Chapter XXVII.—The Law, Even in Correcting and Punishing, Aims at the Good of Men.

Let no, one then, run down law, as if, on account of the penalty, it were not beautiful and good. For shall he who drives away bodily disease appear a benefactor; and shall not he who attempts to deliver the soul from iniquity, as much more appear a friend, as the soul is a more precious thing than the body? Besides, for the sake of bodily health we submit to incisions, and cauterizations, and medicinal draughts; and he who administers them is called saviour and healer,318    [So, the Good Physician. Jer. viii. 22.] even though amputating parts, not from grudge or ill-will towards the patient, but as the principles of the art prescribe, so that the sound parts may not perish along with them, and no one accuses the physician’s art of wickedness; and shall we not similarly submit, for the soul’s sake, to either banishment, or punishment, or bonds, provided only from unrighteousness we shall attain to righteousness?

For the law, in its solicitude for those who obey, trains up to piety, and prescribes what is to be done, and restrains each one from sins, imposing penalties even on lesser sins.

But when it sees any one in such a condition as to appear incurable, posting to the last stage of wickedness, then in its solicitude for the rest, that they may not be destroyed by it (just as if amputating a part from the whole body), it condemns such an one to death, as the course most conducive to health. “Being judged by the Lord,” says the apostle, “we are chastened, that we may not be condemned with the world.”319    1 Cor. xi. 32. For the prophet had said before, “Chastening, the Lord hath chastised me, but hath not given me over unto death.”320    Ps. cxviii. 18. “For in order to teach thee His righteousness,” it is said, “He chastised thee and tried thee, and made thee to hunger and thirst in the desert land; that all His statutes and His judgments may be known in thy heart, as I command thee this day; and that thou mayest know in thine heart, that just as if a man were chastising his son, so the Lord our God shall chastise thee.”321    Deut. viii. 2, 3, 5.

And to prove that example corrects, he says directly to the purpose: “A clever man, when he seeth the wicked punished, will himself be severely chastised, for the fear of the Lord is the source of wisdom.”322    Prov. xxii. 3, 4.

But it is the highest and most perfect good, when one is able to lead back any one from the practice of evil to virtue and well-doing, which is the very function of the law. So that, when one fails into any incurable evil,—when taken possession of, for example, by wrong or covetousness,—it will be for his good if he is put to death. For the law is beneficent, being able to make some righteous from unrighteous, if they will only give ear to it, and by releasing others from present evils; for those who have chosen to live temperately and justly, it conducts to immortality. To know the law is characteristic of a good disposition. And again: “Wicked men do not understand the law; but they who seek the Lord shall have understanding in all that is good.”323    Prov. xxviii. 5.

It is essential, certainly, that the providence which manages all, be both supreme and good. For it is the power of both that dispenses salvation—the one correcting by punishment, as supreme, the other showing kindness in the exercise of beneficence, as a benefactor. It is in your power not to be a son of disobedience, but to pass from darkness to life, and lending your ear to wisdom, to be the legal slave of God, in the first instance, and then to become a faithful servant, fearing the Lord God. And if one ascend higher, he is enrolled among the sons.

But when “charity covers the multitude of sins,”324    1 Pet. iv. 8. by the consummation of the blessed hope, then may we welcome him as one who has been enriched in love, and received into the elect adoption, which is called the beloved of God, while he chants the prayer, saying, “Let the Lord be my God.”

The beneficent action of the law, the apostle showed in the passage relating to the Jews, writing thus: “Behold, thou art called a Jew and restest in the law, and makest thy boast in God, and knowest the will of God, and approvest the things that are more excellent, being instructed out of the law, and art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light of them who are in darkness, an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, who hast the form of knowledge and of truth in the law.”325    Rom. ii. 17–20. For it is admitted that such is the power of the law, although those whose conduct is not according to the law, make a false pretence, as if they lived in the law. “Blessed is the man that hath found wisdom, and the mortal who has seen understanding; for out of its mouth,” manifestly Wisdom’s, “proceeds righteousness, and it bears law and mercy on its tongue.”326    Prov. iii. 13, 16. For both the law and the Gospel are the energy of one Lord, who is “the power and wisdom of God;” and the terror which the law begets is merciful and in order to salvation. “Let not alms, and faith, and truth fail thee, but hang them around thy neck.”327    Prov. iii. 3. In the same way as Paul, prophecy upbraids the people with not understanding the law. “Destruction and misery are in their ways, and the way of peace have they not known.”328    Isa. lix. 7, 8; Rom. iii. 16, 17. “There is no fear of God before their eyes.”329    Ps. xxxvi. 1; Rom. iii. 18. “Professing themselves wise, they became fools.”330    Rom. i. 22. “And we know that the law is good, if a man use it lawfully.”331    1 Tim. i. 8. “Desiring to be teachers of the law, they understand,” says the apostle, “neither what they say, nor whereof they affirm.”332    1 Tim. i. 7. “Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and a good conscience, and faith unfeigned.”333    1 Tim. i. 5.

Μὴ τοίνυν κατατρεχέτω τις τοῦ νόμου διὰ τὰς τιμωρίας ὡς οὐ καλοῦ κἀγαθοῦ· οὐ γὰρ ὁ μὲν τὴν τοῦ σώματος νόσον ἀπάγων εὐεργέτης δόξει, ψυχὴν δὲ ἀδικίας ὁ πειρώμενος ἀπαλλάττειν οὐ μᾶλλον ἂν εἴη κηδεμών, ὅσῳπερ ψυχὴ σώματος ἐντιμότερον. ἀλλ' ἄρα τῆς μὲν τοῦ σώματος ὑγείας ἕνεκα καὶ τομὰς καὶ καύσεις καὶ φαρμακοποσίας ὑφιστάμεθα καὶ ὁ ταῦτα προσάγων σωτήρ τε καὶ ἰατρὸς τε καλεῖται, οὐ φθόνῳ τινὶ οὐδὲ δυσμενείᾳ τῇ πρὸς τὸν πάσχοντα, ὡς δ' ἂν ὁ τῆς τέχνης ὑπαγορεύοι λόγος, καὶ μέρη τινὰ ἀποτέμνων, ὡς μὴ τὰ ὑγιαίνοντα συνδιαφθείρεσθαι αὐτοῖς, καὶ οὐκ ἄν τις πονηρίας αἰτιάσαιτο τοῦ ἰατροῦ τὴν τέχνην· τῆς δὲ ψυχῆς ἕνεκα οὐχ ὁμοίως ὑποστησόμεθα ἐάν τε φεύγειν ἐάν τε ἐκτίνειν ζημίας ἐάν τε δεσμά, εἰ μέλλοι τις μόνον ἐξ ἀδικίας ποτὲ δικαιοσύνην κτᾶσθαι; ὁ γὰρ νόμος κηδόμενος τῶν ὑπηκόων πρὸς μὲν τὴν θεοσέβειαν παιδεύει καὶ ὑπαγορεύει τὰ ποιητέα εἴργει τε ἕκαστον τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, δίκας ἐπιτιθεὶς τοῖς μετρίοις αὐτῶν, ὅταν δέ τινα οὕτως ἔχοντα κατίδῃ ὡς ἀνίατον δοκεῖν εἰς ἔσχατον ἀδικίας ἐλαύνοντα, τότε ἤδη τῶν ἄλλων κηδόμενος ὅπως ἂν μὴ διαφθείρωνται πρὸς αὐτοῦ, ὥσπερ μέρος τι τοῦ παντὸς σώματος ἀποτεμὼν οὕτω που τὸν τοιοῦτον ὑγιέστατα ἀποκτείννυσι. κρινόμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, φησὶν ὁ ἀπόστολος, παιδευόμεθα, ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν. προεῖπεν γὰρ ὁ προφήτης· παιδεύων ἐπαίδευσέν με ὁ κύριος, τῷ δὲ θανάτῳ οὐ παρέδωκέν με· ἕνεκα γὰρ τοῦ διδάξαι σε τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ ἐπαίδευσέν σε, φησί, καὶ ἐπείρασέν σε καὶ ἐλιμαγχόνησέν σε καὶ διψ[ῆν ἐποί]ησέν σε ἐν γῇ ἐρήμῳ, ἵνα γνωσθῇ πάντα τὰ δικαιώματα καὶ τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ὅσα ἐγὼ ἐντέλλομαί σοι σήμερον, καὶ γνώσῃ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ὅτι ὡς εἴ τις παιδεύσει ἄνθρωπος τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, οὕτω παιδεύσει σε κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν. ὅτι δὲ τὸ ὑπόδειγμα σωφρονίζει, αὐτίκα φησί· πανοῦργος ἰδὼν τιμωρούμενον πονηρὸν κραταιῶς αὐτὸς παιδεύεται, ἐπεὶ γενεὰ σοφίας φόβος κυρίου. μέγιστον δὲ καὶ τελεώτατον ἀγαθόν, ὅταν τινὰ ἐκ τοῦ κακῶς πράττειν εἰς ἀρετήν τε καὶ εὐπραγίαν μετάγειν δύνηταί τις, ὅπερ ὁ νόμος ἐργάζεται. ὥστε καὶ ὅταν ἀνηκέστῳ τινὶ κακῷ περιπέσῃ τις ὑπό τε ἀδικίας καὶ πλεονεξίας καταληφθείς, εὐεργετοῖτ' ἂν ὁ ἀποκτειννύμενος· εὐεργέτης γὰρ ὁ νόμος τοὺς μὲν δικαίους ἐξ ἀδίκων ποιεῖν δυνάμενος, ἢν μόνον ἐπαΐειν ἐθελήσωσιν αὐτοῦ, τοὺς δὲ ἀπαλλάττων τῶν παρόντων κακῶν. τοὺς γὰρ σωφρόνως καὶ δικαίως βιοῦν ἑλομένους ἀθανατίζειν ἐπαγγέλλεται. τὸ δὲ γνῶναι νόμον διανοίας ἐστὶν ἀγαθῆς. καὶ πάλιν· ἄνδρες κακοὶ οὐ νοοῦσι νόμον, οἱ δὲ ζητοῦντες τὸν κύριον συνήσουσιν ἐν παντὶ ἀγαθῷ. δεῖ δὴ τὴν διοικοῦσαν πρόνοιαν κυρίαν τε εἶναι καὶ ἀγαθήν. ἀμφοῖν γὰρ ἡ δύναμις οἰκονομεῖ σωτηρίαν, ἣ μὲν κολάσει σωφρονίζουσα ὡς κυρία, ἣ δὲ δι' εὐποιίας χρηστευομένη ὡς εὐεργέτις. ἔξεστι δὲ μὴ εἶναι ἀπειθείας υἱόν, ἀλλὰ μεταβαίνειν ἐκ τοῦ σκότους εἰς ζωὴν καὶ παραθέντα τῇ σοφίᾳ τὴν ἀκοὴν νόμιμον εἶναι θεοῦ δοῦλον μὲν τὰ πρῶτα, ἔπειτα δὲ πιστὸν γενέσθαι θεράποντα, φοβούμενον κύριον τὸν θεόν, εἰ δέ τις ἐπαναβαίη, τοῖς υἱοῖς ἐγκαταλέγεσθαι, ἐπὰν δὲ ἀγάπη καλύψῃ πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν, μακαρίας ἐλπίδος τελείωσιν αὐξηθέντα ἐν ἀγάπῃ ἐκδέχεσθαι τοῦτον ἐγκαταταγέντα τῇ ἐκλεκτῇ υἱοθεσίᾳ τῇ φίλῃ κεκλημένῃ τοῦ θεοῦ, ᾄδοντα ἤδη τὴν εὐχὴν καὶ λέγοντα· γενέσθω μοι κύριος εἰς θεόν. τοῦ νόμου δὲ τὴν εὐποιίαν διὰ τῆς πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους περικοπῆς δεδήλωκεν ὁ ἀπόστολος γράφων ὧδέ πως· εἰ δὲ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ καὶ ἐπαναπαύῃ νόμῳ καὶ καυχᾶσαι ἐν θεῷ καὶ γιγνώσκεις τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ δοκιμάζεις τὰ διαφέροντα κατηχούμενος ἐκ τοῦ νόμου, πέποιθάς τε σεαυτὸν ὁδηγὸν εἶναι τυφλῶν, φῶς τῶν ἐν σκότει, παιδευτὴν ἀφρόνων, διδάσκαλον νηπίων, ἔχοντα τὴν μόρφωσιν τῆς γνώσεως καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐν τῷ νόμῳ. ταῦτα γὰρ δύνασθαι τὸν νόμον ὁμολογεῖται, κἂν οἱ κατὰ νόμον μὴ πολιτευόμενοι ὡς ἐν νόμῳ ἀλαζονεύωνται βιοῦντες· μακάριος δὲ ἀνὴρ ὃς εὗρεν σοφίαν, καὶ θνητὸς ὃς εἶδεν φρόνησιν, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῆς, τῆς σοφίας δηλονότι, δικαιοσύνη ἐκπορεύεται, νόμον δὲ καὶ ἔλεον ἐπὶ γλώσσης φορεῖ. ἑνὸς γὰρ κυρίου ἐνέργεια, ὅς ἐστι δύναμις καὶ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅ τε νόμος τό τε εὐαγγέλιον, καὶ ὃν ἐγέννησε φόβον ὁ νόμος, ἐλεήμων οὗτος εἰς σωτηρίαν. ἐλεημοσύναι δὲ καὶ πίστεις καὶ ἀλήθεια μὴ ἐκλιπέτωσάν σε, ἄφαψαι δὲ αὐτὰς περὶ σῷ τραχήλῳ. ὁμοίως δὲ τῷ Παύλῳ ἡ προφητεία ὀνειδίζει τὸν λαὸν ὡς μὴ συνιέντα τὸν νόμον. σύντριμμα καὶ ταλαιπωρία ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὁδὸν εἰρήνης οὐκ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἔστι φόβος θεοῦ ἀπέναντι τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτῶν. φάσκοντες εἶναι σοφοὶ ἐμωράνθησαν. οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι καλὸς ὁ νόμος, ἐάν τις αὐτῷ νομίμως χρήσηται· οἳ δὲ θέλοντες εἶναι νομοδιδάσκαλοι οὐ νοοῦσι, φησὶν ὁ ἀπόστολος, οὔτε ἃ λέγουσιν οὔτε περὶ τίνων διαβεβαιοῦνται, τὸ δὲ τέλος τῆς παραγγελίας ἀγάπη ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας καὶ συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς καὶ πίστεως ἀνυποκρίτου. Ἡ μὲν οὖν κατὰ Μωυσέα φιλοσοφία τετραχῇ τέμνεται, εἴς τε τὸ ἱστορικὸν καὶ τὸ κυρίως λεγόμενον νομοθετικόν, ἅπερ ἂν εἴη τῆς ἠθικῆς πραγματείας ἴδια, τὸ τρίτον δὲ εἰς τὸ ἱερουργικόν, ὅ ἐστιν ἤδη τῆς φυσικῆς θεωρίας· καὶ τέταρτον ἐπὶ πᾶσι τὸ θεολογικὸν εἶδος, ἡ ἐποπτεία, ἥν φησιν ὁ Πλάτων τῶν μεγάλων ὄντως εἶναι μυστηρίων, Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ τὸ εἶδος τοῦτο μετὰ τὰ φυσικὰ καλεῖ. καὶ ἥ γε κατὰ Πλάτωνα διαλεκτική, ὥς φησιν ἐν τῷ Πολι τικῷ, τῆς τῶν ὄντων δηλώσεως εὑρετική τίς ἐστιν ἐπιστήμη, κτητὴ δὲ αὕτη τῷ σώφρονι οὐχ ἕνεκα τοῦ λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν τι τῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὥσπερ οἱ νῦν διαλεκτικοὶ περὶ τὰ σοφιστικὰ ἀσχολούμενοι ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ [τοῦ] τῷ θεῷ κεχαρισμένα μὲν λέγειν