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I cast out the law, he says, but even from this I justify the nations. Have you seen how, while undermining the glory of Judaism, he gives no handle against himself as one who dishonors the law, but on the contrary, as one who praises and shows it to be great, he thus constructs the whole argument? But when he says, "by nature," he means by natural reasonings. And he shows others to be better than them, and what is greater, for this reason better, because they did not receive the law, nor do they have it, by which the Jews seem to have an advantage over them. For this reason, he says, they are admirable, because they did not need a law, and showed forth all the things of the law, the works, not the letters, having engraved them on their minds. For this is what he says: Who show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another, in the day when God shall judge the secrets of men, according to my Gospel, by Jesus Christ. Do you see how again he has presented that day and brought it near, shaking their mind, and showing that these ought rather to be honored who have been zealous to achieve the things of the law without the law? But what is most to be admired in the apostolic wisdom, this it is worth 60.429 saying now. For after showing from his argument that the Greek is greater than the Jew, in the drawing together and in the conclusion of his reasonings he does not state it, so as not to exasperate the Jew. And that I may make what I have said clearer, I will state the very apostolic words. For after he said, For not the hearers of the law, but the doers of the law shall be justified, it would have been logical to say: For when the Gentiles which have not the law, do by nature the things of the law, they are much better than those taught by the law. But he does not say this, but he stops at the praise of the Greeks, and does not for the moment advance the argument by way of comparison, so that even so the Jew might accept what is said. Therefore he did not speak thus, as I said, but how? For when the Gentiles which have not the law, do by nature the things of the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: who show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness. For conscience and reason suffice in place of the law. Through these things he showed again that God made man self-sufficient for the choice of virtue, and the avoidance of vice. And do not be surprised if he constructs this argument once and twice and many times. For this main point was extremely necessary for him because of those who say: Why did Christ come now? And where in former times were the effects of so great a providence? And so, contending against these now by the way, he shows that even in the times of old, and before the giving of the law, the nature of men enjoyed all providence. For That which may be known of God was manifest in them, and they knew what was good and what was evil, by the fact that they judged others; which he said, reproaching them, that wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself. But in the case of the Jews, along with the things mentioned, the law also stands, not only reason or conscience. But for what reason does he add, Accusing or else excusing? For if they have the law written and show the work, what does their reasoning have left to accuse? But he no longer says "accusing" about them only, but about all nature. For then our thoughts also will stand, some accusing, others excusing, and a man will not need another accuser at that judgment seat. Then, increasing the fear, he did not say, the sins of men, but, the secrets of men. For since he said: And thinkest thou this, O man, that judgest them which do such things, and doest the same, that thou shalt escape the judgment of God? so that you might not expect such a verdict as you yourself deliver, but might see that God's is far more exact than yours, he added: the secrets of men, and he added: according to my Gospel, by Jesus Christ. For men sit as judges of manifest things only.

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ἐκβάλλω τὸν νόμον, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐντεῦθεν δικαιῶ τὰ ἔθνη. Εἶδες πῶς ὑπορύττων τοῦ Ἰουδαϊσμοῦ τὴν δόξαν, οὐδεμίαν καθ' ἑαυτοῦ δίδωσι λαβὴν ὡς ἀτιμάζων τὸν νόμον, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον, ὡς ἐπαίρων καὶ μέγαν δεικνὺς, οὕτω κατασκευάζει τὸ πᾶν; Φύσει δὲ ὅταν εἴποι, τοῖς ἐκ φύσεως λέγει λογισμοῖς. Καὶ δείκνυσιν ἑτέρους ὄντας αὐτῶν βελτίους, καὶ τὸ μεῖζον, διὰ τοῦτο βελτίους, ἐπειδὴ μὴ νόμον ἔλαβον, μηδὲ ἔχουσι τοῦτον, ᾧ δοκοῦσιν αὐτῶν πλεονεκτεῖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο γὰρ, φησὶν, εἰσὶ θαυμαστοὶ, ὅτι νόμου οὐκ ἐδεήθησαν, καὶ τὰ τοῦ νόμου πάντα ἐπεδείξαντο, τὰ ἔργα, οὐ τὰ γράμματα, ταῖς διανοίαις αὐτῶν ἐγκολάψαντες. Τοῦτο γάρ φησιν· Οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν, συμμαρτυρούσης αὐτοῖς τῆς συνειδήσεως, καὶ μεταξὺ ἀλλήλων τῶν λογισμῶν κατηγορούντων, ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων, ἐν ἡμέρᾳ, ὅτε κρινεῖ ὁ Θεὸς τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, κατὰ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιόν μου, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς πάλιν παρέστησε τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην καὶ ἐγγὺς ἤγαγε, κατασείων αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ δεικνὺς, ὅτι τούτους δεῖ τιμᾶσθαι μᾶλλον τοὺς χωρὶς νόμου τὰ τοῦ νόμου κατορθοῦν ἐσπουδακότας; Ὃ δὲ μάλιστα ἔστι θαυμάσαι τῆς συνέσεως τῆς ἀποστολικῆς, τοῦτο ἄξιον 60.429 εἰπεῖν νῦν. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς κατασκευῆς δείξας, ὅτι μείζων ὁ Ἕλλην τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ καὶ ἐν τῷ συμπεράσματι τῶν λογισμῶν οὐ τίθησιν αὐτὸ, ὥστε μὴ τραχῦναι τὸν Ἰουδαῖον. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ σαφέστερον ὅπερ εἶπον ποιήσω, αὐτὰ ἐρῶ τὰ ῥήματα τὰ ἀποστολικά. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπεν, Οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἀκροαταὶ τοῦ νόμου, ἀλλ' οἱ ποιηταὶ τοῦ νόμου δικαιωθήσονται, ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν· Ὅταν γὰρ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα, φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῇ, τούτων πολλῷ βελτίους εἰσὶ τῶν ἀπὸ νόμου διδασκομένων. Ἀλλ' οὐ λέγει τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἵσταται μέχρι τοῦ ἐγκωμίου τῶν Ἑλλήνων, καὶ οὐ προάγει τὸν λόγον κατὰ σύγκρισιν τέως, ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ὁ Ἰουδαῖος δέξηται τὸ λεγόμενον. ∆ιόπερ οὐχ οὕτως εἶπεν, ὡς εἶπον, ἀλλὰ πῶς; Ὅταν γὰρ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ νόμον ἔχοντα, φύσει τὰ τοῦ νόμου ποιῇ, οὗτοι νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες, ἑαυτοῖς εἰσι νόμος· οἵτινες ἐνδείκνυνται τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου γραπτὸν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν, συμμαρτυρούσης αὐτῶν τῆς συνειδήσεως. Ἀρκεῖ γὰρ ἀντὶ τοῦ νόμου τὸ συνειδὸς καὶ λογισμός. ∆ιὰ τούτων ἔδειξε πάλιν, ὅτι αὐτάρκη τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς αἵρεσιν, καὶ τὴν τῆς κακίας φυγήν. Καὶ μὴ θαυμάσῃς, εἰ καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς καὶ πολλάκις αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει. Σφόδρα γὰρ ἦν ἀναγκαῖον αὐτῷ τὸ κεφάλαιον τοῦτο διὰ τοὺς λέγοντας· Τί δήποτε νῦν ὁ Χριστὸς παρεγένετο; καὶ ποῦ τὸν ἔμπροσθεν χρόνον τὰ τῆς τοσαύτης προνοίας ἦν; Καὶ πρὸς τούτους οὖν ἐν παρέργῳ νῦν ἀπομαχόμενος, δείκνυσιν, ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄνωθεν χρόνοις, καὶ πρὸ τῆς τοῦ νόμου δόσεως πάσης ἀπήλαυσε προνοίας ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσις. Καὶ γὰρ Τὸ γνωστὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ φανερὸν ἦν αὐτοῖς, καὶ τί μὲν καλὸν, τί δὲ κακὸν ᾔδεσαν, δι' ὧν τοὺς ἄλλους ἔκριναν· ὅπερ ὀνειδίζων αὐτοῖς, ἔλεγεν, ὅτι Ἐν ᾧ κρίνεις τὸν ἕτερον, σεαυτὸν κατακρίνεις. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, μετὰ τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ ὁ νόμος ἕστηκεν, οὐχὶ λογισμὸς μόνον οὐδὲ συνείδησις. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν τίθησι τὸ, Κατηγορούντων ἢ καὶ ἀπολογουμένων; Εἰ γὰρ νόμον ἔχουσι γραπτὸν καὶ τὸ ἔργον ἐνδείκνυνται, τί ἔχει κατηγορῆσαι λοιπὸν ὁ λογισμός; Ἀλλ' οὐκέτι περὶ ἐκείνων φησὶ τὸ, Κατηγορούντων, μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τῆς φύσεως ἁπάσης. Τότε γὰρ ἑστήκασιν ἡμῶν καὶ οἱ λογισμοὶ, οἱ μὲν κατηγοροῦντες, οἱ δὲ ἀπολογούμενοι, καὶ οὐ δεῖται ἑτέρου κατηγόρου ἄνθρωπος ἐπ' ἐκείνου τοῦ δικαστηρίου. Εἶτα αὔξων τὸν φόβον, οὐκ εἶπε, Τὰ ἁμαρτήματα τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλὰ, Τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπε· Λογίζῃ ὁ κρίνων τοὺς τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντας, καὶ ποιῶν αὐτὰ, ὅτι ἐκφεύξῃ τὸ κρῖμα τοῦ Θεοῦ; ἵνα μὴ τοιαύτην ἐκδέξῃ ψῆφον, οἵαν καὶ αὐτὸς φέρεις, ἀλλ' ἴδῃς, ὅτι πολλῷ τῆς σῆς ἀκριβεστέρα ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἐπήγαγε· Τὰ κρυπτὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ προσέθηκε· Κατὰ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιόν μου, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἄνθρωποι γὰρ τῶν φανερῶν κάθηνται δικασταὶ μόνων.