνελεήμονας καλῶν, καὶ δηλῶν, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ τῆς φύσεως προὔδωκαν δῶρον. Ἔχομεν γὰρ καὶ φυσικήν τινα πρὸς ἀλλήλους οἰκείωσιν, ἣν καὶ θηρία πρὸς ἄλληλα κέκτηνται. Πᾶν γὰρ ζῶον, φησὶν, ἀγαπᾷ τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον αὑτοῦ. Ἀλλ' οὗτοι κἀκείνων κατέστησαν ἀγριώτεροι. Τὴν μὲν οὖν νόσον τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν δογμάτων τῇ οἰκουμένῃ γενομένην διὰ τούτων ἡμῖν παρέστησε, καὶ σαφῶς ἔδειξε τῆς τῶν νοσούντων ῥᾳθυμίας τὴν ἀῤῥω 60.423 στίαν οὖσαν ἑκατέραν. ∆είκνυσι δὲ λοιπὸν, ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν δογμάτων ἐποίησε, καὶ ἐνταῦθα συγγνώμης αὐτοὺς ἀπεστερημένους· διό φησιν· Οἵτινες τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰδότες, ὅτι οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντες ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσὶν, οὐ μόνον αὐτοὶ ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συνευδοκοῦσι τοῖς πράττουσι. ∆ύο θεὶς ἀντιθέσεις, ἐνταῦθα ἀνεῖλεν ἀμφοτέρας αὐτὰς προηγουμένως. Τί γὰρ ἂν εἴποις, φησὶν, ὅτι οὐκ οἶδας τὰ πρακτέα; Μάλιστα μὲν εἰ καὶ μὴ ᾔδεις, σὺ αἴτιος, ὁ ἀφεὶς τὸν γνωρισαντά σοι Θεόν· νῦν δὲ καὶ διὰ πολλῶν σε δείκνυμεν εἰδότα, καὶ ἑκοντὶ πλημμελοῦντα. Ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τοῦ πάθους ἕλκῃ; Τί οὖν καὶ συμπράττεις, καὶ ἐπαινεῖς; Οὐ γὰρ μόνον αὐτὰ ποιοῦσι, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συνευδοκοῦσι τοῖς πράσσουσι. Τὴν οὖν χαλεπωτέραν πρότερον θεὶς καὶ ἀσύγγνωστον, ἵνα ἕλῃ (καὶ γὰρ τοῦ πλημμελοῦντος ὁ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐπαινῶν χαλεπώτερος πολύ)· τοῦτο οὖν πρῶτον εἰπὼν, διὰ τούτου σφοδρότερον πάλιν ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς αὐτὸν χειροῦται, λέγων οὕτω· ∆ιὸ ἀναπολόγητος εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, πᾶς ὁ κρίνων· Ἐν ᾧ γὰρ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις. Ταῦτα πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἀποτεινόμενος ἔλεγεν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἡ πόλις τότε ἐκείνη τὴν ἀρχὴν ἦν ἐγκεχειρισμένη τῆς οἰκουμένης. Προλαβὼν οὖν φησι· Σαυτοῦ ἀφαιρῇ τὴν ἀπολογίαν πᾶς ὅστις ἂν ᾖς· ὅταν γὰρ κατακρίνῃς τὸν μοιχὸν, μοιχεύῃς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς, κἂν μηδεὶς ἀνθρώπων σε δικάζῃ, ἐν τῇ περὶ τοῦ ὑπευθύνου ψήφῳ καὶ κατὰ σαυτοῦ τὴν ἀπόφασιν ἤνεγκας. Οἴδαμεν γὰρ, ὅτι τὸ κρῖμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστι κατὰ ἀλήθειαν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγῃ τις, ὅτι Τέως διέφυγον, φοβῶν φησιν, ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως ἐστὶ παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ ὥσπερ ἐνταῦθα. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ὁ μὲν κολάζεται, ὁ δὲ διαφεύγει τὰ αὐτὰ ποιῶν· ἐκεῖ δὲ οὐχ οὕτως. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν οἶδε τὸ δίκαιον ὁ κρίνων, εἶπε· πόθεν δὲ οἶδεν, οὐκ ἔτι προσέθηκε· περιττὸν γὰρ ἦν. Ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῆς ἀσεβείας ἀμφότερα δείκνυσι, καὶ ὅτι τὸν Θεὸν εἰδὼς, ἠσέβει, καὶ πόθεν εἰδὼς, ἀπὸ τῆς κτίσεως. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἦν δῆλον ἅπασιν, εἶπε καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν· ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὡς ὡμολογημένου, παρίησιν. Ὅταν δὲ εἴπῃ, Πᾶς ὁ κρίνων, οὐ τοῖς ἄρχουσι διαλέγεται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἰδιώταις καὶ ἀρχομένοις. βʹ. Καὶ γὰρ ἅπαντες ἄνθρωποι, κἂν μὴ