Our Father Among The Saints Cyril Archbishop of Alexandria On The Gospel According To John. Book Iii.

Chapter I. A critical enquiry why the blessed Baptist is called by Christ not only the lamp, but burning and shining.

Having but now with toil stayed our pen on the second book, and swum through the deep and wide sea of Divine contemplations, thinking so to reach the end, as a harbour, and all but mooring our skiff on the mainland, we see the commencement of another ocean, to wit; our course on the sequel. Which that we should accomplish with all diligence, both the nature of the thing shames us into, and that said by some one persuades us no less unto, For glorious is the fruit of good labours. Come then, let us, mounting up unto a courageous purpose of mind, commit our affairs to the guidance of the good and loving God: let us, spreading forth like a sail, the expanse of our understanding and embracing the grace of the Spirit as the sound of a fair wind from the stern, run out into deep in-search. For it is Christ Which maketh a way in the sea and a path in the water. Our second book then ended with, But I receive not testimony from man; but these things I say, that Ye might be saved. Let us begin the third, joining in order what follows concerning the holy Baptist, of whom Christ says;  

35 He was the lamp burning and shining; and Ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light.

He likens the holy Baptist to a lamp, in that as far as appertains to the measure of man, he shone forth before His Coming, yet not with his own light: for not its own is the light in the lamp, but from without and bestowed and added: thus will you see in the saints also the illumination that is from Christ in the Spirit. Wherefore they both thinking and acting most wisely do themselves confess out of their own mouth, Of His fulness have all We received. For the Only-Begotten is by Nature Light, in that from Light too He beamed forth, I mean, from the Essence of the Father: but the creation partakes of it, and whatever is endowed with power of reasoning and thinking, is as a vessel most excellently fashioned by God the Most Excellent Artificer of all things, with capacity for being filled with Divine Light.

The blessed Baptist then is a lamp according to the above-given explanation. The Saviour saying this economically calls the foolish Pharisees to remembrance of the Voice of God the Father, saying of Him, I prepared a lamp for My Christ. Very profitably and of necessity does Christ now subjoin these things to those already aforesaid. For. since, cutting off all occasion of unbelief from the Jews, and from all sides compelling them to the duty of believing on Him, He thought good to agree with them in not receiving his testimony, saying, I receive not testimony from man, that they might not suppose that the Lord was really and truly so minded respecting His forerunner, as the form of the words gives,----profitably to His present purpose, does He introduce him, not as Himself saying anything of him, but as proclaimed by the Voice of the Father. For He thought that from reverence certainly to God the Father, the gainsayer must either be ashamed, or shew himself now more nakedly fighting against God, as unrestrainedly going against the very words of God the Father.  

He then (saith He) was the lamp, and Ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. For it behoved Him not only to shew that the Pharisees easily went astray from what is right, and had by the great impiety of their ways thrust from them the will to believe, but also to convict them of being fickle, and by no means accustomed to cleave to the desire of good things, but after having barely tasted, and approved in words only those whom they thought to be holy, they were not ashamed quickly to go over to the contrary habit. For this I think is the meaning of their being willing for a season to rejoice in his light. For at the commencement they admired the holy Baptist, as an ascetic, as a lover of God, as an example of all piety, but they who honour the miracle again insult it, not enduring to hear, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God. For this they are clearly found doing through unbelief.

And now (as I think) having kept the well-trodden and commonly-used method of interpretation of the passage, we have put forth the meaning of it, according to our power: but since the Word of the Saviour extendeth to deep meanings, and evidently all but necessitateth the taking hold of more subtil conceptions, not merely signifying that John was a lamp, but also burning and shining, we deem it needful to apply ourselves more keenly to the force of the words and so track out the beauty of the truth. The sentence itself shall again be brought forward. He was the Lamp, He says. It would have been sufficient by this alone to have pointed out the holy Baptist, so that the hearers should go back to the thought of the prophecy concerning Him, which runs thus, I prepared a lamp for My Christ. But since He adds to the word lamp, the burning and shining, it is thence manifest that He carries the hearer back not merely to the prophet's voice, but also to some pre-figuring of the Law, fore-representing, as in figure and shadow, the torch-bearing of John, which he well performed by his testimony to Christ the Lord. He again convicts the Pharisees wise in their own conceits, who were conversant in the Law of Moses and that constantly, of being ignorant, and rather seeming to be wise than really having understanding of the Law. This then is the whole aim of the discourse: but I think we ought, bringing forward the Divine oracle itself, incontrovertibly to shew that the blessed Baptist is not simply a lamp, but one burning and shining.

When then God was ordaining the arrangements of the holy tabernacle, after the completion of the ten curtains, He saith to the hierophant Moses, And do thou command the children of Israel and let them bring thee olive oil refined pure beaten to burn for a light, that the lamp burn always in the tabernacle of the congregation without the vail, which is upon the testament, Aaron and his sons shall burn it from evening to morning before the Lord: a statute for ever unto your generations on the behalf of the children of Israel: and take thou unto thee Aaron thy brother and his sons with him from among the children of Israel to minister unto Me. Thus far the oracle of God, we must now proceed to the interpretation of it as far as may be. The oil without lees and pure, seems to signify the most pure and undefiled Nature of the Holy Ghost, Which penetrating us incomprehensibly like oil, nourishes and preserves and increases the illumination in the soul, as in a lamp. And thus we believe that the Divine Baptist also shed forth the light of his testimony concerning our Saviour, having received the power of being able to illuminate from no other source than through the spiritual oil, which mightily and effectually availeth to kindle within us the Divine Light, to which also the Saviour Himself darkly alluded, saying, I am come to cast fire on the earth and what will I, if it be already kindled? The blessed Baptist then was again as in type the lamp, that was ever burning and shining in the tabernacle of testimony: and its shining in the tabernacle of testimony shews full well that his illumination was received in the churches, and will not be outside the holy and Divine Tabernacle of the Saviour. But the lamp being seen without the vail, seems to shew that he will bring in a simpler introductory illumination, saying, Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven hath drawn nigh; but of the things hidden within the vail, to wit, the mysteries of our Saviour, he revealeth nothing at all. For he baptized not unto participation of the Holy Ghost, nor did his illumination introduce within the vail: for it was in the outer tabernacle, while yet standing, according to the mouth of Paul. But when it says, that Aaron and his sons shall burn it from evening to morning before the Lord: a statute for ever unto your generations, I think we ought to understand it after this sort. Aaron and his sons signify those who execute the priest's office in the Churches in their time, that is to say, the teachers therein and ministers of the Divine Altars. These are commanded to keep the spiritual lamp, that is, John, ever bright, for this is the meaning of, They shall burn it from evening to morning. For the whole period during which the light of the lamp was to appear, is the space of night, whereby is signified the term of the present life. For by light we understand the life to come. But the lamp burns or is kept bright, by always making its illumination perceptible to those who believe in Christ, and by testifying through the mouth of the Priests then being that it is true in saying such things of Christ.

That God may teach thee, that by this He was pourtraying the fore-messenger of the Saviour, He straightway subjoins the election of the Priests. You will attain again to the whole scope of the passage by ruminating on some such idea as this, and not amiss, as seems to me. On the completion of the tabernacle the ordering of the lamp is introduced, and immediately after, the appointment and function of the priests. For at the completion of the law and the Prophets, shone forth the voice of the forerunner crying in the wilderness (as it is written) Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make straight the paths of our God; immediately after whom is the ordination and manifestation of the holy Apostles by Christ. For the Lord chose out twelve, whom also He named Apostles.  

Our consideration of the lamp being herein completed, let us look again at the Voice of the Saviour. He was (saith He) the burning and shining lamp, and Ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light. He blames in the Pharisees their habit of mind unlearned and hard to be brought to obedience and convicts them again of being sick with incomparable ill-instructedness and not able to understand even what they professed to know, and very far indeed from an accurate knowledge of the law, wholly ignorant of what the Lawgiver was pourtraying afore in outline through Moses. For by saying that he was the burning and shining lamp, He shames (it is like) those who did not yet understand that which was long ago too limned out in figures of the Law: by saying, and Ye were willing for a season to rejoice in his light, He introduceth them again as ever preferring their own will to the Divine Decree, and accustomed to follow only whom they would. For whereas the lawgiver (says He) commanded the lamp always to shine and be burning, Ye were willing for it to shine not always, but for a season only, that is for the very briefest period. For ye at first marvelling quenched (as far as you are concerned) the light of the lamp, most unreasonably accusing him that was sent from God, and not only yourselves refusing to be baptized, but also forbidding him from baptizing others. For ye sent to him, saying, Why baptizest thou then, that is, why dost thou enlighten to repentance and the knowledge of Christ? The Saviour then brought a charge alike of folly and transgression of the Law upon the senseless Scribes and Pharisees, contending with them in behalf of the words of John. This I think that the blessed Luke also understanding, most excellently declares and cries aloud against their folly, saying, And all the people that heard, that is, the words of the Saviour, justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John: but the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him.  

36,37    But I have greater witness than that of John; for the works which the Father hath given Me to finish, the very works that I do, bear witness of Me that the Father hath sent Me: and the Father Which sent Me He hath borne witness of Me.

Even though he was the lamp (saith He) both depicted by the books of the law, and proclaimed afore by the voice of the holy Prophets, that he should one day appear, beaming before the true Light, and declaring among you, that ye ought to put in good order the way of your Lord and God: yet since he haply seemeth to you not trustworthy, albeit so great in virtue, by reason of your innate unruly and most absurd folly, I proceed now to what is greater, against which probably ye will say nothing, ashamed before the very beauty of truth even against your own will. For I am no longer receiving glory by the words and judgements of men, nor shall I deem it needful to collect testimonies to Myself from bare words, but I will commit My affairs to witness more credible and far greater than these, and from the very magnificence of My deeds I make manifest that I am God by Nature, and of God the Father, and I nothing wrong Mine Own laws, trans-ordering them to whatsoever I will, and trans-elementing things which were darkly spoken to those of old, from the grossness of the letter to spiritual contemplation.

But let him that loves learning consider again that the Saviour by saying that He is well witnessed to by His works as to His being by Nature God, teaches clearly, that it was not possible that God-befitting Operation and Power should be in all exactitude in any one, unless he too were by Nature God. For He is testified of by His works, in no other way (I suppose) save this. For if He is seen a Finisher of the works of His Father, and whatever things are more suited to Him Alone, these He too accomplisheth by His Own Power: how shall it not be clear to every one, that He hath obtained the Same Nature with Him, and Radiant with the Properties of the Father, as being of Him, hath Equal Power and Operation with Him?

Yet He says He hath received the Works from Him, either by reason of the garb of human nature and servant's form speaking more lowlily that was needful, and this economically, or extolling by the title of gift the good Pleasure and Approval of the Father, in regard to all His wondrous Miracles. For thus does He affirm that He was also sent, in that He emptied Himself, as it is written, of His unalloyed God-befitting Dignity by reason of His Love for us. For He humbled Himself, and we shall find the lowliness of this His humbling Himself in no other ways than in those whereby He sometimes speaks as Man. To this agreeth that which is said by the Psalmist of Him in human wise for our sakes, I was set a King by Him upon Sion His Holy Mountain declaring the Law of the Lord. For He That is King for ever with the Father, Co-enthroned and Co-seated, as God with God who begat Him, says that He has been ordained King and Lord, saying that what as God He had, He received when He was made Man to whom reigning is not inherent by nature, but both the title and reality of lordship are wholly from without.   

ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΚΥΡΙΛΛΟΥ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΝ ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ. ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ Γ.
« Ζήτησις ἀκριβὴς διατί μὴ μόνον ὁ λύχνος, ἀλλὰ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων ὁ μακάριος βαπτιστὴς εἴρηται παρὰ Χριστοῦ. » ἌΡΤΙ καὶ μόλις τὸν ἐπὶ τῷ δευτέρῳ βιβλίῳ στήσαντες κάλαμον, καὶ τῶν θείων θεωρημάτων τὸ πλατύ τε καὶ βαθὺ διανηξάμενοι πέλαγος, καταίρειν τε οὕτω νομίσαντες, ὡς εἰς λιμένα τὸ τέλος, καὶ μονονουχὶ τῆς ἠπείρου τὸ σκάφος ἐξάπτοντες, θαλάττης ὁρῶμεν ἑτέρας ἀρχὴν, τὸν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐφεξῆς δηλονότι δρόμον, ὃν καὶ ὅτι προσήκοι μετὰ πάσης ἡμᾶς ἐξανύειν σπουδῆς, καὶ αὐτὸς δυσωπεῖ τοῦ πράγματος ὁ σκοπὸς, ἀναπείθει δὲ οὐδὲν ἧττον καὶ τὸ ὑπό του λεγόμενον ” Ἀγαθῶν γὰρ πόνων καρπὸς εὐκλεής.“ φέρε δὴ οὖν εἰς εὔτολμον πάλιν ἀναβαίνοντες φρόνημα, τῷ μὲν ἀγαθῷ καὶ φιλανθρώπῳ Θεῷ τὰ καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰακοστροφεῖν ἐπιτρέπωμεν: ἀναπετάσαντες γὰρ καθάπερ ἱστίον τῆς διανοίας τὸ πλάτος, καὶ τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος χάριν ἐγκολπούμενοι καθάπερ ἐκ πρύμνης οὐρίαν ἠχὴν, εἰς βαθείαν ἐκτρέχωμεν ζήτησιν. Χριστὸς γάρ ἐστιν ” ὁ διδοὺς ἐν θα“λάσσῃ ὁδὸν καὶ ἐν ὕδατι τρίβον.” κατέληξε μὲν οὖν τὸ δεύτερον ἡμῖν βιβλίον, ἐν τῷ “Ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου ” τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα λέγω ἵνα ὑμεῖς “σωθῆτε.” ἀρξώμεθα δὲ τοῦ τρίτου, στοιχηδὸν ἐπισυνάπτοντες τὰ ἐφεξῆς τὰ περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου βαπτιστοῦ λέγοντος τοῦ Χριστοῦ:
« Ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ. » Λύχνῳ παρεικάζει τὸν ἅγιον βαπτιστὴν, ἅτε δὴ κατὰ τὸ προσεῖναι πεφυκὸς ἀνθρώπῳ μέτρον προαναλάμψαντα μὲν τῆς παρουσίας αὐτοῦ, πλὴν οὐκ ἰδίῳ κεχρημένον φωτί: οὐ γὰρ ἴδιον ἐν τῷ λύχνῳ τὸ φῶς, ἀλλ' ἔξωθέν τε καὶ ἐπακτὸν καὶ προστεθειμένον: οὕτω δ' ἂν ἴδοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις τὸν παρὰ Χριστοῦ φωτισμὸν ἐν πνεύματι: διὸ δὴ καὶ λίαν εὐγνωμονέστατα καὶ φρονοῦντες καὶ πράττοντες αὐτοὶ δι' οἰκείας ὁμολογοῦσι φωνῆς “Ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ ” ἡμεῖς πάντες ἐλάβομεν.“ φῶς μὲν γάρ ἐστι κατὰ φύσιν ὁ Μονογενὴς, ἅτε δὴ καὶ ἐκ φωτὸς ἀναλάμψας, τῆς τοῦ Πατρὸς οὐσίας φημί: μετέχει δὲ ἡ κτίσις αὐτοῦ, καὶ πᾶν εἴ τι τὴν τοῦ λογικεύεσθαι καὶ φρονεῖν ἐπάγεται δύναμιν, σκεῦος ὥσπερ ἐστὶν εἰς τὸ δύνασθαι θείου πληροῦσθαι φωτὸς, ἄριστα διηρτισμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ πάντων ἀριστοτέχνου Θεοῦ. λύχνος οὖν ὁ μακάριος βαπτιστὴς κατὰ τὸν ἤδη προαποδοθέντα λόγον. τοῦτο δὲ λέγων ὁ Σωτὴρ οἰκονομικῶς τοὺς ἀνοήτους Φαρισαίους καλεῖ πρὸς ὑπόμνησιν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς φωνῆς, λέγοντός που περὶ αὐτοῦ ” Ἡτοίμασα “λύχνον τῷ Χριστῷ μου.” σφόδρα δὲ χρησίμως τε καὶ ἀναγκαίως τοῖς ἤδη προειρημένοις ἐπάγει νυνὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα Χριστός. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πᾶσαν ἀποκλείων τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἀπειθείας ἀφορμὴν, καὶ πανταχόθεν αὐτοὺς συνελαύνων εἰς τὸ χρῆναι πιστεύειν αὐτῷ, συναινεῖν ἔδοξέ πως εἰς τὸ μὴ δέχεσθαι τὴν μαρτυρίαν τὴν παρ' αὐτοῦ, εἰπών “Ἐγὼ δὲ ” οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω:“ ἵνα μὴ δοκοῖεν ὄντως τε καὶ ἀληθῶς οὕτω διακεῖσθαι περὶ τοῦ προδρόμου τὸν Κύριον, ὥσπερ οὖν ἔχει τοῦ λόγου τὸ σχῆμα, χρησίμως εἰς τὸ παρὸν, οὐχ ἑαυτόν τι λέγοντα περὶ αὐτοῦ, διὰ δὲ τῆς τοῦ Πατρὸς φωνῆς εἰσφέρει βοώμενον: ᾤετο γὰρ δεῖν αἰδοῖ μάλιστα τῇ πρὸς Θεὸν καὶ Πατέρα, τὸν ἀντιτείνοντα δυσωπεῖν, ἤγουν ἤδη γυμνότερον θεομαχοῦντα δεικνύειν, ὡς καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῖς τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς ἀνέδην ὑπαντιάζοντα λόγοις. Ἦν οὖν φησιν ἐκεῖνος ὁ λύχνος, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ. ἔδει γὰρ οὐ μόνον τοῦ πρέποντος ἀποφοιτῶντας εὐκόλως, καὶ διὰ πολλὴν ἀνοσιότητα τρόπων τὸ ἐθελῆσαι πιστεύειν ἐξωθουμένους, ἐπιδεῖξαι τοὺς Φαρισαίους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἁψικόρους ὄντας ἐλέγχειν, καὶ προσεδρεύειν μὲν τῇ ἐφέσει τῶν ἀγαθῶν οὐδαμόθεν κατειθισμένους, ἀπογευομένους δὲ μόλις, καὶ ὅσον ἐν ῥήμασιν ἐπαινέσαντας μόνον τοὺς οἵπερ ἂν δόξειαν εἶναι σεπτοὶ, ταχὺ πρὸς τὴν ἐναντίαν ἕξιν μεταχωρεῖν οὐκ αἰσχυνομένους: τοῦτο γὰρ οἶμαι σημαίνειν τὸ ἐθελῆσαι πρὸς ὥραν ἀγαλλιαθῆναι ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ. ἀπεθαύμαζον μὲν γὰρ ἐν ἀρχαῖς τὸν ἅγιον βαπτιστὴν, ὡς ἀσκητὴν, ὡς φιλόθεον, ὡς εὐλαβείας ἁπάσης ὑπογραμμὸν, ἀλλ' οἱ τιμῶντες τῷ θαύματι, πάλιν ὑβρίζουσιν, οὐκ ἀνεχόμενοι λέγοντος τό ” Ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν “ὁδὸν Κυρίου, εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν.” τοῦτο γὰρ δὴ καὶ ποιοῦντες σαφῶς διὰ τῆς ἀπειθείας ἁλίσκονται. Ἤδη μὲν οὖν, καθάπερ ὑπολαμβάνω, τὸν εὐτριβῆ καὶ κατειθισμένον τοῖς πολλοῖς τῆς ἑρμηνείας τρόπον τοῦ προκειμένου τηρήσαντες, τὴν ἐπ' αὐτῷ θεωρίαν κατὰ τὴν ἐνοῦσαν ἡμῖν ἐξεθέμεθα δύναμιν: ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ὁ λόγος εἰς βαθείας ἡμᾶς κατατείνων ἐννοίας, καὶ πικροτέρων ἅψασθαι νοημάτων μονονουχὶ καὶ ἐπαναγκάζων ὁρᾶται, οὐχ ἁπλῶς ὅτι λύχνος ἦν Ἰωάννης σημαίνων, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, ἀναγκαῖον ἡγούμεθα, προσβαλόντας ὀξυωπέστερον τῇ τῶν εἰρημένων δυνάμει, τῆς ἀληθείας τὸ κάλλος ἰχνηλατεῖν. αὐτὸ δὲ δὴ πάλιν εἰς μέσον ἡμῖν παροισθήσεται τὸ ῥητόν. Ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος φησίν. ἐξήρκει καὶ διὰ τούτου μόνου κατασημῆναι τὸν ἅγιον βαπτιστὴν, ὥστε καὶ εἰς ἔννοιαν τοὺς ἀκροωμένους ἀναδραμεῖν τῆς περὶ αὐτοῦ προφητείας, ἐχούσης ὧδε “Ἡτοίμασα λύχνον τῷ Χριστῷ ” μου.“ ἐπειδὴ δὲ προστίθησι τῷ λύχνον εἰπεῖν, ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, δῆλος ἂν εἴη δήπουθεν οὐκ εἰς μόνην τὴν τοῦ προφήτου φωνὴν ἀναφέρων τὸν ἀκροατὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς νομικήν τινα διατύπωσιν, ὡς ἐν σχήματι πάλιν καὶ σκιᾷ τὴν Ἰωάννου δᾳδουχίαν προαναπλάττουσαν, ἣν καλῶς ἐποιήσατο μαρτυρήσας τῷ δεσπότῃ Χριστῷ. ὡς δὲ τοῖς Μωυσαϊκοῖς ὁμιλοῦντας λόγοις καὶ τοῦτο ἐνδελεχῶς τοὺς οἰησίφρονας Φαρισαίους, ἐξελέγχει πάλιν ἀμαθαίνοντας, καὶ δοκήσει μᾶλλον ὄντας σοφοὺς, ἤπερ ὄντως νομομαθεῖς. οὗτος μὲν οὖν σύμπας ἐστὶν ὁ τοῦ λόγου σκοπός: δεῖν δὲ ἡμᾶς ἀναμφιλόγως ὑπολαμβάνω καὶ τὸ θεῖον αὐτὸ παρακομίζοντας λόγιον, ἐπιδεικνύειν ἤδη λύχνον οὐχ ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ καιόμενον καὶ φαίνοντα τὸν μακάριον βαπτιστήν. Ὅτε τοίνυν τὰ περὶ τῆς ἁγίας σκηνῆς διετύπου Θεὸς, μετὰ τὴν τῶν αὐλαίων τῶν δέκα συμπλήρωσιν, λέγει πρὸς τὸν ἱεροφάντην Μωυσέα ” Καὶ σὺ σύνταξον τοῖς υἱοῖς “Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ λαβέτωσάν σοι ἔλαιον ἐξ ἐλαίων ἄτρυγον ” καθαρὸν κεκομμένον εἰς φῶς καῦσαι, ἵνα καίηται ὁ λύχνος “διὰ παντὸς ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου, ἔξωθεν τοῦ κατα” πετάσματος τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαθήκης: καύσει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἀαρὼν “καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας ἕως πρωῒ ἐναντίον Κυρίου, ” νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς γενεὰς ὑμῶν παρὰ τῶν υἱῶν “Ἰσραήλ. καὶ σὺ προσαγάγου πρὸς σεαυτὸν τόν τε Ἀαρὼν ” τὸν ἀδελφόν σου καὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ “ἱερατεύειν μοι.” τὸ μὲν οὖν θεῖον λόγιον ἐν τούτοις ἡμῖν ἑστάτω, χωρητέον δὲ ἤδη πρὸς τὴν ἐνδεχομένην σαφήνειαν αὐτοῦ: τὸ ἔλαιον τὸ ἄτρυγόν τε καὶ καθαρὸν, ἔοικεν ὑποδηλοῦν τὴν καθαρωτάτην καὶ ἀθόλωτον τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος φύσιν, ἥτις ἐν ἡμῖν ἐλαίου δίκην ἀπερινοήτως εἰστρέχουσα ἀποτρέφει καὶ συνέχει καὶ αὔξει τὸν ἐν ψυχῇ φωτισμὸν, καθάπερ ἐν λύχνῳ κείμενον. οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὸν θεσπέσιον βαπτιστὴν τῆς περὶ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν μαρτυρίας τὸ φῶς ἐκλάμψαι πιστεύομεν, οὐχ ἑτέρωθεν τὴν τοῦ δύνασθαι φωταγωγεῖν κομισάμενον δύναμιν, ἢ διὰ τοῦ ἐλαίου τοῦ νοητοῦ, δυνατῶς τε καὶ ἐπιτηδείως ἔχοντος εἰς τὸ φῶς καῦσαι τὸ θεῖον ἐν ἡμῖν, ὃ δὴ καὶ αὐτὸς ὡς ἐν αἰνίγματι ὁ Σωτὴρ κατεμήνυσε λέγων “Πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, καὶ τί ” θέλω εἰ ἤδη ἀνήφθη;“ λύχνος οὖν ὡς ἐν τύπῳ πάλιν ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων διὰ παντὸς ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου ὁ μακάριος ἦν βαπτιστής: καὶ τὸ μὲν ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ τοῦ μαρτυρίου φαίνειν αὐτὸν, σημαίνει καὶ καλῶς, ὅτι δεκτὸς ἐν ἐκκλησίαις ὁ παρ' αὐτοῦ φωτισμὸς, καὶ οὐκ ἔξω κείσεται τῆς ἱερᾶς τε καὶ θείας τοῦ Σωτῆρος αὐλῆς. τὸ γεμὴν ἔξω τοῦ καταπετάσματος ὁρᾶσθαι τὸν λύχνον, ἔοικεν ὑποδηλοῦν, ὅτι τὸν ἁπλούστερόν τε καὶ εἰσαγωγικὸν εἰσοίσει φωτισμὸν, ” Μετανοεῖτε λέγων, ἤγγικε γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν:“ τῶν δὲ ἔσω τοῦ καταπετάσματος ἀποκεκρυμμένων, δηλαδὴ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν μυστηρίων, οὐδὲν ὅλως ἐπιδεικνύει. οὐ γὰρ ἐβάπτισεν εἰς μετουσίαν Ἁγίου Πνεύματος, οὐδὲ εἰσήνεγκεν ὁ παρ' αὐτοῦ φωτισμὸς εἰς τὸ ἔσω τοῦ καταπετάσματος: ἦν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς ἔξω σκηνῆς ” τῆς ἐχούσης ἔτι τὴν “στάσιν” κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Παύλου φωνήν. ἐπειδὴ δέ φησιν, ὅτι καὶ “Καύσει αὐτὸν Ἀαρὼν καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ ἑσπέ” ρας ἕως πρωῒ ἐναντίον Κυρίου, νόμιμον αἰώνιον εἰς τὰς “γενεὰς ὑμῶν,” τοιῶσδε πάλιν νοῆσαι προσήκειν οἶμαι τὸ εἰρημένον. Ἀαρὼν καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ τοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις κατὰ καιρὸν ἱερουργοῦντας ὑποσημαίνουσι, τουτέστι τοὺς ἐν αὐταῖς διδασκάλους, καὶ τῶν θείων θυσιαστηρίων λειτουργούς: οὗτοι τὸν λύχνον τὸν νοητὸν, τουτέστι τὸν Ἰωάννην, ἀεὶ διαλάμποντα τηρεῖν ἐπιτάττονται: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τό “Καύσουσιν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας ἕως πρωΐ.” ὁ γὰρ σύμπας καιρὸς, ἐν ᾧ προσῆκε τὸ τοῦ λύχνου φαίνεσθαι φῶς, τὸ μῆκός ἐστι τῆς νυκτὸς, δι' οὗ σημαίνεται τοῦ παρόντος αἰῶνος τὸ μέτρον. φῶς γὰρ τὸν μέλλοντα νοοῦμεν αἰῶνα. καίεται γεμὴν, ἤτοι λαμπρὸς ὁ λύχνος διαφυλάττεται, δεκτὴν ἀεὶ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν εἰς Χριστὸν τὴν ἐπ' αὐτῷ δᾳδουχίαν ποιούμενος, καὶ ὅτιπέρ ἐστιν ἀληθὴς τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγων περὶ Χριστοῦ διὰ φωνῆς τῶν κατὰ καιροὺς ἱερέων ἐπιμαρτυρούμενος. Ἵνα δέ σε διδάξῃ Θεὸς, ὅτι διὰ τούτου τὸν τοῦ Σωτῆρος προανετύπου προάγγελον, εὐθὺς ἐπισυνάπτει τὴν τῶν ἱερατευόντων ἐπιλογήν. ἀναβήσῃ δὲ πάλιν ὅλον τοῦ κεφαλαίου τὸν λόγον ἀναμασώμενος εἰς τοιαύτην τινὰ θεωρίαν, καὶ οὐκ ἄκομψον, ὥς γε μοι δοκεῖ: ἐπὶ τέλει τῆς σκηνῆς ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ λύχνῳ διάταξις εἰσενήνεκται, μεθ' ἣν εὐθὺς ἡ τῶν ἱερέων προβολή τε καὶ χρῆσις. ἐπὶ γὰρ τέλει τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν, ἡ τοῦ προβαδίζοντος ἐξέλαμψε “Φωνὴ βοῶντος ” ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, καθὰ γέγραπται, ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν Κυρίου, “εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν,” μεθ' ὃν εὐθὺς ἡ τῶν ἁγίων ἀποστόλων διὰ Χριστοῦ χειροτονία τε καὶ ἀνάδειξις: ἐξελέξατο γὰρ ὁ Κύριος “δώδεκα, οὓς καὶ ἀπο” στόλους ὠνόμασεν.“ Καὶ ἐν τούτοις ἡμῖν τῆς ἐπὶ τῷ λύχνῳ θεωρίας συμπεπερασμένης, ἴδωμεν πάλιν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος φωνήν Ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος φησὶν ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ. ἕξιν ἀμαθῆ καὶ δυσάγωγον εἰς ὑπακοὴν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις ἐγκαλεῖ, καὶ διελέγχει πάλιν, ὡς ἀσύγκριτον νοσοῦσι τὴν ἀπαιδευσίαν, οὐδὲ ἅπερ εἰδέναι κατεπαγγέλλοντο νοεῖν ἰσχύοντες, καὶ πολὺ μὲν λίαν τῆς ἀκριβοῦς νομομαθείας ἐξῳκισμένοι, ἀγνοοῦντες δὲ κατὰ τὸ παντελὲς, ἅπερ ὡς ἐν σχήμασιν ὁ νομοθέτης προανετύπου διὰ Μωυσέως. διὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ λέγειν, ὅτι ὁ λύχνος ἦν ἐκεῖνος ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, δυσωπεῖ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς ὡς οὔπω νενοηκότας τὸ ἐν νομικοῖς αἰνίγμασι καὶ πάλαι σκιαγραφούμενον: διὰ δὲ τοῦ εἰπεῖν Ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ, τῆς ἄνωθεν ψήφου τὸ οἰκεῖον ἀεὶ προτάττοντας θέλημα πάλιν εἰσφέρει, καὶ οἷσπερ ἂν βούλωνται μόνοις ἀκολουθεῖν εἰθισμένους. τοῦ γὰρ νομοθέτου, φησὶ, διὰ παντὸς φαίνειν τε καὶ καίεσθαι τὸν λύχνον διατεταχότος, οὐκ εἰς ἀεὶ φαίνειν αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς ἠθελήσατε, ἀλλὰ πρὸς μόνην ὥραν, τουτέστι πρὸς ὀλιγοστὸν κομιδῆ τὸν καιρόν. ἐν ἀρχῇ γὰρ θαυμάσαντες κατεσβέσατε, τὸ ὅσον ἐφ' ἑαυτοῖς, τοῦ λύχνου τὸ φῶς, ἀλογώτατα μὲν ἐπισκήπτοντες τῷ θεόθεν ἀπεσταλμένῳ, καὶ οὐ μόνον αὐτοὶ τὸ βαπτίζεσθαι παραιτούμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ βαπτίζειν ἑτέρους ἀποκωλύοντες: ἀπεστείλατε γὰρ πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγοντες ” Τί οὖν βαπτίζεις;“ τουτέστι τί φωτίζεις εἰς μετάνοιαν καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ; οὐκοῦν εὐηθείας ἅμα καὶ παρανομίας ἐπήνεγκε γραφὴν τοῖς ἀνοήτοις γραμματεῦσι καὶ Φαρισαίοις, ταῖς Ἰωάννου πάλιν ἐπαγωνιζόμενος φωναῖς ὁ Σωτήρ: ὅπερ οἶμαι συνεὶς, ἄριστά τε διειληφὼς καὶ ὁ μακάριος Λουκᾶς τῆς ἐκείνων ἀπονοίας καταβοᾷ λέγων ” Καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς “ἀκούσας” τῶν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ῥημάτων δηλαδὴ, “ἐδικαίωσαν ” τὸν Θεὸν, βαπτισθέντες τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου. οἱ δὲ “Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ νομικοὶ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἠθέτησαν ” ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, μὴ βαπτισθέντες ὑπ' αὐτοῦ.“
« Ἐγὼ δὲ ἔχω τὴν μαρτυρίαν μείζω τοῦ Ἰωάννου: τὰ γὰρ ἔργα ἃ δέδωκέ μοι ὁ Πατὴρ ἵνα τελειώσω αὐτὰ, αὐτὰ τὰ ἔργα ἃ ποιῶ, μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ ὅτι ὁ Πατήρ με ἀπέσταλκε. καὶ ὁ πέμψας με Πατὴρ, αὐτὸς μεμαρτύρηκε περὶ ἐμοῦ. » Εἰ καὶ λύχνος ἦν ἐκεῖνος, φησὶ, καὶ διὰ νομικῶν συνταγμάτων ζωγραφούμενος, καὶ διὰ φωνῆς τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν προβοώμενος, ὡς ἀναδειχθήσεταί ποτε τοῦ κατ' ἀλήθειαν προαναλάμπων φωτὸς, καὶ διαγγέλλων ἐν ὑμῖν, ὅτι προσήκει τὴν ὁδὸν εὐτρεπῆ ποιεῖσθαι τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Θεοῦ: ἀλλ' ἐπείπερ ὑμῖν οὐκ ἀξιόπιστος ἴσως ὁρᾶται, καίτοι τοσοῦτος ὑπάρχων ἐν ἀρετῇ, διὰ τὴν ἐνοῦσαν ὑμῖν ἀχάλινόν τε καὶ ἐκτοπωτάτην ἀπόνοιαν, ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον ἤδη χωρῶ, καθ' οὗ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς ἐρεῖτε πάλιν οὐδὲν, αὐτὸ τῆς ἀληθείας τὸ κάλλος καὶ παρὰ βούλησιν τὴν ἑαυτῶν δυσωπούμενοι. οὐ γὰρ λόγοις ἔτι καὶ ταῖς ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ψήφοις ἐπισεμνύνομαι, οὐδὲ τὰς ἐκ ῥημάτων ψιλῶν συλλέγειν ἐπ' ἐμαυτῷ μαρτυρίας οἰήσομαι δεῖν, ἀξιολογωτέροις δὲ καὶ πολὺ μείζοσι τῶν εἰρημένων ἐπιτρέψω τὰ κατ' ἐμαυτὸν, καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς ἤδη καταλαμπρύνω τῆς ἐν ἔργοις μεγαλειότητος, ὅτι Θεὸς κατὰ φύσιν εἰμὶ, καὶ ἐκ Θεοῦ πέφηνα Πατρὸς, ἀδικῶ δὲ οὐδὲν τοὺς ἐμοὺς, ἐφ' ὅπερ ἂν βούλωμαι μεταῤῥυθμίζων, νόμους, καὶ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ τὸ γράμμα παχύτητος εἰς πνευματικὴν θεωρίαν μεταστοιχειῶν τὰ τοῖς ἀρχαιοτέροις αἰνιγματωδῶς εἰρημένα. κατανοείτω δὲ πάλιν ὁ φιλομαθὴς, ὅτι λέγων ὁ Σωτὴρ διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἐπιμαρτύρεσθαι καλῶς εἰς τὸ εἶναι κατὰ φύσιν Θεὸς, ἐκδιδάσκει σαφῶς, ὡς οὐκ ἂν εἴη τῶν ἐνδεχομένων ἀπαραλλάκτως ἐνυπάρχειν τινὶ τὴν Θεῷ πρέπουσαν ἐνέργειάν τε καὶ δύναμιν, εἰ μὴ καὶ αὐτὸς κατὰ φύσιν ὑπάρχοι Θεός. μαρτυρεῖται γὰρ διὰ τῶν ἔργων, οὐ καθ' ἕτερον οἶμαι τρόπον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τοῦτον αὐτόν. εἰ γὰρ τῶν τοῦ γεννήσαντος ἔργων ὁρᾶται τελειωτὴς, καὶ ἅπερ ἂν ἐκείνῳ καὶ μόνῳ φαίνοιτο πρεπωδέστερα, ταῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξ οἰκείας ἰσχύος ἀποπληροῖ: πῶς οὐκ ἂν γένοιτο παντί τῳ σαφὲς, ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐκείνῳ φύσιν ἀπεκληρώσατο, καὶ τοῖς τοῦ τεκόντος ἰδιώμασι διαλάμπων, ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ, τὴν ἴσην αὐτῷ δύναμίν τε καὶ ἐνέργειαν ἔχει; εἰληφέναι γεμὴν παρ' αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔργα φησὶν, ἢ διὰ τὸ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος σχῆμα καὶ τὴν τοῦ δούλου μορφὴν, ταπεινότερόν πως ἤπερ ἐχρῆν καὶ τοῦτο λαλῶν οἰκονομικῶς, ἢ τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατρὸς εὐδοκίαν τε καὶ συναίνεσιν, τὴν ἐφ' ἅπασι τοῖς παραδόξως ἐπιτελουμένοις, τῷ τῆς δόσεως ἀποσεμνύνων ὀνόματι. οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἀπεστάλθαι διισχυρίζεται, ἅτε δὴ καὶ κενώσας ἑαυτὸν, καθὰ γέγραπται, τῆς ἀκράτως πρεπούσης ἀξίας τῷ Θεῷ διὰ τὴν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἀγάπησιν: ἐταπείνωσε γὰρ ἑαυτὸν, καὶ τὴν τοῦ τεταπεινῶσθαι σμικροπρέπειαν οὐκ ἐν ἑτέροις εὑρήσομεν τρόποις, ἢ ἐφ' οἷσπερ ἂν ὡς ἄνθρωπος ἔσθ' ὅτε λαλῇ. τούτῳ συνᾴδει τὸ διὰ τοῦ ψαλμῳδοῦ πάλιν ὡς ἐξ αὐτοῦ δι' ἡμᾶς ἀνθρωποπρεπῶς εἰρημένον ” Ἐγὼ δὲ “κατεστάθην βασιλεὺς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ Σιὼν ὄρος τὸ ἅγιον ” αὐτοῦ διαγγέλλων τὸ πρόσταγμα Κυρίου.“ ὁ γὰρ βασιλεὺς ὢν ἀεὶ μετὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς, ὁ σύνθρονός τε καὶ σύνεδρος, ὡς Θεὸς Θεῷ τῷ γεννήσαντι, κεχειροτονῆσθαί φησιν εἰς βασιλέα καὶ κύριον, ἅπερ εἶχεν ὡς Θεὸς λαμβάνειν εἰπὼν, ὅτε πέφηνεν ἄνθρωπος, ᾧ τὸ βασιλεύειν κατὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἔνεστιν, ἀλλὰ γὰρ καὶ τὸ τῆς κυριότητος ὄνομά τε καὶ πρᾶγμα πάντως ἐπακτόν.