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He saved Rome and was named a second Romulus. And so it was ordered to clip the beards at the tip and to make the breastplates of iron and to have the helmets without crests. 4.28 .... in the oration to the people, a sort of address. that the bodyguard is a spatharius, and the makers of the arms are fabricisii. 4.29 On the Ides of February; from this day, from the sixth hour, on account of the libations for the dead, the temples were locked up, and the magistrates went forth in the dress of private citizens until the eighth day before the Kalends of March. The modest women—the Romans call them matrons, but the Greeks house-mistresses—took so much care for their modesty as not even to associate with many women, but also to set apart for themselves certain quiet places in the baths, away from the crowd, which even now they call matronicia. These modest women, therefore, made offerings to the spirit of Brutus for such a reason: Lucretia, a certain Roman woman, exceedingly comely and modest, is said to have been violated once by Tarquin, the last of the kings, or by his son; history calls him Superbus, as if to say, "the arrogant one"; for he was the first to invent instruments of punishment and mines; and so that he might not be softened by the torments of those being punished, he would give them an herb which produced laughter against their will in the sufferers. And even now such an herb grows on the island of Sardinia, whence they speak of Sardonic laughter. Hence they called Tarquin Superbus, meaning harsh and cruel; and nothing could produce hatred like these things. That Lucretia, therefore, considering modesty better than intercourse with the king, and not only than that, but than life itself, having sent for her own people and related the sin, which she could have concealed if she had wished, slew herself in the presence of the witnesses of her modesty. The people, therefore, were moved at this and feigned hatred of the tyrant, ........ who, seizing the opportunity, leads the Roman people and pushes Tarquin from the kingship. Brutus, therefore, as we were saying, was honored after his death by the Roman women with public mourning, as the avenger of modesty; and they thought it worthy to call themselves Brutas in honor of Brutus. 4.30 The Romans call the public slave a vernaclus. Since the Roman people was divided into three parts, the tribe among them was named tribus, and the tribunes of the people were the tribuni. And they had a concern for the horse race, that it be performed fittingly; and for this reason a tribune even now leads the voluptates, that is, the pleasures. That the place is called agon and agonia because of its roundness, from not having an angle (gonia), in the fashion of which round crowns were also placed on the victors. The three obelisks signify the three-element nature: of water, fire, earth; for on these alone death has its effect. whence also the myth gives to Pluto a three-headed dog, meaning three-elemented; for the air is life-giving. Through the obelisks, therefore, it is signified that they held the contest in honor of those who died for their country, with three chariots and not four competing in the horse race; the russati, as if to say red; the albati, as if to say white; the virides, as if to say flowering, but now they call them greens. And the russati claimed to be of Ares, the whites of Zeus, and the flowering ones of Aphrodite. And later, also the venetus; they call them veneti locally, steel-dyed, from the Veneti around the Adriatic who use such garments; the Romans call venetus the color which among us is turquoise. The Gauls, therefore, seeing a certain place of their own in the Hippodrome, filled it, and they called them Veneti from their garments, and the country Venetia, because no one ever along that

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Ῥώμην ἐρρύσατο καὶ δεύτερος Ῥωμύλος ὠνομάσθη. καὶ οὕτως ἀποκείρειν τε τοὺς πώγωνας ἐπ' ἄκρου καὶ σιδηροῦς τοὺς θώρακας κατασκευάζειν τέτακται καὶ ἄνευ λοφιῶν τὰς περικεφαλαίας ἔχειν. 4.28 .... ἐν τῇ πρὸς δῆμον ὀρατίωνι οἱονεὶ προσ φωνήσει. ὅτι σπαθάριος ὁ σωματοφύλαξ ἐστίν, καὶ φαυρικίσιοι οἱ τῶν ὅπλων δημιουργοί. 4.29 Εἰδοῖς Φεβρουαρίαις· ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς ἡμέρας ἀπὸ ὥρας ἕκτης διὰ τὰς τῶν κατοιχομένων χοὰς τὰ ἱερὰ κατησφαλίζοντο, καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες ἐν σχήματι ἰδιωτῶν προῄεσαν ἄχρι τῆς πρὸ ὀκτὼ Καλενδῶν Μαρτίων. αἱ δὲ σώφρονες γυναῖκες-ματρώνας δὲ αὐτὰς οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν, οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες οἰκοδεσποίνας- τοσοῦτον τῆς αἰδοῦς ἐφρόντιζον, ὡς μηδὲ ταῖς πολλαῖς τῶν γυναικῶν ὁμιλεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τόπους τινὰς ἡσυχίους ἐν τοῖς βαλανείοις ἔξω τοῦ πλήθους ἑαυταῖς ἀφορίζειν, οὓς ἔτι καὶ νῦν ματρωνίκια καλοῦσιν. αὗται τοίνυν αἱ σώφρονες τοῖς Βρούτου δαίμοσιν ἐνήγιζον δι' αἰτίαν τοιαύτην· Λουκρητία, γυνή τις Ῥωμαία περιττῶς εὐπρεπής τε καὶ σώφρων, λέγεται βιασθῆναί ποτε ὑπὸ Ταρκυνίου τοῦ τελευταίου τῶν ῥηγῶν ἢ τοῦ αὐτοῦ παιδός· Σούπερβον δὲ αὐτὸν ἡ ἱστορία καλεῖ οἱονεὶ ἀλαζόνα· πρῶτος γὰρ αὐτὸς ὄργανα ποινῶν καὶ μέταλλα ἐξεῦρεν· ὅπως δὲ μὴ μαλάττοιτο τοῖς αἰκισμοῖς τῶν τιμωρουμένων, βοτάνην αὐτοῖς ἐπεδίδου, ἣ γέλωτα ἐνεποίει παρὰ σκοπὸν τοῖς πάσχουσι. γίνεται δὲ καὶ νῦν ἐπὶ Σαρδοῦς τῆς νήσου ἡ τοιαύτη βοτάνη, ὅθεν καὶ Σαρδόνιον γέλωτά φασιν. ἔνθεν τὸν Ταρκύνιον Σούπερβον ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀπηνῆ καὶ ὠμὸν ἐκάλουν· οὐδὲν δὲ ἂν τέκοι μῖσος ὡς ταῦτα. ἐκείνη τοίνυν ἡ Λουκρητία, κρείττονα τὴν σωφροσύνην τῆς βασιλικῆς ὁμι λίας ἡγησαμένη, καὶ οὐκ αὐτῆς μόνης ἀλλὰ καὶ ζωῆς αὐτῆς, μεταπεμψαμένη τοὺς ἑαυτῆς ἀφηγησαμένη τε τήν, εἴγε ἄρα ἐβούλετο, λανθάνειν δυναμένην ἁμαρτίαν, ἑαυτὴν παρόντων τῶν τῆς σωφροσύνης μαρτύρων ἀπέσφαξε. κινεῖται οὖν ὁ δῆμος πρὸς τοῦτο καὶ τὸ μῖσος τοῦ τυράννου προσεποιεῖτο, ........ ὃς δραξάμενος καιροῦ ἡγεῖται τοῦ Ῥωμαϊκοῦ δήμου καὶ παρωθεῖται τῆς βασιλείας τὸν Ταρκύνιον. ἐτιμήθη οὖν, ὡς ἐλέγομεν, παρὰ ταῖς Ῥωμαίων γυναιξὶν ὁ Βροῦτος μετὰ θάνατον δημοσίῳ πένθει, οἷα ἔκδικος τῆς σωφροσύνης· καὶ Βρούτας ἑαυτὰς ἠξίουν ὀνομάζεσθαι πρὸς τιμὴν Βρούτου. 4.30 Βέρνακλον τὸν δημόσιον οἰκέτην οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι καλοῦσιν. ἐπειδὴ εἰς τρεῖς μοίρας ὁ Ῥωμαϊκὸς διῄρητο δῆμος, τρίβους ἡ φυλὴ παρ' αὐτοῖς ὠνομάσθη, καὶ τριβοῦνοι οἱ δήμαρχοι. φροντὶς δὲ ἦν αὐτοῖς τῆς ἱπποδρομίας, ὡς ἐπιτελοῖτο προσηκόντως· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τριβοῦνος ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἡγεῖται τῶν βολουπτάτων, ἀντὶ τοῦ τῶν τέρψεων. ὅτι ἀγὼν καὶ ἀγωνία ὁ τόπος λέγεται διὰ τὸ κυκλοτερές, παρὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν γωνίαν, ἧς εἰς τύπον καὶ στέφανοι κυκλοτερεῖς τοῖς νικῶσιν ἐπετίθεντο. οἱ δὲ τρεῖς ὀβελοὶ τὴν τρίστοιχον φύσιν δηλοῦσιν, ὕδατος πυρὸς γῆς· ἐπ' αὐτῶν γὰρ καὶ μόνων ὁ θάνατος τὴν ἐνέργειαν ἔχει. ὅθεν καὶ τρικάρηνον ὁ μῦθος δίδωσι τῷ Πλούτωνι κύνα, ἀντὶ τοῦ τρίστοιχον· ὁ γὰρ ἀὴρ ζωοποιός ἐστι. διὰ τῶν ὀβελῶν οὖν δηλοῦται, ὡς πρὸς τιμὴν τῶν ὑπὲρ πατρίδος ἀποθνησκόντων τὴν ἀγωνίαν ἐπετέλουν, τριῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ οὐ τεττάρων ἁμιλλωμένων ἐπὶ τῆς ἱπποδρομίας· οἱ μὲν ῥουσσάτοι οἱονεὶ ἐρυθροί, οἱ δὲ ἀλβᾶτοι οἱονεὶ λευκοί, οἱ δὲ βίριδες οἱονεὶ ἀνθηροί, πρασίνους δὲ αὐτοὺς νῦν προσαγορεύουσι. καὶ οἱ μὲν ῥουσσάτοι ἠξίουν τοῦ Ἄρεως εἶναι, οἱ δὲ λευκοὶ τοῦ ∆ιός, οἱ δὲ ἀνθηροὶ τῆς Ἀφροδίτης. ὕστερον δὲ καὶ τὸ βένετον· βενέτους δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐπιχωρίως καλοῦσι σιδηροβάφους ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ τὴν Ἀδρίαν Ἑνετῶν τοιαύταις ἐσθῆσι χρωμένων· βένετον δὲ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν καλλάϊνον χρῶμα προσαγορεύουσιν. οἱ Γάλλοι τοίνυν ἴδιόν τινα τόπον ἐν τῷ ἱππικῷ θεωροῦντες ἐπλήρουν, καὶ Βενέτους αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἐσθημάτων ὠνόμαζον, καὶ Βενετίαν τὴν χώραν, διὰ τὸ μηδένα ποτὲ κατ' ἐκείνην