CHAP. XXVI. ----Of the question of things "good"and "evil"; that they partly depend on our own efforts 620 and partly do not; and (that) according to the teaching of Christ, but not as Aristotle thinks. From the treatise on the 4th Psalm, at the words, "Many say, who will show us the good things?" 621

1. Seeing that there is so much discussion as to what things are "good," what "evil," some affirming that good things and the contrary do not depend 622 on our own efforts, pleasure,623 for instance, as they declare, being a good thing, trouble an evil thing; while others identify "good" and "evil" with things dependent on our own efforts only, for they say that good 624 things are the virtues only and virtuous actions, and that evil things are the vices and vicious actions; and a third set of thinkers unite the two views, and tell us that good and evil things partly depend on our own efforts, partly do not: no wonder, if distracted by these sophistries the majority of believers, longing to learn what are really good things, cry out with the psalmist, "Who will show us the good things?" That the good things naturally depend upon our own efforts, everybody who accepts the passage in the Gospel where the judgment is described, would unhesitatingly allow. For it says that a man is good, supposing him to hear the sentence, "Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will set thee over many things: enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." 625 And that is also good which proceedeth from the good man, out of his heart, as the Saviour says, "The good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good." 626 And, in general, every fruit of a good tree, because it depends on a man's own efforts, is a good thing: such as love, peace, joy, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, meekness, self-control; and the contraries are evil things. And if, according to the teaching of Christ, there is a something good and evil, and we must still look for it in things independent of our choice, and it should prove to be independent of our efforts, we shall on further investigation very quickly show. But, at any rate, things so called by those who unite what is within our choice with what is not, could not be good and evil; for they think that some good things pertain to the soul, others to the body, and that others are external; and similarly with evil things. And in respect of the soul, they speak of virtue and virtuous conduct, or vice and vicious conduct; as concerns the body, of health and vigour and beauty, or disease and sickliness and deformity; as regards externals, wealth, good birth and reputation, or poverty, humble origin and disgrace.

2. And some will suppose that likewise according to the Scriptures there are three kinds of good things, and three of evil; for while they allow that virtues and vices are "good" and "evil," according to the recognised distinction between virtue and vice, and the corresponding conduct on either side, they will make use of passages which declare that oven things pertaining to the body, and things external, are good or evil. And as regards virtues and vices, need I say anything? for we are taught by ethics that we ought to choose righteousness, and temperance, and prudence, and courage, and regulate our conduct according to these virtues; and that we ought to shun the contraries to them. We therefore require no illustrations of good things which are the objects of our own choice; but from many places they will adduce instances of good things which are bodily and external. On the present occasion it will suffice if we adduce certain passages from Exodus, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy, to prove that promises are made to those who keep the commandments' while there are threats and curses against those who transgress them; for example, that health is a blessing, and disease the opposite, the following quotation from Exodus will show: "If thou wilt keep my commandments and my ordinances, I will put none of the diseases upon thee, which I put upon the Egyptians; for I am the Lord that healeth thee." 627 And the words also from Deuteronomy against sinners might be supposed to make bodily plagues and diseases an evil thing, and health and bodily strength, of course, a good thing. The passage stands thus: "If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law which are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and marvellous name, The Lord thy God; then The Lord thy God will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and marvellous, and sore sicknesses, and very many. And he will bring upon thee again all the grievous plague of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of, and it shall cleave unto thee. Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, will the Lord bring upon thee, until it utterly destroy thee." 628 And again to transgressors it is said, "I will appoint over you even fever and jaundice, that shall consume your eyes, and make your soul to pine away." 629 Further, in Deuteronomy 630 the Word threatens with incurable lockjaw 631 those who forsake godliness.

3. And they who understand outward blessings to be promised by the Divine word in Leviticus, will make use of the following: "If ye walk in my statutes, and keep my commandments, and do them: then I will give you the rain in its season, and the land shall yield her increase, and the trees of the plains shall yield their fruit. And your threshing shall overtake the vintage, and the vintage shall reach unto the sowing time, and ye shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell in your land safely," 632 and so on. And from Deuteronomy they will take and use the passage, "And it shall be when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee, and ye observe to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the Lord thy God shall set thee on high above all: and all these blessings shall come upon thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the Lord thy God.633 Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, the herds of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. Blessed shall be thy garners and thy kneading-troughs," 634 and so on. And so again, on the contrary, it is said to the ungodly, "Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field. Cursed shall be thy garners and thy kneading-troughs. Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, cursed the herds of thy cattle and the flocks of thy sheep." 635 And countless other passages will be brought forward by those who will have it that good and evil things are bodily and external. And they lay hold of the Gospels also, and tell us that the Saviour when He came took away from men, inasmuch as He deemed them evil things, bodily blindness, and deafness, and palsy, and healed every disease and every sickness,636 and gave instead of the evil things which previously prevailed, clearness of bodily sight, and hearing, and every form of health and strength; and they will put you out of countenance by what they allege, unless we are prepared to admit possession by devils and lunacy to be evil things,637 and, on the contrary, deliverance from them to be a good thing. Nay, the Apostles also in exercising the gifts of healing, and in working miracles, by the very nature of what they did brought good things to men and freed them from evil things. And they who say such things will pass over to the world to come, and allege that because pain is an evil thing sinners are committed to age-long fire; and if pain is an evil thing, pleasure must be a good one.

4. The foregoing clearly shows the arguments which mostly silence such readers as cannot dispose of the. scriptural statements which are adduced in favour of there being three kinds of good things and three of evil things. Moreover, not only have confessedly unsophisticated believers been thus beguiled, but even some of those who profess wisdom according to Christ have fallen into the snare; for they suppose such promises as these to be made by the Creator,638 and that beyond their literal signification the threats have no meaning. Well, then, in reply to all who so strangely apprehend the Scriptures, we must further inquire whether the Prophets, against whom no charge is brought, kept the law; Elias, for instance, the poorest of men, so poor that he had not bread of his own to eat, and was therefore sent to a woman of Zarephath which belonged to Zidon;639 and Eliseus, who at the house of the Shunammite had a very little chamber, and a bed, and a cheap candlestick, who also fell sick and died;640 and Isaiah, who went three years naked and barefoot;641 and Jeremiah, who was cast into a miry pit, and was constantly derided, so that he prayed he might have a lodging-place in the wilderness;642 and John, who was in the deserts and ate nothing but locusts and wild honey, who had a leathern girdle about his loins, and was clothed in raiment of camel's hair.643 They will, I suppose, admit that these men kept the law. And we will ask whether what our opponents consider good things, were the lot of those who kept the law. And if they cannot show that this was so, there will be no escape for them; they will have to allow either that the promises which are said to be given to the godly are false, or that being true they must be anagogically interpreted; and once they are compelled to resort to allegory, there is an end of their supposition that the law threatens the ungodly with bodily disease, and such external things as are reckoned to be evils, and that the promise of bodily health and wealth is for those who follow after God. 

5. And is it not foolish to make such a point of the ills of life, and to boast of those who suffer from them? For if tribulations are evil, and the Apostle speaks of rejoicing in tribulations,644 it is clear that he rejoiced in evil things; but this is foolish, and the Apostle was not a fool; and it follows that such exercises of the Apostle as he speaks of were not evil; being pressed on every side he is not straitened; he is perplexed, yet not unto despair;645 tempted, but not killed; thought to be poor, he maketh many rich, and supposed to have nothing, he possesses all things; for the whole world of wealth belongs to the believer, and not an obol to the unbeliever. And further, they who suppose that according to Scripture there are three kinds of good and three kinds of evil, have to face another fact, viz. that the righteous are ever in the midst of evils, for the word of prophecy says truly, "Many are the afllictions of the righteous."646 And they who suppose certain things to be evils might not unfitly remember what befell Job, to whom after that he had nobly borne the trials which compassed him about, the Divine word says, "And dost thou suppose that I dealt with thee for any other purpose than that thou mayest appear righteous?" 647 For if Job is shown to be righteous no other way than through this and that befalling him, how can we say that the causes of his appearing righteous are evils to him? And it follows that even the Devil is not an evil to the holy man. At all events, the Devil was not an evil to Job, for all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose.648 And we further say that it is far from clear that, if the blessings are taken literally, the "righteous" man will be a partaker of those things which in the Scriptures are considered "good." For the story of many a holy man's life contradicts such interpretations. It is absurd to suppose that the holy man will be a money lender, opening banks in many nations,649 in town after town, distracted over payments and receipts, and following a prohibited business; for "the righteous man 650 putteth not out his money to usury, and taketh not rewards against the innocent"; and "he that doeth these things shall never be moved." 651 And, according to Ezekiel, "the holy man giveth not forth his money upon usury nor taketh increase." 652 And as for thinking that fever is inflicted on account of sins, that is an opinion of very ignorant people, for the causes of such a sickness are often clear enough; either the neighbourhood, or the quality of the water, or the character of the food. And if health and wealth are rewards for the righteous, no ungodly man ought to have health or wealth. But we must look for this health in the constitution of a man's soul, and the wealth we must take to be that ransom of a man's soul of which Solomon speaks,----"The ransom of a man's soul is his own riches." 653 But we must shun poverty, which is thus described: "A poor man endureth not a threat." And further, by wounds and bruises and sicknesses we must understand the evils which befall heedless souls through their wickedness; and the prophet blames the sufferers this way for being in such a condition, saying, "From the sole of the foot even unto the head, neither wound, nor bruise, nor festering sore (is healed); there is no plaster, nor oil, to put upon them, neither have they been bound up." 654  

6. This will be enough to enable any but the very dull, when they read the distracting passages of Scripture, to arrive at a worthy conception of the action of the Holy Spirit. But in order to silence those who think that in these passages we have the good things which shall be given to the saints, and, on the other hand, the evil things which shall be awarded to sinners, we must further observe that everything which exists on account of a given object is less important than that for which it exists; for instance, surgical operations, cauteries, and plasters, which are means to health, are less important than the health in view. And even supposing that regarded as remedies of the physician these things are called "good," we must understand that they are not the final good things of the healing art, but causes of them; from the physician's standpoint bodily health is the final good. Similarly, if we must keep certain commands for the sake of securing certain blessings, and the rewards are bodily and external, the good actions will not be good as ends in themselves, but only as productive of the blessings; and the wealth which our opponents suppose the Scripture to promise, and the bodily health, will excel the righteousness, and the very holiness, piety, and fear of God which constitute the upright and virtuous conduct. It is for men who do not know the dignity of virtue, but prefer material things to virtue itself, to accept such doctrines; for of all things it is most absurd to say that wealth and bodily health surpass upright and virtuous conduct. And, in fact, it is on account of these detestable opinions that some persons have come to believe that even after the Resurrection one of the first things promised is that we shall eat and drink such and such things, and some hold that we shall even beget children. As soon as ever these opinions reach heathen inquirers, they will make Christianity appear a very foolish thing; for some who are strangers to the Faith hold far better views.

7. Now we will apply what appears to be the results of our investigation of the sacred oracles. We alleged that we were content to say that "good" things and "evil" things, partly depend on our own efforts, and partly do not. We did not,655 however, reckon among the blessings which do not depend on our efforts, health and beauty and high descent and riches, and, as best we could, we endeavoured to briefly solve these perplexing passages. We must now say what the good things are which do not depend on our efforts; for it is true that "except the Lord build the house, they labour but in vain who build it"; and "except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." 656 Every one who is making progress is building a house, and every one that is perfect keepeth a city; and the work of him that buildeth is in vain, except the Lord build and the Lord watch. The power of the Lord which assists in the building of him that buildeth, and which cooperates with him who is himself unable to complete the edifice, is one of the good things which do not depend on our efforts; and we must take the same view of the city which is being watched. And just as if I were to say that the "good thing" of agriculture, that which produces the fruit, partly depends on ourselves in respect of the husbandman's skill, and partly does not so depend, in respect of the working of Providence for a genial atmosphere and an abundant supply of rain: so the "good thing" of the rational creature is made up of man's purpose, and the Divine power assisting him, when he has chosen the better life. There is need, therefore, both of our own purpose and of the Divine assistance, not only that we may become good and upright, but also that having become good and upright we may abide in virtue; for even if a man has been perfected he will fall away, if he be puffed up over his goodness and accounts himself the cause thereof, and does not fitly ascribe glory to Him who contributes more than all besides to the acquiring and keeping of his virtue. Something like this, we think, explains how it was that he who in Ezekiel is said to have walked blameless in all his ways, until iniquity was found in him,657 fell from heaven, viz., as Isaiah tells us, Lucifer, once a morning star, afterwards, undone and cast clown to earth.658 For not only of the sons of men is it true that if a man be perfect and have not the wisdom of God, he is accounted but a thing of nought; but it is true even in the order of Angels, and of sovereign Powers, and in every rank of being that is Divine so far as God is with it. Anyway, perhaps because the holy Apostle sees that our purposing counts for far less than the power of God in the acquisition of the good things, he says that the result is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that showeth mercy;659 not as though God showeth mercy without our willing and running, but because our willing and running is as nothing in comparison with the mercy of God; and therefore, as is right and meet, he gives the credit of the good result rather to the mercy of God than to human willing and running.

8. Although we knew we should seem to be widely digressing, we have gone into all these details, for we are convinced of the necessity of the inquiry, if we are to handle the words, "Many say, who will show us the good things?" 660 As far as we could we have clearly pointed out to the many who say "Who will show us the good things?" what the good things are, and, consequently, also, what are the evil things, in order that through our exercises and prayers we may acquire the good things, and repel the evil things from our souls. But since in speaking men sometimes use literal expressions, and sometimes, I suppose, even use words in a wrong sense, we must not be surprised if occasionally we find those who hold unsound opinions applying the terms "good" and "evil" to bodily things, and what we call things external. For example, in Job we read, "If we receive good at the hand of God, shall wo not endure evil? " 661 And in Jeremiah, "Evil came down from the Lord to the gates of Jerusalem." 662 Instead of saying, "If we receive such and such useful and pleasant things at the hand of Providence, shall we not put up with the unpleasant and painful ones?" Job says, "If we receive good at the hand of God, shall we not endure evil?" And instead of, "These particular events providentially happened to Jerusalem for the chastisement of its inhabitants," we have, "Evil came down from the Lord to the gates of Jerusalem." So then, readers who understand the facts must not quibble over the names, but must ascertain when the names are to be taken literally, and when on account of their limited connotation they are not taken in their strict sense. And even if the Saviour healed some of these disorders, and gave health, and sight, and hearing to men, we must look chiefly for their spiritual meaning, since the narratives prove that the word of the Gospel does heal the disorders of the soul. And there is no absurdity in supposing in such cases that what is related in the narrative was done to astonish the men of that time; so that if any were not convinced by argument and instruction, they might be silenced through the marvellous miracles, and yield assent to the teacher.

[1] Περὶ τοῦ τίνα τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τίνα τὰ κακὰ, καὶ ὅτι ἐν προαιρετικοῖς ταῦτα καὶ ἐν ἀπροαιρέτῳ, καὶ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ χριστοῦ διδασκαλίαν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης οἴεται. ἐκ τοῦ τόμου τοῦ εἰς τὸν δʹ ψαλμὸν, εἰς τό: Πολλοὶ λέγουσι: τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; Πολλῆς παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ζητήσεως τυγχανούσης περὶ τοῦ τίνα τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τίνα τὰ κακά: καί τινων μὲν ἀπροαίρετα λεγόντων εἶναι τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ κακὰ, ὡσπερεὶ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν ἀποφαινομένων, κακὸν δὲ τὸ πονηρόν: ἑτέρων δὲ ἐν μόνοις προαιρετικοῖς κατακλειόντων τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ κακὰ, καὶ τὰς μὲν ἀρετὰς καὶ τὰς κατ' αὐτὰς πράξεις μόνας ἀγαθὰ λεγόντων, τὰς δὲ κακίας καὶ τὰς κατὰ κακίαν ἐνεργείας κακά: τρίτων δὲ ὄντων τῶν μιγνύντων, καὶ ἅμα ἐν προαιρετικοῖς καὶ ἀπροαιρέτοις λεγόντων εἶναι τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ κακά: εἰκότως ὑπὸ τῶν πιθανοτήτων περιελκόμενοι οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν πιστευόντων φιλομαθοῦντες εἰς τὸν περὶ ἀγαθῶν τόπον λέγοιεν ἂν τό: Τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐν προαιρετικοῖς ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν φύσις, πᾶς ὁστισοῦν ἀποδεχόμενος τὸν περὶ κρίσεως τόπον ἀδιστάκτως ὁμολογήσαι ἄν: ἀγαθὸν γάρ φησιν εἶναι ἐφ' ᾧ ἀκούσεταί τις τό: Εὖγε, ἀγαθὲ δοῦλε καὶ πιστέ: ἐπὶ ὀλίγα ἦς πιστὸς, ἐπὶ πολλῶν σε καταστήσω: εἴσελθε εἰς τὴν χαρὰν τοῦ κυρίου σου: ἀγαθὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ προφερόμενον, ὡς ὁ σωτήρ φησιν: Ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ τῆς καρδίας αὐτοῦ προφέρει τὰ ἀγαθά. καὶ ἁπαξαπλῶς πᾶς καρπὸς δένδρου ἀγαθοῦ προαιρετικὸς ὢν ἀγαθόν ἐστιν: ὡς ἀγάπη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χαρὰ καὶ μακροθυμία, χρηστότης τε καὶ ἀγαθωσύνη καὶ πίστις καὶ πραΰτης καὶ ἐγκράτεια: τὰ δὲ ἐναντία τούτοις κακά. εἰ δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ χριστοῦ διδασκαλίαν ἔστι τι ἀγαθὸν καὶ κακὸν, καὶ ἐν ἀπροαιρέτοις ζητητέον: κἂν ᾖ δέ τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακὸν ἐν ἀπροαιρέτοις, ὡς ὕστερον ἐξετάσαντες τάχα δείξομεν. ἀλλ' οὔτι γε τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν μιγνύντων τοῖς προαιρετικοῖς τὰ ἀπροαίρετα λεγόμενα ἀγαθὰ ἂν εἴη καὶ κακά: ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ οἴονται τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὰ μὲν εἶναι περὶ ψυχὴν, τὰ δὲ περὶ σῶμα, τὰ δὲ ἐκτός: ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν κακῶν: καὶ περὶ ψυχὴν μὲν, ἀρετὴν καὶ τὰς κατ' ἀρετὴν πράξεις, ἢ κακίαν καὶ τὰς κατὰ κακίαν πράξεις: περὶ σῶμα δὲ, ὑγείαν καὶ εὐεξίαν καὶ κάλλος, ἢ νόσον καὶ καχεξίαν καὶ αἶσχος: περὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς δὲ, πλοῦτον καὶ εὐγένειαν καὶ δόξαν, ἢ πενίαν καὶ δυσγένειαν καὶ ἀδοξίαν.
[2] Οἰήσονται δέ τινες καὶ κατὰ τὰς γραφὰς ὁμοίως τρία γένη εἶναι τῶν ἀγαθῶν, καὶ τρία γένη τῶν κακῶν: τὰς γὰρ ἀρετὰς καὶ τὰς κακίας προσιέμενοι εἶναι ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακὰ, μετὰ τὰ ὁμολογούμενα καὶ ὑφ' ἡμῶν ἐν ἀρετῇ καὶ κακίᾳ καὶ ταῖς κατ' αὐτὰς πράξεσι, χρήσονται ῥητοῖς καὶ τὰ σωματικὰ καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς δῆθεν ἀποφαινομένοις ἀγαθὰ ἢ κακὰ τυγχάνειν. καὶ περὶ μὲν ἀρετῶν καὶ κακιῶν τί δεῖ καὶ λέγειν; τῶν ἠθικῶν πραγμάτων διδασκόντων δεῖν ἡμᾶς μὲν αἱρεῖσθαι δικαιοσύνην καὶ σωφροσύνην καὶ φρόνησιν καὶ ἀνδρείαν καὶ τὰς κατ' αὐτὰς πράξεις, ἐκκλίνειν δὲ τὰ τούτοις ἐναντία. διόπερ οὐ χρεία παραδειγμάτων εἰς τὰ παρὰ τῶν προαιρετικῶν ἀγαθά: σωματικὰ δὲ καὶ ἐκτὸς ἀγαθὰ ἐκ τῆς κατὰ τὸ ῥητὸν ἐκδοχῆς πολλαχόθεν δείξουσι. πλὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος ἀρκεῖ παραθέσθαι τινὰ ἐκ τῶν ἐν Ἐξόδῳ καὶ Λευϊτικῷ καὶ Δευτερονομίῳ κειμένων, ὡς ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ πρὸς τοὺς τηροῦντας τὰς ἐντολὰς, καὶ ὡς ἐν ἀπειλῇ καὶ κατάραις πρὸς τοὺς παραβαίνοντας αὐτάς: οἷον ὅτι ἡ ὑγεία ἀγαθόν ἐστι καὶ ἡ νόσος κακὸν, ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐξόδου δείξει ταῦτα προσάγεσθαι: Ἐὰν τηρήσῃς τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ τὰ προστάγματά μου, πᾶσαν νόσον ἣν ἐπήγαγον τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις οὐκ ἐπάξω ἐπὶ σέ: ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι κύριος ὁ ἰώμενός σε. καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Δευτερονομίου δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας λεγόμενον ὑπονοηθείη ἂν κακὸν μὲν παριστάνειν τὰς σωματικὰς πληγὰς καὶ τὰς νόσους, ἀγαθὸν δὲ δηλονότι τὴν ὑγείαν καὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος ῥῶσιν. ἔχει δὲ οὕτως ἡ λέξις: Ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσητε ποιεῖν πάντα τὰ ῥήματα τοῦ νόμου τούτου τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ, φοβεῖσθαι τὸ ὄνομα τὸ ἔντιμον καὶ τὸ θαυμαστὸν τοῦτο, Κύριον τὸν θεόν: καὶ παραδοξάσει κύριος τὰς πληγάς σου καὶ τὰς πληγὰς τοῦ σπέρματός σου, πληγὰς μεγάλας καὶ θαυμαστὰς, καὶ νόσους πονηρὰς καὶ πλείστας. καὶ ἐπιστρέψει ἐπὶ σὲ πᾶσαν τὴν πληγὴν Αἰγύπτου τὴν πονηρὰν, ἣν διευλαβοῦ ἀπὸ προσώπου αὐτῶν, καὶ κολληθήσεταί σοι: καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν καὶ πᾶσαν πληγὴν τὴν μὴ γεγραμμένην ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τούτου ἐπάξει κύριος ἐπὶ σὲ, ἕως ἂν ἐξολοθρεύσῃ σε. καὶ πάλιν τοῖς παραβαίνουσι τὰς ἐντολὰς λέγεται τό: Ἐπιπέμψω ὑμῖν πυρετὸν καὶ ἴκτερον καὶ σφακελίζοντας τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑμῶν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὑμῶν ἐκτήκουσαν. πρὸς τούτοις καὶ ἐν τῷ Δευτερονομίῳ τοῖς ἀφισταμένοις τῆς θεοσεβείας ἀπειλεῖ ὁ λόγος ὀπισθότονον ἀνίατον.
[3] Τὰ δὲ ἐκτὸς οἱ βουλόμενοι ἀγαθὰ κατὰ τὸν θεῖον ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι λόγον τοῖς μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ Λευϊτικοῦ, τούτοις χρήσονται: Ἐὰν ἐν τοῖς προστάγμασί μου πορεύησθε, καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς μου φυλάσσησθε καὶ ποιήσητε αὐτὰς, δώσω τὸν ὑετὸν ὑμῖν ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ γῆ δώσει τὰ γενήματα αὐτῆς, καὶ τὰ ξύλα τῶν πεδίων δώσει τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῶν: καὶ καταλήψεται ὑμῖν ὁ ἀλοητὸς τὸν τρυγητὸν, καὶ ὁ τρυγητὸς καταλήψεται τὸν σπόρον, καὶ φάγεσθε τὸν ἄρτον ὑμῶν εἰς πλησμονὴν, καὶ κατοικήσετε μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὑμῶν: καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. ἐκ δὲ τοῦ Δευτερονομίου τούτοις χρήσονται: Καὶ ἔσται ὡς ἂν διαβῆτε τὸν Ἰορδάνην εἰς τὴν γῆν ἣν κύριος ὁ θεὸς δίδωσιν ὑμῖν, καὶ φυλάσσεσθε ποιεῖν πάσας τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ ἃς ἐγὼ ἐντέλλομαί σοι σήμερον, καὶ δώσει σε κύριος ὁ θεός σου ὑπεράνω πάντων, καὶ ἥξουσιν ἐπὶ σὲ πᾶσαι αἱ εὐλογίαι αὗται καὶ εὑρήσουσί σε, ἐὰν ἀκούσῃς τῆς φωνῆς κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου. εὐλογημένος σὺ ἐν πόλει, καὶ εὐλογημένος σὺ ἐν ἀγρῷ: εὐλογημένα τὰ ἔγγονα τῆς κοιλίας σου καὶ τὰ γενήματα τῆς γῆς σου καὶ τὰ βουκόλια τῶν βοῶν σου καὶ τὰ ποίμνια τῶν προβάτων σου: εὐλογημέναι αἱ ἀποθῆκαί σου καὶ τὰ ἐγκαταλίμματά σου: καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς. ὡς πάλιν ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων τοῖς ἀσεβοῦσι λέγεται τό: Ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἐν πόλει, καὶ ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἐν ἀγρῷ: ἐπικατάρατοι αἱ ἀποθῆκαί σου καὶ τὰ ἐγκαταλίμματά σου: ἐπικατάρατα τὰ τέκνα τῆς κοιλίας σου καὶ τὰ γενήματα τῆς γῆς σου: ἐπικατάρατα τὰ βουκόλια τῶν βοῶν σου καὶ τὰ ποίμνια τῶν προβάτων σου. καὶ ἄλλα δὲ δυσεξαρίθμητα ἐνεγκοῦσιν οἱ βουλόμενοι ἐν σωματικοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἐκτὸς εἶναι ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακά: ἐφάψονταί τε καὶ τῶν εὐαγγελίων, λέγοντες τὸν σωτῆρα ἐληλυθότα ὡς κακὰ ἀφῃρηκέναι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν τυφλότητα τὴν σωματικὴν καὶ τὴν κωφότητα καὶ τὴν πάρεσιν τῶν μελῶν, καὶ πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν τεθεραπευκέναι, ἀγαθὰ ἀντὶ τῶν προκατειληφότων κακῶν δωρούμενον τό τε διορατικὸν τὸ σωματικὸν καὶ τὸ ἀκουστικὸν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ὑγείαν καὶ ῥῶσιν: καὶ δυσωπήσουσί σε φάσκοντες, εἰ μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ὁμολογήσομεν κακὸν εἶναι τὸ δαιμονιᾷν καὶ τὸ σεληνιάζεσθαι, ὡς πάλιν ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου ἀγαθὸν τὸ τούτων ἀπηλλάχθαι. ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων καὶ ἐνεργήματα δυνάμεων ἐπιτελοῦντες κατ' αὐτὸ τὸ ἐνεργεῖν ἀγαθὰ ἐποίουν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ κακῶν αὐτοὺς ἀπήλλαττον. διαβήσονται δὲ οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγοντες καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν μέλλοντα αἰῶνα, φάσκοντες τῷ κακὸν εἶναι τὸν πόνον τοὺς ἁμαρτωλοὺς πυρὶ αἰωνίῳ παραδίδοσθαι: εἰ δὲ κακὸν ὁ πόνος, ἀνάγκη τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν εἶναι.
[4] Σαφῆ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τὰ δυνάμενα ἐπὶ πλεῖον δυσωπῆσαι τοὺς οὐχ οἵους τε λῦσαι τὰ προσαγόμενα περὶ τοῦ τρία γένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν εἶναι καὶ τρία τῶν κακῶν κατὰ τὸν λόγον τῶν γραφῶν. ταύτην τοίνυν τὴν ἀπάτην οὐ μόνον οἱ ὁμολογουμένως ἀκέραιοι τῶν πεπιστευκότων ἠπάτηνται, ἀλλὰ καί τινες τῶν ἐπαγγελλομένων σοφίαν τὴν κατὰ Χριστὸν, οἰόμενοι τοῦ δημιουργοῦ τοιάσδε τινὰς εἶναι ἐπαγγελίας, καὶ πέρα τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς λέξεως δηλουμένων μηδὲν σημαίνεσθαι κατὰ τὰς ἀπειλάς. πρὸς πάντας τοίνυν τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ τῶν γραφῶν ὑπολαμβάνοντας ἐπαπορητέον, εἰ τετηρήκασι τὸν νόμον οἱ προφῆται, ὧν ἁμαρτήματα οὐ κατηγορεῖται: οἷον Ἠλίας ὁ ἀκτημονέστατος, ὡς μηδὲ ἄρτον ἔχειν παρ' ἑαυτῷ φαγεῖν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πέμπεσθαι πρὸς γυναῖκα εἰς Σάρεπτα τῆς Σιδωνίας: καὶ Ἐλισσαῖος, ὃς παρὰ τῇ Σουμανίτιδι βραχυτάτην ἔλαβε κατάλυσιν καὶ σκιμπόδιον καὶ λυχνίαν εὐτελῆ, ὃς καὶ ἀρρωστήσας ἐτελεύτησε: καὶ Ἠσαΐας ὁ πορευθεὶς γυμνὸς καὶ ἀνυπόδετος τρισὶν ἔτεσι: καὶ Ἱερεμίας ὁ ἐμβληθεὶς εἰς λάκκον βορβόρου καὶ ἀεὶ μυκτηρισθεὶς, ὥστε καὶ ἐρημίαν οἰκῆσαι εὔξασθαι: καὶ ὁ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἐν ταῖς ἐρημίαις διατρίβων καὶ πλὴν ἀκρίδων καὶ μέλιτος ἀγρίου μηδενὸς μεταλαμβάνων, δέρματι περιεζωσμένος τὴν ὀσφὺν καὶ ἀπὸ τριχῶν καμήλου ἠμφιεσμένος. ὁμολογήσουσι γὰρ αὐτοὺς τετηρηκέναι τὸν νόμον. καὶ ἀπαιτήσομεν εἰ ἃ νοοῦσιν ἀγαθὰ τοῖς τετηρηκόσι τούτοις ὑπῆρκται. οὐκ ἔχοντες δὲ δεῖξαι, περικλεισθήσονται εἰς τὸ ἤτοι ψευδεῖς εἶναι τὰς ἐπαγγελίας τὰς λεγομένας δίδοσθαι τοῖς θεοσεβέσιν ἢ ἀληθεῖς τυγχανούσας ἀναγωγῆς δεῖσθαι: εἰ δ' ἐπ' ἀλληγορίαν ἀναγκασθέντες ἔλθωσιν, ἀθετηθήσεται αὐτῶν ἡ ὑπόληψις ἡ περὶ τοῦ τὸν νόμον ἀπειλεῖν νόσον σωματικὴν καὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς νομιζόμενα κακὰ τοῖς ἠσεβηκόσιν, ἢ ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι ὑγιαίνοντα εἶναι τὰ σώματα καὶ περιουσίαν ἔσεσθαι τοῖς τῷ θεῷ κατηκολουθηκόσι.
[5] Πῶς δὲ οὐκ ἠλίθιον ἐπὶ τοῖς κακοῖς μέγα φρονεῖν καὶ αὐχεῖν τοὺς ὄντας ἐν αὐτοῖς; εἰ γὰρ κακαὶ αἱ θλίψεις, φησὶ δὲ ὁ ἀπόστολος καυχᾶσθαι ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσι, δῆλον ὅτι καυχᾶται ἐν κακοῖς: τοῦτο δὲ ἠλίθιον, καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος οὐκ ἠλίθιος: οὐκ ἄρα κακὰ τὰ τοιάδε γυμνάσματα τοῦ ἁγίου, ὅστις ἐν παντὶ θλιβόμενος οὐ στενοχωρεῖται, ἀπορούμενος οὐκ ἐγκαταλείπεται, πειραζόμενος οὐ θανατοῦται, νομιζόμενος εἶναι πτωχὸς πολλοὺς πλουτίζει, καὶ ὑπολαμβανόμενος μηδὲν κεκτῆσθαι πάντα κατέχει: τοῦ γὰρ πιστοῦ ὅλος ὁ κόσμος τῶν χρημάτων, τοῦ δὲ ἀπίστου οὐδὲ ὀβολός. ἔτι δὲ ἕπεται τοῖς ὑπολαμβάνουσι κατὰ τὴν γραφὴν τρία γένη τῶν ἀγαθῶν εἶναι, δῆλον δὲ ὅτι καὶ τῶν κακῶν, τοὺς δικαίους ἀεὶ ἐν πολλοῖς κακοῖς εἶναι: ἀληθευούσης τῆς λεγούσης προφητείας: Πολλαὶ αἱ θλίψεις τῶν δικαίων. οὐκ ἄκαιρον δὲ καὶ τῶν τῷ Ἰὼβ συμβεβηκότων ὑπομνῆσαι τοὺς οἰομένους τάδε τινὰ κακὰ εἶναι: ᾧ ὁ χρηματισμὸς μετὰ τὸ ἐνεγκεῖν γενναιότατα τοὺς περιστάντας ἀγῶνάς φησιν: Οἴει δέ με ἄλλως σοι κεχρηματικέναι ἢ ἵνα ἀναφανῇς δίκαιος; εἰ γὰρ οὐκ ἄλλως ἀναφαίνεται ὁ Ἰὼβ δίκαιος ἢ ἐκ τοῦ τάδε τινὰ καὶ τάδε αὐτῷ συμπτώματα γεγονέναι, πῶς ἂν αὐτῷ κακὰ λέγοιμεν ὑπάρχειν τὰ αἴτια τοῦ ἀναφῆναι αὐτοῦ τὴν δικαιοσύνην; ἑπόμενα δ' ἂν τούτοις εἴη, μηδὲ τὸν διάβολον τῷ ἁγίῳ κακὸν τυγχάνειν. τῷ γοῦν Ἰὼβ ὁ διάβολος κακὸν οὐκ ἦν: ἐπεὶ τοῖς ἀγαπῶσι τὸν θεὸν πάντα συνεργεῖ εἰς ἀγαθὸν ὁ θεὸς, τοῖς κατὰ πρόθεσιν κλητοῖς οὖσιν. ἔτι δὲ πρὸς τούτοις παρὰ τὸ ἐναργὲς εἶναί φαμεν τὸ τὸν δίκαιον ἐν ταῖς κατὰ τὸ ῥητὸν εὐλογίαις ἔσεσθαι τῶν ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς ἐγκειμένων νομιζομένων ἀγαθῶν: πολλὴ γὰρ ἱστορία ἡ περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου ἐξεταζομένη ἐναντιοῦται ταῖς τοιαύταις ἐκδοχαῖς. καὶ ἀνόητόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπολαμβάνειν δανειστὴν τὸν ἅγιον ἔσεσθαι, πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τραπέζας κατὰ πόλιν ἀνοίγοντα, καὶ περισπώμενον περὶ τὰς δόσεις καὶ λήψεις, καὶ ποιοῦντα πράγματα ἀπηγορευμένα: Τὸ ἀργύριον γὰρ αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔδωκεν ἐπὶ τόκῳ ὁ δίκαιος καὶ δῶρα ἐπ' ἀθώοις οὐκ ἔλαβε: καί: Ὁ ποιῶν ταῦτα οὐ σαλευθήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. καὶ κατὰ τὸν Ἰεζεκιὴλ ὁ ἅγιος ἐπὶ τόκῳ καὶ πλεονασμῷ οὐκ ἔδωκε τὸ ἀργύριον. τὸ δὲ καὶ πυρετὸν νομίζειν διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας γίνεσθαι ἀπαιδεύτων εἰς ὑπερβολήν ἐστι δόγμα, πολλάκις τῶν αἰτίων τῆς τοιᾶσδε νόσου προδήλων ὄντων: ἢ γὰρ διὰ τὸ περιέχον ἢ διὰ τοιάδε ὕδατα ἢ διὰ τοιάσδε τροφάς. καὶ εἰ ἆθλα τοῖς δικαίοις ὑγεία καὶ πλοῦτος, ἐχρῆν μηδένα τῶν ἀσεβῶν ὑγιαίνειν μηδὲ πλουτεῖν. ὑγείαν δὲ τὴν τοιάνδε κατάστασιν τῆς ψυχῆς ζητητέον, καὶ πλοῦτον τὸν κατὰ Σολομῶντα λύτρον τυγχάνοντα τῆς ψυχῆς, λέγοντα: Λύτρον ἀνδρὸς ψυχῆς ὁ ἴδιος πλοῦτος: φευκτέον δὲ πενίαν, καθ' ἣν ἀναγέγραπται: Πτωχὸς δὲ οὐχ ὑφίσταται ἀπειλήν. ἔτι δὲ τραύματα καὶ μώλωπας καὶ νόσους ἐκληπτέον τὰ γινόμενα διὰ τὴν κακίαν ταῖς ἀπροσεκτούσαις ψυχαῖς: περὶ ὧν καὶ ὁ προφήτης μέμφεται τοὺς ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις τυγχάνοντας, λέγων: Ἀπὸ ποδῶν ἕως κεφαλῆς οὔτε τραῦμα οὔτε μώλωψ οὔτε πληγὴ φλεγμαίνουσα: οὐκ ἔστι μάλαγμα ἐπιθεῖναι οὔτε ἔλαιον οὔτε καταδέσμους.
[6] Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν αὐτάρκη τοῖς μὴ πάνυ ἀμβλέσι, πρὸς τὸ ἀπὸ τούτων ἑαυτοῖς ἀναλεξαμένοις τὰ περισπῶντα ῥητὰ τῶν γραφῶν ἐπιβάλλειν τῇ ἀξίᾳ νοήσει τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος. ἔτι δὲ ὑπὲρ τοῦ δυσωπῆσαι τοὺς οἰομένους τάδε εἶναι τὰ ἀγαθὰ τὰ τοῖς ἁγίοις δοθησόμενα καὶ τάδε τὰ κακὰ τοῖς ἁμαρτωλοῖς, καὶ ταῦτα προσθετέον: ὅτι πᾶν τὸ διά τι ἔλαττόν ἐστι τοῦ δι' ὅ ἐστιν: οἷον τομαὶ καὶ καυτῆρες καὶ ἔμπλαστροι δι' ὑγείαν παραλαμβανόμενα ἐλάττονα τυγχάνει τῆς ὑγείας. κἂν ὡς ἐν ἰατρικοῖς δὲ βοηθήμασι ἀγαθὰ λέγηται ταῦτα, χρὴ ἐκλαμβάνειν ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι τελικὰ ἰατρικῆς ἀγαθὰ ἀλλὰ ποιητικά: τελικὸν δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἰατρικὴν ἀγαθὸν ἡ τοῦ σώματος ὑγεία. οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ εἰ τάσδε τὰς ἐντολὰς τηρητέον ὑπὲρ τοῦ τῶνδε τῶν ἀγαθῶν τυχεῖν, τὰ δὲ ἆθλα τὰ σωματικά ἐστι καὶ τὰ ἐκτός: αἱ ἀγαθαὶ πράξεις ἔσονται οὐκ ἀγαθαὶ ὡς τελικαὶ, ἀλλ' ἢ ἄρα ὡς ποιητικαὶ ἀγαθῶν: καὶ ἔσται διαφέρων ὁ πλοῦτος, ὃν οἴονται ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι τὴν γραφὴν, καὶ ἡ τοῦ σώματος ὑγεία, τῆς δικαιοσύνης καὶ αὐτῆς δὲ τῆς ὁσιότητος καὶ τῆς εὐσεβείας καὶ τῆς θεοσεβείας τῶν τηλικούτων ἀνδραγαθημάτων. ἅπερ παραδέξασθαι ἀνθρώπων ἐστὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα τῆς ἀρετῆς μὴ γινωσκόντων, ἀλλὰ τὰ ὑλικὰ αὐτῆς προτιμώντων: πάντων γάρ ἐστιν ἀτοπώτατον τὸ τῶν ἀνδραγαθημάτων λέγειν διαφέρειν τὸ πλουτεῖν καὶ τὸ ὑγιαίνειν σωματικῶς. διὰ τὰ μοχθηρὰ δὴ ταῦτα δόγματα ἀκολούθως τινὲς προσήκαντο καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἐν ταῖς πρώταις ἐπαγγελίαις ἐσθίειν ἡμᾶς μέλλειν τὰ τοιάδε βρώματα καὶ πίνειν, τινὲς δὲ καὶ τεκνοποιεῖν. ταῦτα δὲ φθάσαντα καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν μεγάλης εὐηθείας δόξαν ἀπενέγκασθαι ποιήσει τὸν χριστιανισμὸν, πολλῷ βελτίονα δόγματα ἐχόντων τινῶν ἀλλοτρίων τῆς πίστεως.
[7] Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἤδη τὸ φαινόμενον ἡμῖν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐξετάσεως τῶν ἱερῶν λογίων παραθησόμεθα: ἐφάσκομεν γὰρ ἀρέσκεσθαι μὲν τῷ λέγειν ἐν προαιρετικοῖς καὶ ἐν ἀπροαιρέτοις εἶναι τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ τὰ κακά: οὐ μὴν ἠριθμοῦμεν εἰς τὰ ἀπροαίρετα τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὴν ὑγείαν καὶ τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὴν εὐγένειαν καὶ τὴν εὐδοξίαν καὶ τὸν πλοῦτον: καὶ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἐπειράθημεν τὰ περισπῶντα ὡς ἐν ἐπιτομῇ διαλύσασθαι. τίνα τοίνυν ἐστὶ τὰ ἀπροαίρετα ἀγαθὰ ἤδη λεκτέον: ἐπεὶ ἀληθὲς τό: Ἐὰν μὴ κύριος οἰκοδομήσῃ οἶκον, εἰς μάτην ἐκοπίασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες αὐτόν: καί: Ἐὰν μὴ κύριος φυλάξῃ πόλιν, εἰς μάτην ἠγρύπνησεν ὁ φυλάσσων. οἰκοδομεῖ δὲ οἶκον πᾶς ὁ προκόπτων, καὶ φυλάσσει πόλιν πᾶς ὁ τέλειος: μάταιον δὲ τὸ ἔργον τοῦ οἰκοδομοῦντος καὶ ματαία ἡ φυλακὴ τοῦ τηροῦντος, ἐὰν μὴ κύριος οἰκοδομήσῃ καὶ κύριος φυλάξῃ. ἐκτὸς ἂν εἴη τῆς προαιρέσεως ἡμῶν ἀγαθὸν ἡ ἀντιλαμβανομένη τοῦ κυρίου δύναμις τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τοῦ οἰκοδομοῦντος καὶ συνοικοδομοῦσα τῷ οὐ δυναμένῳ καθ' αὑτὸν ἀπαρτίσαι τὸ οἰκοδομούμενον: τὰ δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς φυλασσομένης πόλεως νοητέον. καὶ ὥσπερ ἐὰν εἴποιμι τὸ γεωργικὸν ἀγαθὸν τὸ ποιητικὸν τοῦ καρποῦ μικτὸν εἶναι ἐκ προαιρετικοῦ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν τέχνην τοῦ γεωργοῦ καὶ ἀπροαιρέτου τοῦ παρὰ τῆς προνοίας, κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἀέρων εὐκρασίαν καὶ φορὰν αὐτάρκους ὑετοῦ: οὕτω τὸ τοῦ λογικοῦ ἀγαθὸν μικτόν ἐστιν ἔκ τε τῆς προαιρέσεως αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς συμπνεούσης θείας δυνάμεως τῷ τὰ κάλλιστα προελομένῳ. οὐ μόνον τοίνυν εἰς τὸ καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν γενέσθαι χρεία καὶ τῆς προαιρέσεως τῆς ἡμετέρας καὶ τῆς θείας συμπνοίας, ἥτις ἐστὶν ὡς πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπροαίρετον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὸ γενόμενον καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν διαμεῖναι ἐν τῇ ἀρετῇ: μεταπεσουμένου καὶ τοῦ τελειωθέντος, εἰ ὑπερεπαρθείη ἐπὶ τῷ καλῷ καὶ ἑαυτὸν ἐπιγράφοι τούτου αἴτιον, οὐχὶ δὲ τὴν δέουσαν δόξαν ἀναφέρων τῷ τῶν πολλῶν πλεῖον δωρησαμένῳ εἰς τὴν κτῆσιν καὶ τὴν συνοχὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς. τοιοῦτον δέ τι αἴτιον καὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸν Ἰεζεκιὴλ εἰρημένου ἀμώμου περιπεπατηκέναι ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ, ἕως εὑρεθῇ ἀνομία ἐν αὐτῷ, ἡγούμεθα τυγχάνειν τοῦ αὐτὸν κατὰ τὸν Ἠσαΐαν ἐκπεπτωκέναι ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ἑωσφόρον ποτὲ γενόμενον πρωῒ ἀνατέλλοντα, ὕστερον συντετριμμένον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν. οὐ μόνον γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐάν τις τέλειος ᾖ, τῆς ἀπὸ θεοῦ σοφίας ἀπούσης, ἀληθὲς τὸ εἰς οὐδὲν αὐτὸν λογισθῆναι: ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγγελικῆς τάξεως καὶ ἀρχικῆς καὶ πάσης τῆς ὅσον θεὸς πάρεστιν αὐτῇ θείας τυγχανούσης. τάχα γοῦν ὁρῶν ὁ ἱερὸς ἀπόστολος πολὺ ἔλαττον τὸ ἡμέτερον προαιρετικὸν τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ δυνάμεως πρὸς τὴν κτῆσιν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, φησὶ τὸ τέλος οὐ τοῦ θέλοντος εἶναι οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἐλεοῦντος θεοῦ: οὐχ ὡς χωρὶς τοῦ θέλειν καὶ τρέχειν ἐλεοῦντος θεοῦ, ἀλλ' ὡς οὐδενὸς ὄντος τοῦ θέλειν καὶ τρέχειν συγκρίσει τοῦ ἐλέου τοῦ θεοῦ: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὴν ἐπιγραφὴν τοῦ καλοῦ δεόντως μᾶλλον ἀνατιθέναι τῷ ἐλέῳ τοῦ θεοῦ ἤπερ τῷ ἀνθρωπίνῳ θέλειν καὶ τρέχειν.
[8] Ταῦτα δὲ ἐπὶ πολὺ παρεκβεβηκέναι δοκοῦντες ἐξητάσαμεν, πειθόμενοι ἀναγκαῖα αὐτὰ εἶναι πρὸς τό: Πολλοὶ λέγουσι: τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν γὰρ ὁ λόγος τοῖς λέγουσι πολλοῖς: Τίς δείξει ἡμῖν τὰ ἀγαθά; παρέστησε καὶ ἔδειξε τίνα τὰ ἀγαθὰ, δῆλον δὲ ὅτι καὶ τίνα τὰ κακά: ἵνα διά τε ἀσκήσεων καὶ εὐχῶν κτησώμεθα τὰ ἀγαθὰ καὶ ἀνατρέψωμεν τὰ κακὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν. ἀλλ' ἐπείπερ ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ φράζειν ὁτὲ μὲν κυριολεκτεῖν, ὁτὲ δέ που καὶ καταχρῆσθαι, οὐ θαυμαστὸν εἴ ποτε εὑρήσομεν τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ κακῶν προσηγορίαν κειμένην ἐπὶ τῶν σωματικῶν καὶ τῶν ἐκτὸς λεγομένων παρὰ τοῖς οὐχ ὑγιῆ δόγματα ἔχουσιν: οἷον ἐν τῷ Ἰώβ: Εἰ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐδεξάμεθα ἐκ χειρὸς κυρίου, τὰ κακὰ οὐχ ὑποίσομεν; καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἱερεμίᾳ: Κατέβη κακὰ παρὰ κυρίου ἐπὶ πύλας Ἱερουσαλήμ. ἀντὶ γὰρ τοῦ εἰπεῖν: εἰ τὰ τοιάδε τινὰ χρηστὰ καὶ ἡδέα τυγχάνοντα ἐδεξάμεθα παρὰ τῆς προνοίας εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐφθακότα, τὰ πικρὰ καὶ ἐπίπονα οὐχὶ προθύμως ἐνεγκοῦμεν; λέγεται τό: Εἰ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ἐδεξάμεθα ἐκ χειρὸς κυρίου, τὰ κακὰ οὐχ ὑποίσομεν; καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ φάναι: κατὰ πρόνοιαν τάδε τινὰ τῇ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδευθῆναι τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας ἐν αὐτῇ γεγένηται, γέγραπται τό: Κατέβη κακὰ παρὰ κυρίου ἐπὶ πύλας Ἱερουσαλήμ. δεήσει τοίνυν τὰ πράγματα συνιέντας μὴ γλίσχρους εἶναι περὶ τὰ ὀνόματα, ἀλλὰ καταλαμβάνειν πότε κυρίως κατὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ταῦτα τέτακται, καὶ πότε διὰ τὴν στενοχωρίαν τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐν καταχρήσει. εἰ δὲ καὶ ὁ σωτὴρ τάδε τινὰ ἰάσατο, καὶ ἐδωρήσατο ὑγείαν καὶ ὄψεις καὶ ἀκοὰς ἀνθρώποις: προηγουμένως μὲν τὴν ἀναγωγὴν αὐτῶν ζητητέον, τοῦ λόγου τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς πάθη θεραπεύειν διὰ τούτων τῶν ἱστοριῶν δηλουμένου. οὐκ ἄτοπον δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἱστορίαν ἀπαγγελλόμενα νοεῖν γεγονέναι ὑπὲρ καταπλήξεως τῶν τότε ἀνθρώπων: ἵνα οἱ μὴ πειθόμενοι λόγοις ἀποδεικτικοῖς καὶ διδασκαλικοῖς δυσωπηθέντες τὰς τεραστίους δυνάμεις συγκαταθῶνται τῷ διδάσκοντι.