Chapter VII.

In reply to Marcellina, who had asked what should be thought of those who to escape violence killed themselves, St. Ambrose replies by narrating the history of Pelagia, a virgin, with her mother and sister, and goes on to speak of the martyrdom of the blessed Sotheris, one of their own ancestors.

32. As I am drawing near the close of my address, you make a good suggestion, holy sister, that I should touch upon what we ought to think of the merits of those who have cast themselves down from a height, or have drowned themselves in a river, lest they should fall into the hands of persecutors, seeing that holy Scripture forbids a Christian to lay hands on himself. And indeed as regards virgins placed in the necessity of preserving their purity, we have a plain answer, seeing that there exists an instance of martyrdom.

33. Saint Pelagia140    Cf. Ep. XXXVII. 38. St. Ambrose, being asked by his sister for his opinion concerning such virgins as had committed suicide rather than suffer themselves to be violated, would seem to say that in some cases this was allowable. St. Augustine [de Civ. Dei, I. 19] speaks with some hesitation on the same subject. There is some doubt as to who this St. Pelagia mentioned below may be. St. Chrysostom says she committed suicide by throwing herself from the roof; see Pelagia (1) in Dict. Chr. Biog. lived formerly at Antioch, being about fifteen years old, a sister of virgins, and a virgin herself. She shut herself up at home at the first sound of persecution, seeing herself surrounded by those who would rob her of her faith and purity, in the absence of her mother and sisters, without any defence, but all the more filled with God. “What are we to do, unless,” says she to herself, “thou, a captive of virginity, takest thought? I both wish and fear to die, for I meet not death but seek it. Let us die if we are allowed, or if they will not allow it, still let us die. God is not offended by a remedy against evil, and faith permits the act. In truth, if we think of the real meaning of the word, how can what is voluntary be violence? It is rather violence to wish to die and not to be able. And we do not fear any difficulty. For who is there who wishes to die and is not able to do so, when there are so many easy ways to death? For I can now rush upon the sacrilegious altars and overthrow them, and quench with my blood the kindled fires. I am not afraid that my right hand may fail to deliver the blow, or that my breast may shrink from the pain. I shall leave no sin to my flesh. I fear not that a sword will be wanting. I can die by my own weapons, I can die without the help of an executioner, in my mother’s bosom.”

34. She is said to have adorned her head, and to have put on a bridal dress, so that one would say that she was going to a bridegroom, not to death. But when the hateful persecutors saw that they had lost the prey of her chastity, they began to seek her mother and sisters. But they, by a spiritual flight, already held the field of chastity, when, as on the one side, persecutors suddenly threatened them, and on the other, escape was shut off by an impetuous river, they said, what do we fear? See the water, what hinders us from being baptized? And this is the baptism whereby sins are forgiven, and kingdoms are sought. This is a baptism after which no one sins. Let the water receive us, which is wont to regenerate. Let the water receive us, which makes virgins. Let the water receive us, which opens heaven, protects the weak, hides death, makes martyrs. We pray Thee, God, Creator of all things, let not the water scatter our bodies, deprived of the breath of life; let not death separate our obsequies, whose lives affection has always conjoined; but let our constancy be one, our death one, and our burial also be one.

35. Having said these words, and having slightly girded up the bosom of their dress, to veil their modesty without impeding their steps, joining hands as though to lead a dance, they went forward to the middle of the river bed, directing their steps to where the stream was more violent, and the depth more abrupt. No one drew back, no one ceased to go on, no one tried where to place her steps, they were anxious only when they felt the ground, grieved when the water was shallow, and glad when it was deep. One could see the pious mother tightening her grasp, rejoicing in her pledges, afraid of a fall lest even the stream should carry off her daughters from her. “These victims, O Christ,” said she, “do I offer as leaders of chastity, guides on my journey, and companions of my sufferings.”

37. But who would have cause to wonder that they had such constancy whilst alive, seeing that even when dead they preserved the position of their bodies unmoved? The water did not lay bare their corpses, nor did the rapid course of the river roll them along. Moreover, the holy mother, though without sensation, still maintained her loving grasp, and held the sacred knot which she had tied, and loosed not her hold in death, that she who had paid her debt to religion might die leaving her piety as her heir. For those whom she had joined together with herself for martyrdom, she claimed even to the tomb.

38. But why use instances of people of another race to you, my sister, whom the inspiration of hereditary chastity has taught by descent from a martyred ancestor? For whence have you learnt who had no one from whom to learn, living in the country, with no virgin companion, instructed by no teacher? You have played the part then not of a disciple, for this cannot be done without teaching, but of an heir of virtue.

39. For how could it come to pass that holy Sotheris should not have been the originator of your purpose, who is an ancestor of your race? Who, in an age of persecution, borne to the heights of suffering by the insults of slaves, gave to the executioner even her face, which is usually free from injury when the whole body is tortured, and rather beholds than suffers torments; so brave and patient that when she offered her tender cheeks to punishment, the executioner failed in striking before the martyr yielded under the injuries. She moved not her face, she turned not away her countenance, she uttered not a groan or a tear. Lastly, when she had overcome other kinds of punishment, she found the sword which she desired.

CAPUT VII.

Quaerenti Marcellinae quid sentiendum de illis, qui ne in persecutorum manus deveniant, sibi vim inferunt, respondet; eoque Pelagiae virginis, nec non ejusdem matris ac sororum exemplum oculis subjicit, singulari elegantia descriptum: quibus beatae Sotheris ex qua ipse cum Marcellina ducebant originem, martyrium adjicit.

32. Jam ad finem orationis velapandenti bene suggeris, soror sancta, quid de earum meritis existimandum sit, quae se praecipitavere ex alto, vel in fluvium demerserunt, ne persecutorum inciderent manus; cum Scriptura divina vim sibi Christianam 0229C prohibeat inferre. Et quidem 183 de virginibus in necessitate custodiae constitutis enodem habemus assertionem, cum martyrii exstet exemplum.

33. Sancta Pelagia apud Antiochiam quondam fuit, annorum fere quindecim, soror virginum, et ipsa virgo. Haec primo domi classico persecutionis inclusa, cum se a praedonibus fidei vel pudoris circumsideri videret, absente matre et sororibus, vacua praesidio, sed Deo plenior: Quid agimus, inquit, nisi prospicias, captiva virginitatis? Et votum 0230A est, et metus est mori; quia mors non excipitur, sed adsciscitur. Moriamur si licet, vel si nolunt licere, moriamur. Deus remedio non offenditur, et facinus fides ablevat. Certe si vim ipsam nominis cogitemus, quae vis voluntaria? Illa magis est vis, mori velle, nec posse. Nec difficultatem veremur. Quis enim est qui vult mori, et non possit; cum sint ad mortem tam proclives viae? Jam enim sacrilegas aras praecipitata subvertam, et accensos focos cruore restinguam. Non timeo ne dextera deficiens non peragat ictum, ne pectus se dolore subducat. Nullum peccatum carni relinquam. Non verebor, ne desit gladius. Possumus mori nostris armis, possumus mori sine carnificis beneficio, matris in gremio.

0230B 34. Fertur ornasse caput, nuptialem induisse vestem; ut non ad mortem ire diceres, sed ad sponsum. Ast ubi detestandi persecutores ereptam sibi viderunt praedam pudoris, matrem et sorores coeperunt quaerere. Verum illae spiritali volatu jam campum castitatis tenebant, cum subito hinc persecutoribus imminentibus, inde torrente fluvio exclusae a fuga, inclusae ad coronam: Quid veremur, inquiunt? Ecce aqua, quis nos baptizari prohibet (Act. VIII, 36)? Et hoc baptisma est, quo peccata donantur, regna quaeruntur. Et hoc baptisma est, post quod nemo delinquit. Excipiat nos aqua, quae regenerare consuevit. Excipiat nos aqua, quae virgines facit. Excipiat nos aqua, quae coelum aperit, infirmos tegit, mortem abscondit, martyres reddit. 0230C Te, rerum conditor, precamur, Deus, ne exanimata spiritu corpora vel unda dispergat; ne mors separet funera, quarum vitam non separavit affectus: sed sit una constantia, una mors, una etiam sepultura.

184 35. Haec effatae, et suspenso paululum incinctum sinu, quo pudorem tegerent, nec gressum impedirent, consertis manibus tamquam choros ducerent, in medium progrediuntur alveum; ubi unda torrentior, ubi profundum abruptius, illo vestigium dirigentes. Nulla pedem retulit, nulla suspendit incessum, 0231A nulla tentavit ubi gressum figeret: anxiae cum terra occurreret, offensae vado, laetae profundo. Videres piam matrem stringentem nodo manus, gaudere de pignore, timere de casu, ne sibi filias vel fluctus auferret. Has tibi, inquit, hostias, Christe, immolo praesules castitatis, duces itineris, comites passionis.

36. Sed quis jure miretur tantam viventibus fuisse constantiam, cum etiam defunctae immobilem stationem corporum vindicaverint? Non cadaver unda nudavit, non rapidi cursus fluminis volutarunt. Quin etiam sancta mater licet sensu carens, pietatis tamen adhuc servabat amplexum: et religiosum quem strinxerat, nodum nec in morte laxabat; ut quae religioni debitum solverat, pietate haerede 0231B moreretur. Nam quas ad martyrium junxerat, usque ad tumulum vindicabat.

37. Sed quid alienigenis apud te, soror, utor exemplis, quam haereditariae castitatis inspirata 0232A successio parentis infusione martyris erudivit? Unde enim didicisti, quae non habuisti unde disceres, constituta in agro, nulla socia virgine, nullo informata doctore? Non ergo discipulam, quod fieri sine magisterio non potest, sed haeredem virtutis egisti.

38. Qui enim fieri posset ut sancta Sotheris tibi non esset mentis auctor, cui auctor est generis? Quae persecutionis aetate, servilibus quoque contumeliis ad fastigium passionis evecta, etiam vultum ipsum qui inter cruciatus totius corporis liber esse consuevit injuriae, et spectare potius tormenta quam perpeti, carnifici dedit: tam fortis et patiens, ut cum teneras poenae offerret genas, prius carnifex caedendo defecerit, quam martyr injuriae cederet. 0232B Non vultum inflexit, non ora convertit: non gemitum, non lacrymam dedit. Denique cum caetera poenarum genera vicisset, gladium quem quaerebat, invenit .