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dignity, as one who has committed the greatest sins against his master. However, they do not establish him by themselves and as one over all, but they transform it to something more solemn, and by the greater majesty of the appointment they contrive the fear that comes from him towards others. Thus every city and government will be constituted, with the one in charge being above the many. But the blind ones also spoke freely and more boldly: "'Let not,' they said, 'on account of one infant so great a government and so many affairs be endangered, but the present state of affairs must be put in order, if we are to be saved. Do we not know to what a degree of misfortune the Roman empire has come, so as to be driven from its fatherland and to lose everything, being circumscribed by small boundaries, and this while there were emperors? But nevertheless, because they were not properly ruled, they were shipwrecked from a wonderfully fair voyage. If, then, by not being ruled well and precisely, so many difficulties occurred, how much danger is there in not being ruled at all? For us, therefore, let loyalty to the empire be considered noble, and also noble to be saved by adhering to our oaths; but if salvation is absent, loyalty is in vain. And in what way will it harm the empire, if the rank is added to the regent? Rather, therefore, it will be most advantageous; for by assuming an honorable title, in the very conduct of affairs he will strengthen the rule more for the ruler; for from great superiority he would deal with ambassadors, speak with the people, command soldiers and magistrates, and he would establish everything as is fitting, with everyone respecting the rank. But if someone were to deal with equals, even if he rules, he will not easily persuade them in what he commands, being unable to rebuke those who resist from a superior hand. And if anyone should wish to govern the Roman state otherwise than by monarchy 111, we would be amazed. Of course, let monarchy take precedence, even if the ruler is imperfect; for thus what is customary will remain, even if it seems so. But our state, having learned to be ruled by one man, will of necessity be ruled by the best, and one will rule over the rest, excelling in power and rank, so that by his being one the monarchy might be represented, but in acting with many, while being in danger of being powerless on account of being alone, he might prevail by his rank. Thus it is necessary for the one chosen for the guardianship of the emperor to also bear a great rank. And if the one appointed should be from among us, this will be added to him; but if not, let another be sought, because not even he without glory easily undertakes the cares for this. And even if he should accept the presidency over affairs without honorifics, yet the argument of necessity thus demands, as has been said, that the guardianship come into being.'"

28. How the patriarch agreed with those who spoke on behalf of Palaiologos. When these words had been spoken, since the chief priest also gave the greatest weight to those speaking on behalf of Palaiologos ... For he himself was also predisposed towards him as one who would rule well, having long been partial, and furthermore, he was swept along by many to do something greater. And it is clear from this: when it was announced to him in Nicaea that the emperor had died, while the others did not yet know, he entrusted the matter to one of his own household; this was Gemistos, who later in the city had also attained the rank of great oikonomos; and since their discussion was about the administration of affairs, he put Palaiologos forward before all others. Therefore, on these grounds, the patriarch, being predisposed, was immediately in agreement with what was being said on behalf of Palaiologos and he voted for the despotate for him. And so Palaiologos was transformed from grand duke into despot, and the emperor, with the patriarch also concurring, bestowed the symbols of the despotate. Of course, and as despot he freely took charge of everything, and he won over those in office with all manner of honors and 113 with gifts from the common funds; and he made the promises to them seem secure for the future, by what he did at that time, and he behaved more generously. And to those on the sacred roll he also provided from a more generous hand, both secretly and

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ἀξίας, ὡς εἰς δεσπότην τὰ μέγιστα ἁμαρτών. Πλὴν οὐ καθ' αὑτοὺς καὶ ὡς ἕνα πάντων αὐτὸν καθιστᾶσιν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ σεμνότερον μετασχηματίζουσι καὶ τῷ τῆς καταστάσεως μεγαλειοτέρῳ τὸ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἀπ' αὐτοῦ φοβερὸν σχεδιάζουσιν. Οὕτω καὶ πόλις καὶ ἀρχὴ συσταθήσεται πᾶσα, τοῦ ἐφεστῶτος ὑπὲρ τοὺς πολλοὺς ὄντος. Οἱ δέ γε τυφλοὶ καὶ ἠλευθεροστόμουν καὶ παρρησιαστικώτερον· «Μὴ διὰ βρέφος ἕν, ἔλεγον, ἀρχὴ τοσαύτη καὶ τόσα πράγματα κινδυνεύσειαν, ἀλλὰ καταστατέον εἰς ἀρχὴν τὰ παρόντα, εἰ μέλλοιμεν σῴζεσθαι. Ἦ οὐκ οἴδαμεν ἐς ὁπόσον δυστυχίας ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων προῆλθεν ἀρχή, ὥστε καὶ ἀπελαθῆναι τῆς πατρίδος καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἀπολέσαι, μικροῖς περιγραφομένους ὁρίοις, βασιλέων ὄντων καὶ ταῦτα; Ἀλλ' ὅμως τῷ μὴ κατὰ τρόπον ἄρχεσθαι, ἐξ εὐπλοίας ὅτι θαυμαστῆς ἐναυάγησαν. Εἰ γοῦν τῷ μὴ καλῶς ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς ἄρχεσθαι τόσα συνέβη τὰ δυσχερῆ, τὸ μὴ ὅλως ἄρχεσθαι πόσον εἰς κίνδυνον; Ἡμῖν μὲν οὖν καλὸν μὲν καὶ τὸ πρὸς τὴν βασιλείαν πιστὸν ἥγηται, καλὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ τοῖς ὅρκοις ἐμμένοντας σῴζεσθαι· κἂν ἀπῇ τὸ σῴζεσθαι, μάταιον τὸ πιστόν. Κατὰ τί δὲ καὶ λυμανεῖται τῇ βασιλείᾳ, εἰ προσέσται τῷ φροντιστῇ τὸ ἀξίωμα; Μᾶλλον μὲν οὖν καὶ συνοίσει τὰ πλεῖστα· ὄνομα γὰρ τίμιον περιθέμενος, ἐπ' αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων κρατυνεῖ μᾶλλον τὴν ἀρχὴν τῷ κρατοῦντι· ἐκ γὰρ πολλοῦ τοῦ περιόντος πρέσβεσι μὲν χρηματίσοι, λαοῖς δ' ὁμιλήσοι, ἐπιτάξοι δὲ στρατιώταις καὶ ἄρχουσι, καὶ οὐδὲν ὅ τι μὴ ὡς εἰκὸς καταστήσοι, δυσωπουμένων τὸ ἀξίωμα πάντων. Εἰ δέ τις τοῖς ἐξ ἴσου, κἂν ἄρχοι, προσφέροιτο, οὐ πείσει ῥᾳδίως ὅ τι προστάσσοι, μηδὲν ἐξ ὑπερτέρας χειρὸς ἐπιτιμᾶν τοῖς ἀνθισταμένοις δυνάμενος. Ῥωμαίων δὲ πολιτείαν εἰ καὶ ἄλλως ἢ κατὰ μοναρχίαν διοικεῖν 111 ἐθέλοι τις, θαυμάζοιμεν ἄν. Ἀμέλει τοι καὶ προηγείσθω μέν, κἂν ἀτελὴς ὁ κρατῶν εἴη, τὸ μοναρχεῖν· μενεῖ γὰρ καὶ οὕτως, κἂν δοκοίη, τὸ σύνηθες. Ἀρισταρχήσεται δὲ κατ' ἀνάγκην τὸ καθ' ἡμᾶς μαθὸν μοναρχεῖσθαι, ἄρξει δ' εἷς τῶν λοιπῶν, δυνάμει προέχων καὶ ἀξιώματι, ὡς ἂν τῷ μὲν εἷς εἶναι τὸ μόναρχον εἰκονίζοιτο, τὸ δὲ σὺν πολλοῖς πράττειν, ἀδυνατεῖν κινδυνεύων τοῦ μονήρους χάριν, νικῴη τῷ ἀξιώματι. Οὕτως ἐστὶν ἐπάναγκες τὸν ἐκλελεγμένον εἰς ἐπιτροπείαν τῷ βασιλεῖ μέγα φέρειν καὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα. Κἂν ὁ ταχθεὶς ἐξ ἡμῶν εἴη, αὐτῷ προσέσται καὶ τοῦτο· εἰ δ' οὖν, ἀλλ' ἄλλος ζητείσθω, ὅτι μηδ' αὐτὸς ἀκλεῶς τὰς ἐπὶ τούτῳ φροντίδας εὐμαρῶς ὑπέρχεται. Κἂν ἐκεῖνος καὶ δίχα σεμνώματος καταδέχοιτο τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς πράγμασι προσεδρείαν, ἀλλ' οὖν ὁ τῆς ἀνάγκης λόγος οὕτως ἀπαιτεῖ, καθὼς καὶ λέλεκται, τὴν ἐπιτροπείαν γίγνεσθαι.»

κηʹ. Ὅπως ὁ πατριάρχης συνῄνει τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Παλαιολόγου λέγουσιν. Τούτων ῥηθέντων τῶν λόγων, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ πρωτοθύτης τὴν πλείστην ῥοπὴν ἐδίδου τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Παλαιολόγου λέγουσι ... Προκατείληπτο γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τούτῳ ὡς καλῶς ἄρξοντι, προσπαθῶν ἐκ πολλοῦ, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ μεῖζόν τι πρᾶξαι ἐκ πολλῶν συνηρπάζετο. Καὶ δῆλον ἐξ ὧν, ἀγγελθὲν αὐτῷ ἐν Νικαίᾳ ὡς τεθνήκει ὁ βασιλεύς, οὔπω μαθόντων τῶν ἄλλων, ἐπίστευε μὲν τὸν λόγον τινὶ τῶν οἰκείων αὐτοῦ· ὁ Γεμιστὸς δ' οὗτος ἦν, ὃς καὶ μέχρι τοῦ μεγάλου οἰκονομάτου κατηντήκει κατὰ τὴν πόλιν ἐσ ύστερον· ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων διοικήσεως ὁ λόγος ἐκείνοις ἦν, τὸν Παλαιολόγον ἐκεῖνος προὐτίθει πάντων. Ἐπὶ τούτοις οὖν ὁ πατριάρχης, προκατειλημμένος ὤν, εὐθὺς συγκάταινος ἦν τοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Παλαιολόγου λεγομένοις καὶ τὴν δεσποτείαν αὐτῷ ἐψηφί ζετο. Καὶ δὴ ὁ μὲν Παλαιολόγος τὸν μέγαν δοῦκα εἰς τὸν δεσπότην μετεσκευάζετο, ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς παρεῖχε, συναιρομένου καὶ τοῦ πατριάρχου, τὰ τῆς δεσποτείας σύμβολα. Ἀμέλει καὶ ὡς δεσπότης ἐπεβάλλετο μὲν ἀνέδην τοῖς πᾶσιν, ὑπεποιεῖτο δὲ τοὺς ἐν τέλει φιλοτιμίαις ἁπάσαις καὶ 113 τοῖς ἐκ τῶν κοινῶν χαρίσμασι· βεβαίας δὲ καὶ τὰς πρὸς ἐκείνους ὑποσχέσεις παρεῖχε δοκεῖν ἐσύστερον, ἐξ ὧν ἐποίει τῷ τότε, καὶ φιλοτιμότερον προσεφέρετο. Τοῖς δέ γε τοῦ ἱεροῦ καταλόγου καὶ ἐκ φιλοτιμοτέρας χειρὸς ἐχορήγει, καὶ κρύφα καὶ