Epistle XXV.179    Oxford ed.: Ep. xxxi. [This epistle shows that Cyprian’s gentle reproof of their former implied regret at his retreat (see p. 280, supra) had been effective.]

Moyses, Maximus, Nicostratus, and the Other Confessors Answer the Foregoing Letter. a.d. 250.

Argument.—They Gratefully Acknowledge the Consolation Which the Roman Confessors Had Received from Cyprian’s Letter.  Martyrdom is Not a Punishment, But a Happiness. The Words of the Gospel are Brands to Inflame Faith. In the Case of the Lapsed, the Judgment of Cyprian is Acquiesced in.

1. To Cæcilius Cyprian, bishop of the church of the Carthaginians, Moyses and Maximus, presbyters, and Nicostratus and Rufinus, deacons, and the other confessors persevering in the faith of the truth, in God the Father, and in His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, and in the Holy Spirit, greeting. Placed, brother, as we are among various and manifold sorrows, on account of the present desolations of many brethren throughout almost the whole world,180    [Note this testimony to the universality of the persecution. Vol. iv. p. 125, this series.] this chief consolation has reached us, that we have been lifted up by the receipt of your letter, and have gathered some alleviation for the griefs of our saddened spirit. From which we can already perceive that the grace of divine providence wished to keep us so long shut up in the prison chains, perhaps for no other reason than that, instructed and more vigorously animated by your letter, we might with a more earnest will attain to the destined crown. For your letter has shone upon us as a calm in the midst of a tempest, and as the longed-for tranquillity in the midst of a troubled sea, and as repose in labours, as health in dangers and pains, as in the densest darkness, the bright and glowing light. Thus we drank it up with a thirsty spirit, and received it with a hungry desire; so that we rejoice to find ourselves by it sufficiently fed and strengthened for encounter with the foe. The Lord will reward you for that love of yours, and will restore you the fruit due to this so good work; for he who exhorts is not less worthy of the reward of the crown than he who suffers; not less worthy of praise is he who has taught, than he who has acted also; he is not less to be honoured who has warned, than he who has fought; except that sometimes the weight of glory more redounds to him who trains, than to him who has shown himself a teachable learner; for the latter, perchance, would not have had what he has practised, unless the former had taught him.

2. Therefore, again, we say, brother Cyprian, we have received great joy, great comfort, great refreshment, especially in that you have described, with glorious and deserved praises, the glorious, I will not say, deaths, but immortalities of martyrs.  For such departures should have been proclaimed with such words, that the things which were related might be told in such manner as they were done. Thus, from your letter, we saw those glorious triumphs of the martyrs; and with our eyes in some sort have followed them as they went to heaven, and have contemplated them seated among angels, and the powers and dominions of heaven. Moreover, we have in some manner perceived with our ears the Lord giving them the promised testimony in the presence of the Father. It is this, then, which also raises our spirit day by day, and inflames us to the following of the track of such dignity.

3. For what more glorious, or what more blessed, can happen to any man from the divine condescension, than to confess the Lord God, in death itself, before his very executioners? Than among the raging and varied and exquisite tortures of worldly power, even when the body is racked and torn and cut to pieces, to confess Christ the Son of God with a spirit still free, although departing? Than to have mounted to heaven with the world left behind? Than, having forsaken men, to stand among the angels? Than, all worldly impediments being broken through, already to stand free in the sight of God? Than to enjoy the heavenly kingdom without any delay? Than to have become an associate of Christ’s passion in Christ’s name? Than to have become by the divine condescension the judge of one’s own judge? Than to have brought off an unstained conscience from the confession of His name? Than to have refused to obey human and sacrilegious laws against the faith? Than to have borne witness to the truth with a public testimony? Than, by dying, to have subdued death itself, which is dreaded by all? Than, by death itself, to have attained immortality? Than when torn to pieces, and tortured by all the instruments of cruelty, to have overcome the torture by the tortures themselves? Than by strength of mind to have wrestled with all the agonies of a mangled body? Than not to have shuddered at the flow of one’s own blood? Than to have begun to love one’s punishments, after having faith to bear them?181    Supplicia sua post fidem amare cœpisse. Than to think it an injury to one’s life not to have left it?

4. For to this battle our Lord, as with the trumpet of His Gospel, stimulates us when He says, “He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth his own soul more than me is not worthy of me. And he that taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me.”182    Matt. x. 37, 38. And again, “Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed shall ye be, when men shall persecute you, and hate you. Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for so did their fathers persecute the prophets which were before you.”183    Matt. v. 10–12. And again, “Because ye shall stand before kings and powers, and the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father the son, and he that endureth to the end shall be saved;”184    Matt. x. 18; xxi. 22. and “To him that overcometh will I give to sit on my throne, even as I also overcame and am set down on the throne of my Father.”185    Rev. iii. 21. Moreover the apostle: “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? (As it is written, For thy sake are we killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.) Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors for Him who hath loved us.”186    Rom. viii. 35.

5. When we read these things,187    [Note the power of Holy Scripture in creating and supporting the martyr-spirit.] and things of the like kind, brought together in the Gospel, and feel, as it were, torches placed under us, with the Lord’s words to inflame our faith, we not only do not dread, but we even provoke188    [See valuable note, Oxford translation, p. 71.] the enemies of the truth; and we have already conquered the opponents of God, by the very fact of our not yielding to them, and have subdued their nefarious laws against the truth.  And although we have not yet shed our blood, we are prepared to shed it. Let no one think that this delay of our departure189    Lit. “of our postponement.” is any clemency; for it obstructs us, it makes a hindrance to our glory, it puts off heaven, it withholds the glorious sight of God. For in a contest of this kind, and in the kind of contest when faith is struggling in the encounter, it is not true clemency to put off martyrs by delay. Entreat therefore, beloved Cyprian, that of His mercy the Lord will every day more and more arm and adorn every one of us with greater abundance and readiness, and will confirm and strengthen us by the strength of His power; and, as a good captain, will at length bring forth His soldiers, whom He has hitherto trained and proved in the camp of our prison, to the field of the battle set before them. May He hold forth to us the divine arms, those weapons that know not how to be conquered,—the breastplate of righteousness, which is never accustomed to be broken,—the shield of faith, which cannot be pierced through,—the helmet of salvation, which cannot be shattered,—and the sword of the Spirit, which has never been wont to be injured. For to whom should we rather commit these things for him to ask for us, than to our so reverend bishop,190    [I have amended the translation here from the Oxford trans.] as destined victims asking help of the priest?

6. Behold another joy of ours, that, in the duty of your episcopate, although in the meantime you have been, owing to the condition of the times, divided from your brethren, you have frequently confirmed the confessors by your letters; that you have ever afforded necessary supplies from your own just acquisitions; that in all things you have always shown yourself in some sense present; that in no part of your duty have you hung behind as a deserter.191    [An important testimony to Cyprian’s judicious retirement, in the spirit of St. Paul, Phil. i. 24.] But what more strongly stimulated us to a greater joy we cannot be silent upon, but must describe with all the testimony of our voice. For we observe that you have both rebuked with fitting censure, and worthily, those who, unmindful of their sins, had, with hasty and eager desire, extorted peace from the presbyters in your absence, and those who, without respect for the Gospel, had with profane facility granted the holiness192    “Sanctum.” [Note what follows: a rule for our times.]of the Lord unto dogs, and pearls to swine; although a great crime, and one which has extended with incredible destructiveness almost over the whole earth, ought only, as you yourself write, to be treated cautiously and with moderation, with the advice of all the bishops, presbyters, deacons, confessors, and even the laymen who abide fast,193    [An important testimony to the Cyprianic theory from members of the Roman presbytery.] as in your letters you yourself also testify; so that, while wishing unseasonably to bring repairs to the ruins, we may not appear to be bringing about other and greater destruction, for where is the divine word left, if pardon be so easily granted to sinners? Certainly their spirits are to be cheered and to be nourished up to the season of their maturity, and they are to be instructed from the Holy Scriptures how great and surpassing a sin they have committed. Nor let them be animated by the fact that they are many, but rather let them be checked by the fact that they are not few.194    [The extent of the lapses which Cyprian strove to check by due austerity must be noted.] An unblushing number has never been accustomed to have weight in extenuation of a crime; but shame, modesty, patience, discipline, humility, and subjection, waiting for the judgment of others upon itself, and bearing the sentence of others upon its own judgment,—this it is which proves penitence; this it is which skins over a deep wound; this it is which raises up the ruins of the fallen spirit and restores them, which quells and restrains the burning vapour of their raging sins. For the physician will not give to the sick the food of healthy bodies, lest the unseasonable nourishment, instead of repressing, should stimulate the power of the raging disease,—that is to say, lest what might have been sooner diminished by abstinence, should, through impatience, be prolonged by growing indigestion.

7. Hands, therefore, polluted with impious sacrifices195    [The casting of a grain of incense upon the coals before an image, to escape death.] must be purified with good works, and wretched mouths defiled with accursed food196    [Meats offered to idols.] must be purged with words of true penitence, and the spirit must be renewed and consecrated in the recesses of the faithful heart. Let the frequent groanings of the penitents be heard; let faithful tears be shed from the eyes not once only, but again and again, so that those very eyes which wickedly looked upon idols may wash away, with tears that satisfy God, the unlawful things that they had done. Nothing is necessary for diseases but patience: they who are weary and weak wrestle with their pain; and so at length hope for health, if, by tolerating it, they can overcome their suffering; for unfaithful is the scar which the physician has too quickly produced; and the healing is undone by any little casualty, if the remedies be not used faithfully from their very slowness. The flame is quickly recalled again to a conflagration, unless the material of the whole fire be extinguished even to the extremest spark; so that men of this kind should justly know that even they themselves are more advantaged by the very delay, and that more trusty remedies are applied by the necessary postponement.  Besides, where shall it be said that they who confess Christ are shut up in the keeping of a squalid prison, if they who have denied Him are in no peril of their faith? Where, that they are bound in the cincture of chains in God’s name, if they who have not kept the confession of God are not deprived of communion? Where, that the imprisoned martyrs lay down their glorious lives, if those who have forsaken the faith do not feel the magnitude of their dangers and their sins? But if they betray too much impatience, and demand communion with intolerable eagerness, they vainly utter with petulant and unbridled tongues those querulous and invidious reproaches which avail nothing against the truth, since they might have retained by their own right what now by a necessity, which they of their own free will have sought, they are compelled to sue for.197    [Note the profound convictions in these very lapsers of the truth of the Gospel and of the value of full communion with Christ.] For the faith which could confess Christ, could also have been kept by Christ in communion. We bid you, blessed and most glorious father, ever heartily farewell in the Lord; and have us in remembrance.

EPISTOLA XXVI. (Pamel., Rigalt., Baluz., XXVI. Paris., XXV. Oxon., Lips., XXXI.)MOYSES, MAXIMUS, NICOSTRATUS, ET ALII CONFESSORES RESPONDENT PRAECEDENTI EPISTOLAE.

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ARGUMENTUM.---Solatia quae ex Cyprianis litteris perceperant Romani confessores, grati agnoscunt.---Martyrium non poena sed felicitas.---Voces evangelicae faces ad inflammandam fidem.---In lapsorum causa Cypriani sententiae acceditur.

I. Caecilio Cypriano, episcopo ecclesiae Carthaginensium, Moyses et Maximus presbyteri et Nicostratus et Rufinus diaconi et caeteri confessores in fide veritatis perseverantes in Deo Patre et in Filio ejus 0290B Jesu Christo Domino nostro et in Spiritu sancto salutem. Inter varios et multiplices, frater, dolores nobis constitutis propter praesentes multorum fratrum per totum pene orbem ruinas, hoc praecipuum nobis solatium supervenit, quod acceptis litteris tuis erecti sumus , et dolentis animi moeroribus fomenta suscepimus. Unde intelligere jam possumus gratiam divinae providentiae forsitan non ob aliam causam nos tam diu clausos vinculis carceris reservare voluisse, nisi ut, instructi et robustius animati litteris tuis, voto proniore ad coronam destinatam possemus pervenire. Illuxerunt enim nobis litterae tuae ut in tempestate quadam serenitas, et in turbido mari exoptata tranquillitas, et in laboribus requies, ut in periculis et doloribus sanitas, ut in densissimis 0290C tenebris candida lux et refulgens . Ita illas animo sitiente perbibimus et voto esuriente suscepimus, ut ad certamen inimici ex illis nos satis pastos et saginatos gaudeamus. Reddet tibi Dominus pro ista 0291A tua charitate mercedem, et hujus tam boni operis repraesentabit debitam frugem. Non minus enim coronae mercede condignus est qui hortatus est quam qui et passus est, non minus laude condignus qui docuit quam qui et fecit. Non minus honorandus est qui monuit quam qui dimicavit, nisi quoniam nonnumquam magis gloriae cumulus redundat ad eum qui instituit quam ad eum quisse docibilem discipulum subministravit. Hic enim fortassis hoc quod exercuit non habuisset, nisi ille docuisset.

II. Percepimus igitur, iterum dicimus, frater Cypriane, magna gaudia, magna solatia, magna fomenta, maxime quod et gloriosas martyrum, non dicam mortes, sed immortalitates gloriosis et condignis laudibus prosecutus es. Tales enim excessus talibus vocibus prosequendi fuerunt, ut quae referebantur sic dicerentur 0291B qualiter facta sunt. Ex tuis ergo litteris vidimus gloriosos illos martyrum triumphos, et oculis nostris quodam modo coelum illos petentes prosecuti sumus, et inter Angelos ac Potestates Dominationesque coelestes constitutos contemplati sumus. Sed et Dominum apud Patrem testimonium suum illis promissum perhibentem auribus nostris quodam modo sensimus . Hoc est ergo quod et nobis animum in dies erigit, et ad consequendos gradus tantae dignationis incendit .

III. Quid enim gloriosius, quidve felicius ulli hominum poterit ex divina dignatione contingere, quam inter ipsos carnifices in ipso interitu confiteri Dominum 0292A Deum, quam inter saevientia saecularis potestatis varia et exquisita tormenta, etiam extorto et excruciato et excarnificato corpore, Christum Dei Filium, etsi recedente sed tamen libero spiritu, confiteri, quam relicto mundo coelum petisse, quam desertis hominibus inter Angelos stare, quam impedimentis omnibus saecularibus ruptis in conspectu Dei jam se liberum sistere, quam coeleste regnum sine ulla cunctatione tenere, quam collegam passionis cum Christo in Christi nomine factum fuisse, quam judicis sui divina dignatione judicem factum fuisse, quam immaculatam conscientiam de confessione nominis reportasse, quam humanis et sacrilegis legibus contra fidem non obedisse, quam veritatem voce publica contestatum fuisse, quam ipsam quae ab omnibus metuatur moriendo mortem subegisse, quam per ipsam 0292B mortem immortalitatem consecutum fuisse, quam omnibus saevitiae instrumentis excarnificatum et extortum ipsis tormentis tormenta superasse, quam omnibus dilaniati corporis doloribus robore animi reluctatum fuisse, quam sanguinem suum profluentem non horruisse, quam supplicia sua post fidem amare coepisse, quam detrimentum vitae suae putare non exisse ?

IV. Ad hoc enim praelium quasi quadam tuba Evangelii sui nos excitat Dominus dicens: Qui plus diligit patrem aut matrem quam me, non est me dignus; et qui plus diligit animam suam quam me, non est me dignus; qui non tollit crucem suam et sequitur me, non est me dignus 0293A (Matth. X, 37). Et iterum: Beati qui persecutionem passi fuerint propter justitiam; ipsorum enim est regnum coelorum. Beati eritis cum vos persecuti fuerint et odio habuerint . Gaudete et exultate. Sic enim et prophetas persecuti sunt, qui ante vos fuerunt, patres eorum (Matth. V, 10, 12). Et iterum: Quoniam ante reges et potestates stabitis, et tradet frater fratrem ad mortem, et pater filium; et qui perseveraverit usque ad finem, hic salvus erit (Matth. X, 18, 21, 22). Et: Vincenti dabo sedere super thronum meum, sicut et ego vici et sedi super thronum patris mei (Apocal., III, 21). Sed et Apostolus : Quis nos separabit a charitate Christi? Pressura, an angustia, an persecutio, an fames, an nuditas, an periculum, an gladius? sicut scriptum est: qui propter te interficimur tota die, aestimati sumus velut oves 0293B victimae, sed in iis omnibus supervincimus pro eo qui nos dilexit (Rom. VIII, 35, 37).

V. Haec et hujusmodi cum in Evangelio collata perlegamus , et quasi faces quasdam ad inflammandam fidem Dominicis vocibus suppositas nobis sentiamus, hostes veritatis jam non tantum non perhorrescimus, sed et provocamus, et inimicos Dei jam hoc ipso quod non cessimus vicimus , et nefarias contra 0294A veritatem leges subegimus. Et si nondum nostrum sanguinem fudimus, sed fundere parati sumus, nemo hanc dilationis nostrae moram clementiam judicet, quae nobis officit, quae impedimentum gloriae facit, quae coelum differt, quae gloriosum Dei conspectum inhibet. In hujusmodi enim certamine, et in hujusmodi, ubi decertat fides , praelio, mora martyres non distulisse, vera clementia est. Pete ergo, Cypriane charissime, ut nos gratia sua Dominus magis ac magis in dies singulos quosque uberius atque propensius et armet et illustret et viribus potentiae suae firmet ac roboret , et quasi optimus imperator, milites suos, quos usque adhuc in castris carceris exercuti et probavit, producat jam ad propositi certaminis campum. Porrigat nobis 0294B arma divina, illa tela quae nesciunt vinci, loricam justitiae quae nunquam solet rumpi, clypeum fidei qui non potest perforari, galeam salutis quae non potest frangi , et gladium spiritus, qui non consuevit vulnerari. Cui enim magis haec ut pro nobis petat mandare debemus, quam tam glorioso episcopo, ut hostiae destinati petant auxilium de sacerdote?

VI. Ecce aliud gaudium nostrum, quod in officio 0295A episcopatus tui, licet interim a fratribus pro temporis conditione distractus es, tamen non defuisti, quod litteris confessores frequenter corroborasti, quod etiam sumptus necessarios de tuis laboribus justis praebuisti, quod in omnibus te praesentem quodammodo semper exhibuisti, quod in nulla officii tui parte quasi aliquis desertor claudicasti. Sed quod nos ad majorem laetitiam robustius provocavit tacere non possumus, quin omni vocis nostrae testimonio prosequamur. Animadvertimus enim te congruente censura et eos digne objurgasse qui, immemores delictorum suorum, pacem a presbyteris per absentiam tuam festinata et praecipiti cupiditate extorsissent , et illos qui sine respectu Evangelii sanctum Domini canibus et margaritas porcis profana 0295B facilitate donassent, cum grande delictum, et per totum pene orbem incredibili vastatione grassatum, non oporteat nisi, ut ipse scribis, caute moderateque tractari, consultis omnibus episcopis, presbyteris, diaconibus, confessoribus, et ipsis stantibus laicis, ut in tuis litteris et ipse testaris; ne, dum volumus importune ruinis subvenire, alias majores ruinas videamur parare: ubi enim divinus sermo relinquitur, si tam facile peccantibus venia praestetur? Fovendi sunt sane ipsorum animi et ad 0296A maturitatis suae tempus nutriendi, et de Scripturis sanctis quam ingens et supra omnia peccatum commiserint instruendi. Nec hoc animentur quia multi sunt; sed hoc ipso magis reprimantur quia non pauci sunt, Nihil ad extenuationem delicti numerus impudens valere consuevit , sed pudor, sed modestia, sed patientia, sed disciplina, sed humilitas atque subjectio , sed alienum de se expectasse judicium, sed alienam de suo sustinuisse sententiam. Hoc est quod poenitentiam probat; hoc est quod impresso vulneri inducit cicatricem; hoc est quod dejectae mentis ruinas erigit et attollit, quod ardentem delictorum aestuantium vaporem restinguit et finit. Non enim quae sanorum sunt corporum medicus aegris dabit , ne importunus cibus tempestatem 0296B valetudinis saevientis non reprimat, sed accendat; scilicet ne quod potuisset maturius jejunio extenuari , per impatientiam longius pasta cruditate producat .

VII. Eluendae sunt igitur impio sacrificio manus inquinatae operibus bonis , et nefario cibo ora misera polluta poenitentiae sunt verae sermonibus expianda, et in secretis cordis fidelis novellandus et consecrandus est animus . Crebri poenitentium gemitus audiantur: non semel tantum, sed 0297A iterum fideles ex oculis lacrymae profundantur, ut illi ipsi oculi qui male simulachra conspexerunt, quae illicita commiserant, satisfacientibus Deo fletibus deleant. Non est nisi patientia morbis necessaria. Luctantur cum suo dolore qui languent, et ita demum sperant sanitatem, si tolerantia superarint dolorem; infidelis enim cicatrix quam cito festinans medicus induxit, et ad quemlibet casum medela rescinditur , si non fideliter de ipsa tarditate remedia praestentur: cito rursus in incendium flamma revocatur, nisi totius ignis, etiam usque ad extremam scintillam, materia restinguatur; ut merito hujusmodi homines sciant sibi etiam de ipsa mora magis consuli et fideliora necessariis dilationibus remedia praestari. Caeterum, ubi erit quod custodia 0297B squalidi carceris includuntur qui Christum confitentur, si sine periculo fidei sunt qui negaverunt? ubi quod in nomine Dei catenarum ambitu vinciuntur, si sine communicatione non sunt qui confessionem Dei non retinuerunt ? ubi quod detenti martyres gloriosas animas ponunt, si qui dereliquerunt fidem periculorum et delictorum suorum non sentiunt magnitudinem? Quod si nimiam impatientiam praeferunt et intolerabili festinatione communicationem exposcunt, frustra querula ista et invidiosa ac nihil adversus veritatem valentia jactant petulanti et infreno ore convicia, quandoquidem licuerit illis suo jure retinere quod nunc sua sponte quaesita necessitate coguntur 0297C postulare. Fides enim quae potuit Christum confiteri, 0298A potuit et a Christo in communicatione retineri. Optamus te, beatissime ac gloriosissime papa , in Domino semper bene valere et nostri meminisse.