Chapter XXIII.

After this, Celsus next asserts that “Those herdsmen and shepherds who followed Moses as their leader, had their minds deluded by vulgar deceits, and so supposed that there was one God.”  Let him show, then, how, after this irrational departure, as he regards it, of the herdsmen and shepherds from the worship of many gods, he himself is able to establish the multiplicity of deities that are found amongst the Greeks, or among those other nations that are called Barbarian.  Let him establish, therefore, the existence of Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses by Zeus; or of Themis, the parent of the Hours; or let him prove that the ever naked Graces can have a real, substantial existence.  But he will not be able to show, from any actions of theirs, that these fictitious representations45    ἀναπλάσματα. of the Greeks, which have the appearance of being invested with bodies, are (really) gods.  And why should the fables of the Greeks regarding the gods be true, any more than those of the Egyptians for example, who in their language know nothing of a Mnemosyne, mother of the nine Muses; nor of a Themis, parent of the Hours; nor of a Euphrosyne, one of the Graces; nor of any other of these names?  How much more manifest (and how much better than all these inventions!) is it that, convinced by what we see, in the admirable order of the world, we should worship the Maker of it as the one Author of one effect, and which, as being wholly in harmony with itself, cannot on that account have been the work of many makers; and that we should believe that the whole heaven is not held together by the movements of many souls, for one is enough, which bears the whole of the non-wandering46    τὴν ἀπλανῆ. sphere from east to west, and embraces within it all things which the world requires, and which are not self-existing!  For all are parts of the world, while God is no part of the whole.  But God cannot be imperfect, as a part is imperfect.  And perhaps profounder consideration will show, that as God is not a part, so neither is He properly the whole, since the whole is composed of parts; and reason will not allow us to believe that the God who is over all is composed of parts, each one of which cannot do what all the other parts can.

Ἑξῆς τούτοις φησὶν ὁ Κέλσος ὅτι τῷ ἡγησαμένῳ σφῶν ἑπόμενοι Μωϋσεῖ αἰπόλοι καὶ ποιμένες, ἀγροίκοις ἀπάταις ψυχαγωγηθέντες ἕνα ἐνόμισαν εἶναι θεόν. ∆εικνύτω τοίνυν πῶς, αἰπόλων καὶ ποιμένων ἀλόγως, ὡς οἴεται, ἀποστάντων τοῦ σέβειν θεούς, αὐτὸς δύναται παραστῆσαι τὸ πλῆθος τῶν καθ' Ἕλληνας θεῶν ἢ τοὺς λοιποὺς βαρβά ρους. ∆εικνύτω τοίνυν ὑπόστασιν καὶ οὐσίαν Μνημοσύνης γεννώσης ἀπὸ ∆ιὸς τὰς Μούσας, ἢ Θέμιδος τὰς Ὥρας, ἢ τὰς Χάριτας ἀεὶ γυμνὰς παραστησάτω δύνασθαι κατ' οὐσίαν ὑφεστηκέναι. Ἀλλ' οὐ δυνήσεται τὰ Ἑλλήνων ἀναπλάσματα σωματοποιεῖσθαι δοκοῦντα ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων δεικνύναι θεούς. Τί γὰρ μᾶλλον οἱ Ἑλλήνων μῦθοι περὶ θεῶν ἀληθεῖς ἤ, φέρ' εἰπεῖν, οἱ Αἰγυπτίων, οὐκ εἰδότων τῇ σφῶν διαλέκτῳ Μνημοσύνην μητέρα Μουσῶν ἐννέα οὐδὲ Θέμιν Ὡρῶν οὐδὲ Εὐρυνόμην μαῖαν τῶν Χαρίτων οὐδὲ τὰ λοιπὰ ὀνόματα αὐτῶν; Πόσῳ οὖν ἐνεργέστερον καὶ πάντων τούτων τῶν ἀναπλασμάτων βέλτιον τὸ ἐκ τῶν ὁρωμένων πειθόμενον τοῖς κατὰ τὴν εὐταξίαν τοῦ κόσμου σέβειν τὸν δημιουργὸν αὐτοῦ ἑνὸς ὄντος ἕνα καὶ συμπνέοντος αὐτοῦ ὅλῳ ἑαυτῷ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μὴ δυναμένῳ ὑπὸ πολλῶν δημιουργῶν γεγονέναι, ὡς οὐδ' ὑπὸ πολλῶν ψυχῶν συνέχεσθαι ὅλον τὸν οὐρανὸν κινουσῶν· ἀρκεῖ γὰρ μία ἡ φέρουσα ὅλην τὴν ἀπλανῆ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἐπὶ δυσμὰς καὶ ἐμπεριλαβοῦσα ἔνδον πάντα, ὧν χρείαν ἔχει ὁ κόσμος, τὰ μὴ αὐτοτελῆ. Πάντα γὰρ μέρη κόσμου, οὐδὲν δὲ μέρος ὅλου θεός· δεῖ γὰρ εἶναι τὸν θεὸν μὴ ἀτελῆ, ὥσπερ ἐστὶ τὸ μέρος ἀτελές. Τάχα δὲ βαθύτερος λόγος δείξει ὅτι κυρίως θεὸς ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔστι μέρος οὕτως οὐδὲ ὅλον, ἐπεὶ τὸ ὅλον ἐκ μερῶν ἐστι· καὶ οὐχ αἱρεῖ λόγος παραδέξασθαι τὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσι θεὸν εἶναι ἐκ μερῶν, ὧν ἕκαστον οὐ δύναται ὅπερ τὰ ἄλλα μέρη.