§25. Human sacrifice. Its absurdity. Its prevalence. Its calamitous results.

But some have been led by this time to such a pitch of irreligion and folly as to slay and to offer in sacrifice to their false gods even actual men, whose figures and forms the gods are. Nor do they see, wretched men, that the victims they are slaying are the patterns of the gods they make and worship, and to whom they are offering the men. For they are offering, one may say, equals to equals, or rather, the higher to the lower; for they are offering living creatures to dead, and rational beings to things without motion. 2. For the Scythians who are called Taurians offer in sacrifice to their Virgin, as they call her, survivors from wrecks, and such Greeks as they catch, going thus far in impiety against men of their own race, and thus exposing the savagery of their gods, in that those whom Providence has rescued from danger and from the sea, they slay, almost fighting against Providence; because they frustrate the kindness of Providence by their own brutal character. But others, when they are returned victorious from war, thereupon dividing their prisoners into hundreds, and taking a man from each, sacrifice to Ares the man they have picked out from each hundred. 3. Nor is it only Scythians who commit these abominations on account of the ferocity natural to them as barbarians: on the contrary, this deed is a special result of the wickedness connected with idols and false gods. For the Egyptians used formerly to offer victims of this kind to Hera, and the Phœnicians and Cretans used to propitiate Cronos in their sacrifices of children. And even the ancient Romans used to worship Jupiter Latiarius, as he was called, with human sacrifices, and some in one way, some in another, but all39    On human sacrifice see Saussaye, §17, and Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, pp. 343 sqq., especially p. 347, note 1, for references to examples near the time of this treatise. without exception committed and incurred the pollution: they incurred it by the mere perpetration of the murderous deeds, while they polluted their own temples by filling them with the smoke of such sacrifices. 4. This then was the ready source of numerous evils to mankind. For seeing that their false gods were pleased with these things, they forthwith imitated their gods with like misdoings, thinking that the imitation of superior beings, as they considered them, was a credit to themselves. Hence mankind was thinned by murders of grown men and children, and by licence of all kinds. For nearly every city is full of licentiousness of all kinds, the result of the savage character of its gods; nor is there one of sober life in the idols’ temples40    Reading εἰδωλείοις conj. Marr. save only he whose licentiousness is witnessed to by them all41    i.e. among the licentious worshippers the lifeless image is the only one free from vice, although the worshippers credit him with divine attributes, and therefore, according to their superstition, with a licentious life..

25 Ἤδη δέ τινες εἰς τοσαύτην ἀσέβειαν καὶ παραφροσύνην ἐξηνέ χθησαν, ὡς καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὧν εἰσι τύποι καὶ μορφαί, τοῖς παρ' αὐτοῖς ψευδοθέοις κατασφάττειν καὶ θυσίας προσάγειν. καὶ οὐχ ὁρῶσιν οἱ κακοδαίμονες ὅτι τὰ σφαγιαζόμενα θύματα ἀρχέτυπά εἰσι τῶν ὑπ' αὐτῶν πλασθέντων καὶ προσκυνουμένων θεῶν, καὶ οἷς προσάγουσι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. σχεδὸν γὰρ τὰ ὅμοια τοῖς ὁμοίοις ἢ μᾶλλον τὰ κρείττονα τοῖς ἐλάττοσι προσάγουσιν. ἔμψυχα γὰρ ἀψύχοις θύουσι, καὶ λογικὰ τοῖς ἀκινήτοις προσάγουσι. Σκύθαι γὰρ οἱ καλούμενοι Ταύρειοι τῇ παρ' αὐτοῖς Παρθένῳ καλου μένῃ τοὺς ἀπὸ ναυαγίων καὶ ὅσους ἂν λάβωσι τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς θυσίας ἀναφέρουσι, τοσοῦτον ἀσεβοῦντες κατὰ τῶν ὁμογενῶν ἀνθρώ πων, καὶ οὕτως ἐλέγχοντες τῶν θεῶν αὑτῶν τὴν ὠμότητα· ὅτι οὓς ἡ Πρόνοια ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἐκ κινδύνων διέσωσε, τούτους αὐτοὶ κατα σφάττουσι, μονονουχὶ κατὰ τῆς Προνοίας γινόμενοι· ὅτι τὴν ἐκείνης εὐεργεσίαν τῇ ἑαυτῶν θηριώδει ψυχῇ κατακρύπτουσιν. ἄλλοι δὲ τῷ Ἄρει, ἐπειδὰν ἐκ πολέμων ἐπανέλθωσι καὶ νίκας φέρωσι, τὸ τηνι καῦτα εἰς ἑκατοντάδας διελόντες τοὺς ληφθέντας, καὶ ἀφ' ἑκάστης ἕνα λαμβάνοντες, τοσούτους κατασφάζουσιν, ὅσους ἂν κατὰ μίαν ἑκατοντάδα ἐκλέξωνται. οὐ μόνοι δὲ Σκύθαι διὰ τὴν ἐν βαρβάροις ἔμφυτον αὐτοῖς ἀγριότητα τὰ τοιαῦτα μυσαρὰ δρῶσιν, ἀλλ' ἴδιόν ἐστι τῆς τῶν εἰδώλων καὶ δαιμόνων κακίας τοῦτο τὸ δρᾶμα. καὶ γὰρ καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι ἔθυον μὲν πάλαι τῇ Ἥρᾳ τοιαῦτα σφάγια· Φοίνικες δὲ καὶ Κρῆτες τὸν Κρόνον ἐν ταῖς τεκνοθυσίαις ἑαυτῶν ἱλάσκοντο. καὶ οἱ πάλαι δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸν καλούμενον Λατιάριον ∆ία ἀνθρωποθυσίαις ἐθρήσκευον· καὶ ἄλλοι ἄλλως, καὶ πάντες ἁπλῶς ἐμίαινον καὶ ἐμιαίνοντο. ἐμιαίνοντο μὲν αὐτοὶ δρῶντες τὰ φονικά· ἐμίαινον δὲ τοὺς ἑαυτῶν ναοὺς τοιαύταις καπνίζοντες θυσίαις. ἀπὸ δὴ τούτων τὰ κακὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εἰς πλῆθος ἔφθασεν· ὁρῶντες γὰρ ἐν τούτοις τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς ἡδομένους δαίμονας, εὐθέως καὶ αὐτοὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις πλημμελήμασι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν θεοὺς ἐμιμήσαντο, ἴδιον ἡγού μενοι κατόρθωμα τὴν πρὸς τὰ κρείττονα, ὡς αὐτοὶ νομίζουσι, μίμησιν. ἔνθεν ἀνδροφονίαις καὶ τεκνοκτονίαις καὶ πάσαις ἀσελγεί αις ἡττήθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι. καὶ γὰρ σχεδὸν πᾶσα πόλις πάσης ἀσελγείας ἐστὶ μεστὴ δι' ὁμοιότητα τρόπων τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς θεῶν γινομένη· καὶ οὐκ ἔστι σώφρων ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις, εἰ μὴ μόνος ὁ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἐπ' ἀσελγείᾳ μαρτυρούμενος.