Article 4 "JESUS CHRIST SUFFERED UNDER PONTIUS PILATE, WAS CRUCIFIED, DIED AND WAS BURIED

"JESUS CHRIST SUFFERED UNDER PONTIUS PILATE, WAS CRUCIFIED, DIED AND WAS BURIED"

571 The Paschal mystery of Christ's cross and Resurrection stands at the centre of the Good News that the apostles, and the Church following them, are to proclaim to the world. God's saving plan was accomplished "once for all" 313 by the redemptive death of his Son Jesus Christ.

572 The Church remains faithful to the interpretation of "all the Scriptures" that Jesus gave both before and after his Passover: "Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?" 314 Jesus' sufferings took their historical, concrete form from the fact that he was "rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes", who handed "him to the Gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified". 315

573 Faith can therefore try to examine the circumstances of Jesus' death, faithfully handed on by the Gospels 316 and illuminated by other historical sources, the better to understand the meaning of the Redemption.

313 Ò Heb 9:26. 314 Ò Lk 24:26-27, Ò 44-45. 315 Ò Mk 8:31; Ò Mt 20:19. 316 Cf. DV 19.

Paragraph 1. JESUS AND ISRAEL

574 From the beginning of Jesus' public ministry, certain Pharisees and partisans of Herod together with priests and scribes agreed together to destroy him. 317 Because of certain acts of his expelling demons, forgiving sins, healing on the sabbath day, his novel interpretation of the precepts of the Law regarding purity, and his familiarity with tax collectors and public sinners 318 --some ill-intentioned persons suspected Jesus of demonic possession. 319 He is accused of blasphemy and false prophecy, religious crimes which the Law punished with death by stoning. 320

575 Many of Jesus' deeds and words constituted a "sign of contradiction", 321 but more so for the religious authorities in Jerusalem, whom the Gospel according to John often calls simply "the Jews", 322 than for the ordinary People of God. 323 To be sure, Christ's relations with the Pharisees were not exclusively polemical. Some Pharisees warn him of the danger he was courting; 324 Jesus praises some of them, like the scribe of Mark 12:34, and dines several times at their homes. 325 Jesus endorses some of the teachings imparted by this religious elite of God's people: the resurrection of the dead, 326 certain forms of piety (almsgiving, fasting and prayer), 327 The custom of addressing God as Father, and the centrality of the commandment to love God and neighbour. 328

576 In the eyes of many in Israel, Jesus seems to be acting against essential institutions of the Chosen People: - submission to the whole of the Law in its written commandments and, for the Pharisees, in the interpretation of oral tradition; - the centrality of the Temple at Jerusalem as the holy place where God's presence dwells in a special way; - faith in the one God whose glory no man can share.

I. JESUS AND THE LAW

577 At the beginning of the Sermon on the Mount Jesus issued a solemn warning in which he presented God's law, given on Sinai during the first covenant, in light of the grace of the New Covenant:

Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets: I have come not to abolish but to fulfil. For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth pass away, not one letter, not one stroke of a letter, will pass from the law, until all is accomplished. Therefore, whoever breaks one of the least of these commandments, and teaches others to do the same, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever does them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 329

578 Jesus, Israel's Messiah and therefore the greatest in the kingdom of heaven, was to fulfil the Law by keeping it in its all embracing detail - according to his own words, down to "the least of these commandments". 330 He is in fact the only one who could keep it perfectly. 331 On their own admission the Jews were never able to observe the Law in its entirety without violating the least of its precepts. 332 This is why every year on the Day of Atonement the children of Israel ask God's forgiveness for their transgressions of the Law. the Law indeed makes up one inseparable whole, and St. James recalls, "Whoever keeps the whole law but fails in one point has become guilty of all of it." 333

579 This principle of integral observance of the Law not only in letter but in spirit was dear to the Pharisees. By giving Israel this principle they had led many Jews of Jesus' time to an extreme religious zeal. 334 This zeal, were it not to lapse into "hypocritical" casuistry, 335 could only prepare the People for the unprecedented intervention of God through the perfect fulfilment of the Law by the only Righteous One in place of all sinners. 336

580 The perfect fulfilment of the Law could be the work of none but the divine legislator, born subject to the Law in the person of the Son. 337 In Jesus, the Law no longer appears engraved on tables of stone but "upon the heart" of the Servant who becomes "a covenant to the people", because he will "faithfully bring forth justice". 338 Jesus fulfils the Law to the point of taking upon himself "the curse of the Law" incurred by those who do not "abide by the things written in the book of the Law, and do them", for his death took place to redeem them "from the transgressions under the first covenant". 339

581 The Jewish people and their spiritual leaders viewed Jesus as a rabbi. 340 He often argued within the framework of rabbinical interpretation of the Law. 341 Yet Jesus could not help but offend the teachers of the Law, for he was not content to propose his interpretation alongside theirs but taught the people "as one who had authority, and not as their scribes". 342 In Jesus, the same Word of God that had resounded on Mount Sinai to give the written Law to Moses, made itself heard anew on the Mount of the Beatitudes. 343 Jesus did not abolish the Law but fulfilled it by giving its ultimate interpretation in a divine way: "You have heard that it was said to the men of old. . . But I say to you. . ." 344 With this same divine authority, he disavowed certain human traditions of the Pharisees that were "making void the word of God". 345

582 Going even further, Jesus perfects the dietary law, so important in Jewish daily life, by revealing its pedagogical meaning through a divine interpretation: "Whatever goes into a man from outside cannot defile him. . . (Thus he declared all foods clean.). . . What comes out of a man is what defiles a man. For from within, out of the heart of man, come evil thoughts. . ." 346 In presenting with divine authority the definitive interpretation of the Law, Jesus found himself confronted by certain teachers of the Law who did not accept his interpretation of the Law, guaranteed though it was by the divine signs that accompanied it. 347 This was the case especially with the sabbath laws, for he recalls, often with rabbinical arguments, that the sabbath rest is not violated by serving God and neighbour, 348 which his own healings did.

II. JESUS AND THE TEMPLE

583 Like the prophets before him Jesus expressed the deepest respect for the Temple in Jerusalem. It was in the Temple that Joseph and Mary presented him forty days after his birth. 349 At the age of twelve he decided to remain in the Temple to remind his parents that he must be about his Father's business. 350 He went there each year during his hidden life at least for Passover. 351 His public ministry itself was patterned by his pilgrimages to Jerusalem for the great Jewish feasts. 352

584 Jesus went up to the Temple as the privileged place of encounter with God. For him, the Temple was the dwelling of his Father, a house of prayer, and he was angered that its outer court had become a place of commerce. 353 He drove merchants out of it because of jealous love for his Father: "You shall not make my Father's house a house of trade. His disciples remembered that it was written, 'Zeal for your house will consume me.'" 354 After his Resurrection his apostles retained their reverence for the Temple. 355

585 On the threshold of his Passion Jesus announced the coming destruction of this splendid building, of which there would not remain "one stone upon another". 356 By doing so, he announced a sign of the last days, which were to begin with his own Passover. 357 But this prophecy would be distorted in its telling by false witnesses during his interrogation at the high priest's house, and would be thrown back at him as an insult when he was nailed to the cross. 358

586 Far from having been hostile to the Temple, where he gave the essential part of his teaching, Jesus was willing to pay the Temple-tax, associating with him Peter, whom he had just made the foundation of his future Church. 359 He even identified himself with the Temple by presenting himself as God's definitive dwelling-place among men. 360 Therefore his being put to bodily death 361 presaged the destruction of the Temple, which would manifest the dawning of a new age in the history of salvation: "The hour is coming when neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father." 362

III. JESUS AND ISRAEL'S FAITH IN THE ONE GOD AND SAVIOUR

587 If the Law and the Jerusalem Temple could be occasions of opposition to Jesus by Israel's religious authorities, his role in the redemption of sins, the divine work par excellence, was the true stumbling-block for them. 363

588 Jesus scandalized the Pharisees by eating with tax collectors and sinners as familiarly as with themselves. 364 Against those among them "who trusted in themselves that they were righteous and despised others", Jesus affirmed: "I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance." 365 He went further by proclaiming before the Pharisees that, since sin is universal, those who pretend not to need salvation are blind to themselves. 366

589 Jesus gave scandal above all when he identified his merciful conduct toward sinners with God's own attitude toward them. 367 He went so far as to hint that by sharing the table of sinners he was admitting them to the messianic banquet. 368 But it was most especially by forgiving sins that Jesus placed the religious authorities of Israel on the horns of a dilemma. Were they not entitled to demand in consternation, "Who can forgive sins but God alone?" 369 By forgiving sins Jesus either is blaspheming as a man who made himself God's equal, or is speaking the truth and his person really does make present and reveal God's name. 370

590 Only the divine identity of Jesus' person can justify so absolute a claim as "He who is not with me is against me"; and his saying that there was in him "something greater than Jonah,. . . greater than Solomon", something "greater than the Temple"; his reminder that David had called the Messiah his Lord, 371 and his affirmations, "Before Abraham was, I AM", and even "I and the Father are one." 372

591 Jesus asked the religious authorities of Jerusalem to believe in him because of the Father's works which he accomplished. 373 But such an act of faith must go through a mysterious death to self, for a new "birth from above" under the influence of divine grace. 374 Such a demand for conversion in the face of so surprising a fulfilment of the promises 375 allows one to understand the Sanhedrin's tragic misunderstanding of Jesus: they judged that he deserved the death sentence as a blasphemer. 376 The members of the Sanhedrin were thus acting at the same time out of "ignorance" and the "hardness" of their "unbelief". 377

IN BRIEF

592 Jesus did not abolish the Law of Sinai, but rather fulfilled it (cf Ò Mt 5:17-19) with such perfection (cf Ò Jn 8:46) that he revealed its ultimate meaning (cf Ò Mt 5:33) and redeemed the transgressions against it (cf Ò Heb 9:15).

593 Jesus venerated the Temple by going up to it for the Jewish feasts of pilgrimage, and with a jealous love he loved this dwelling of God among men. the Temple prefigures his own mystery. When he announces its destruction, it is as a manifestation of his own execution and of the entry into a new age in the history of salvation, when his Body would be the definitive Temple.

594 Jesus performed acts, such as pardoning sins, that manifested him to be the Saviour God himself (cf Ò Jn 5:16-18). Certain Jews, who did not recognize God made man (cf Ò Jn 1:14), saw in him only a man who made himself God ( Ò Jn 10:33), and judged him as a blasphemer.

317 Cf. Ò Mk 3:6; 14:1. 318 Cf. Ò Mt 12:24; Ò Mk 2:7, Ò 14-17; Ò 3:1-6; Ò 7:14-23. 319 Cf. Ò Mk 3:22; Ò Jn 8:48; 10:20. 320 Cf. Ò Mk 2:7; Ò Jn 5:18; Ò 7:12, Ò 52; Ò 8:59; Ò 10:31, Ò 33. 321 Ò Lk 2:34. 322 Cf. Ò Jn 1:19; Ò 2:18; Ò 5:10; Ò 7:13; Ò 9:22; Ò 18:12; Ò 19:38; Ò 20:19. 323 Ò Jn 7:48-49. 324 Cf Ò Lk 13:31. 325 Cf. Ò Lk 7:36; Ò 14:1. 326 Cf. Ò Mt 22:23-34; Ò Lk 20:39. 327 Cf. Ò Mt 6:18. 328 Cf. Ò Mk 12:28-34. 329 Ò Mt 5:17-19. 330 Ò Mt 5:19. 331 Cf. Ò Jn 8:46. 332 Cf. Ò Jn 7:19; Ò Acts 13:38-41; Ò 15:10. 333 Ò Jas 2:10; cf. Ò Gal 3:10; Ò 5:3. 334 Cf. Ò Rom 10:2. 335 Cf. Ò Mt 15:31; Ò Lk 11:39-54. 336 Cf Ò Is 53:11; Ò Heb 9:15. 337 Cf. Ò Gal 4:4. 338 Ò Jer 31:33; Ò Is 42:3, 6. 339 Ò Gal 3:13; Ò 3:10; Ò Heb 9:15. 340 Cf Ò Jn 11:28; Ò 3:2; Ò Mt 22:23-24, Ò 34-36. 341 Cf. Ò Mt 12:5; Ò 9:12; Ò Mk 2:23-27; Ò Lk 6:6-g; Ò Jn 7:22-23. 342 Ò Mt 7:28-29. 343 Cf. Ò Mt 5:1[ETML:C/]. 344 Ò Mt 5:33-34. 345 Ò Mk 7:13; cf. Ò 3:8. 346 Ò Mk 7:18-21; cf. Ò Gal 3:24. 347 Cf. Ò Jn 5:36; Ò 10:25, Ò 37-38; Ò 12:37. 348 Cf. Ò Num 28 9; Ò Mt 12:5; Ò Mk 2:25-27; Ò Lk 13:15-16; Ò 14:3-4; Ò Jn 7:22-24. 349 Ò Lk 2:22-39. 350 Cf. Ò Lk 2 46-49. 351 Cf. Ò Lk 2 41. 352 Cf. Ò Jn 2 13-14; Ò 5:1, Ò 14; Ò 7:1, Ò 10, Ò 14; Ò 8 2; Ò 10:22-23. 353 Cf. Ò Mt 21:13. 354 Ò Jn 2:16-17; cf. Ò Ps 69:10. 355 Cf. Ò Acts 2:46; Ò 3:1; Ò 5:20, Ò 21; etc. 356 Cf. Ò Mt 24:1-2. 357 Cf. Ò Mt 24:3; Ò Lk 13:35. 358 Cf Ò Mk 14:57-58; Ò Mt 27 39-40. 359 Cf. Ò Mt 8:4; Ò 16:18; Ò 17:24-27; Ò Lk 17:14; Ò Jn 4:22; Ò 18:20. 360 Cf. Ò Jn 2:21; Ò Mt 12:6. 361 Cf. Ò Jn 2:18-22. 362 Ò Jn 4:21; cf. Ò 4:23-24; Ò Mt 27:5; Ò Heb 9:11; Ò Rev 21:22. 363 Cf. Ò Lk 2:34; Ò 20:17-18; Ò Ps 118:22. 364 Cf. Ò Lk 5:30; Ò 7:36; Ò 11:37; Ò 14:1. 365 Ò Lk 18:9; Ò 5:32; cf. Ò Jn 7:49; Ò 9:34. 366 Cf. Ò Jn 8:33-36; Ò 9:40-41. 367 Cf. Ò Mt 9:13; Ò Hos 6:6. 368 Cf. Ò Lk 15:1-2, Ò 22-32. 369 Ò Mk 2:7[ETML:C/]. 370 Cf. Ò Jn 5:18; Ò 10:33; Ò 17:6,26. 371 Cf. Ò Mt 12:6, Ò 30, Ò 36, Ò 37, Ò 41-42. 372 Ò Jn 8:58; Ò 10:30. 373 Ò Jn 10:36-38. 374 Cf. Ò Jn 3:7; Ò 6:44. 375 Cf. Ò Is 53:1. 376 Cf. Ò Mk 3:6; Ò Mt 26:64-66. 377 Cf. Ò Lk 23 34; Ò Acts 3: 17-18; Ò Mk 3:5; Ò Rom 11:25, Ò 20.

Paragraph 2. JESUS DIED CRUCIFIED

I. THE TRIAL OF JESUS

Divisions among the Jewish authorities concerning Jesus

595 Among the religious authorities of Jerusalem, not only were the Pharisee Nicodemus and the prominent Joseph of Arimathea both secret disciples of Jesus, but there was also long-standing dissension about him, so much so that St. John says of these authorities on the very eve of Christ's Passion, "many.. . believed in him", though very imperfectly. 378 This is not surprising, if one recalls that on the day after Pentecost "a great many of the priests were obedient to the faith" and "some believers. . . belonged to the party of the Pharisees", to the point that St. James could tell St. Paul, "How many thousands there are among the Jews of those who have believed; and they are all zealous for the Law." 379

596 The religious authorities in Jerusalem were not unanimous about what stance to take towards Jesus. 380 The Pharisees threatened to excommunicate his followers. 381 To those who feared that "everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place and our nation", the high priest Caiaphas replied by prophesying: "It is expedient for you that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation should not perish." 382 The Sanhedrin, having declared Jesus deserving of death as a blasphemer but having lost the right to put anyone to death, hands him over to the Romans, accusing him of political revolt, a charge that puts him in the same category as Barabbas who had been accused of sedition. 383 The chief priests also threatened Pilate politically so that he would condemn Jesus to death. 384

Jews are not collectively responsible for Jesus' death

597 The historical complexity of Jesus' trial is apparent in the Gospel accounts. the personal sin of the participants (Judas, the Sanhedrin, Pilate) is known to God alone. Hence we cannot lay responsibility for the trial on the Jews in Jerusalem as a whole, despite the outcry of a manipulated crowd and the global reproaches contained in the apostles' calls to conversion after Pentecost. 385 Jesus himself, in forgiving them on the cross, and Peter in following suit, both accept "the ignorance" of the Jews of Jerusalem and even of their leaders. 386 Still less can we extend responsibility to other Jews of different times and places, based merely on the crowd's cry: "His blood be on us and on our children!", a formula for ratifying a judicial sentence. 387 As the Church declared at the Second Vatican Council: . . .

Neither all Jews indiscriminately at that time, nor Jews today, can be charged with the crimes committed during his Passion. . . the Jews should not be spoken of as rejected or accursed as if this followed from holy Scripture. 388

All sinners were the authors of Christ's Passion

598 In her Magisterial teaching of the faith and in the witness of her saints, the Church has never forgotten that "sinners were the authors and the ministers of all the sufferings that the divine Redeemer endured." 389 Taking into account the fact that our sins affect Christ himself, 390 The Church does not hesitate to impute to Christians the gravest responsibility for the torments inflicted upon Jesus, a responsibility with which they have all too often burdened the Jews alone:

We must regard as guilty all those who continue to relapse into their sins. Since our sins made the Lord Christ suffer the torment of the cross, those who plunge themselves into disorders and crimes crucify the Son of God anew in their hearts (for he is in them) and hold him up to contempt. and it can be seen that our crime in this case is greater in us than in the Jews. As for them, according to the witness of the Apostle, "None of the rulers of this age understood this; for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory." We, however, profess to know him. and when we deny him by our deeds, we in some way seem to lay violent hands on him. 391

Nor did demons crucify him; it is you who have crucified him and crucify him still, when you delight in your vices and sins. 392

II. CHRIST'S REDEMPTIVE DEATH IN GOD'S PLAN OF SALVATION

"Jesus handed over according to the definite plan of God"

599 Jesus' violent death was not the result of chance in an unfortunate coincidence of circumstances, but is part of the mystery of God's plan, as St. Peter explains to the Jews of Jerusalem in his first sermon on Pentecost: "This Jesus (was) delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God." 393 This Biblical language does not mean that those who handed him over were merely passive players in a scenario written in advance by God. 394

600 To God, all moments of time are present in their immediacy. When therefore he establishes his eternal plan of "predestination", he includes in it each person's free response to his grace: "In this city, in fact, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel, gathered together against your holy servant Jesus, whom you anointed, to do whatever your hand and your plan had predestined to take place." 395 For the sake of accomplishing his plan of salvation, God permitted the acts that flowed from their blindness. 396 "He died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures"

601 The Scriptures had foretold this divine plan of salvation through the putting to death of "the righteous one, my Servant" as a mystery of universal redemption, that is, as the ransom that would free men from the slavery of sin. 397 Citing a confession of faith that he himself had "received", St. Paul professes that "Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures." 398 In particular Jesus' redemptive death fulfils Isaiah's prophecy of the suffering Servant. 399 Indeed Jesus himself explained the meaning of his life and death in the light of God's suffering Servant. 400 After his Resurrection he gave this interpretation of the Scriptures to the disciples at Emmaus, and then to the apostles. 401

"For our sake God made him to be sin"

602 Consequently, St. Peter can formulate the apostolic faith in the divine plan of salvation in this way: "You were ransomed from the futile ways inherited from your fathers... with the precious blood of Christ, like that of a lamb without blemish or spot. He was destined before the foundation of the world but was made manifest at the end of the times for your sake." 402 Man's sins, following on original sin, are punishable by death. 403 By sending his own Son in the form of a slave, in the form of a fallen humanity, on account of sin, God "made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God." 404

603 Jesus did not experience reprobation as if he himself had sinned. 405 But in the redeeming love that always united him to the Father, he assumed us in the state of our waywardness of sin, to the point that he could say in our name from the cross: "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" 406 Having thus established him in solidarity with us sinners, God "did not spare his own Son but gave him up for us all", so that we might be "reconciled to God by the death of his Son". 407

God takes the initiative of universal redeeming love

604 By giving up his own Son for our sins, God manifests that his plan for us is one of benevolent love, prior to any merit on our part: "In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the expiation for our sins." 408 God "shows his love for us in that while we were yet sinners Christ died for us." 409

605 At the end of the parable of the lost sheep Jesus recalled that God's love excludes no one: "So it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish." 410 He affirms that he came "to give his life as a ransom for many"; this last term is not restrictive, but contrasts the whole of humanity with the unique person of the redeemer who hands himself over to save us. 411 The Church, following the apostles, teaches that Christ died for all men without exception: "There is not, never has been, and never will be a single human being for whom Christ did not suffer." 412

III. CHRIST OFFERED HIMSELF TO HIS FATHER FOR OUR SINS

Christ's whole life is an offering to the Father

606 The Son of God, who came down "from heaven, not to do (his) own will, but the will of him who sent (him)", 413 said on coming into the world, "Lo, I have come to do your will, O God." "and by that will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all." 414 From the first moment of his Incarnation the Son embraces the Father's plan of divine salvation in his redemptive mission: "My food is to do the will of him who sent me, and to accomplish his work." 415 The sacrifice of Jesus "for the sins of the whole world" 416 expresses his loving communion with the Father. "The Father loves me, because I lay down my life", said the Lord, "(for) I do as the Father has commanded me, so that the world may know that I love the Father." 417

607 The desire to embrace his Father's plan of redeeming love inspired Jesus' whole life, 418 for his redemptive passion was the very reason for his Incarnation. and so he asked, "and what shall I say? 'Father, save me from this hour'? No, for this purpose I have come to this hour." 419 and again, "Shall I not drink the cup which the Father has given me?" 420 From the cross, just before "It is finished", he said, "I thirst." 421

"The Lamb who takes away the sin of the world"

608 After agreeing to baptize him along with the sinners, John the Baptist looked at Jesus and pointed him out as the "Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world". 422 By doing so, he reveals that Jesus is at the same time the suffering Servant who silently allows himself to be led to the slaughter and who bears the sin of the multitudes, and also the Paschal Lamb, the symbol of Israel's redemption at the first Passover. 423 Christ's whole life expresses his mission: "to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." 424

Jesus freely embraced the Father's redeeming love

609 By embracing in his human heart the Father's love for men, Jesus "loved them to the end", for "greater love has no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends." 425 In suffering and death his humanity became the free and perfect instrument of his divine love which desires the salvation of men. 426 Indeed, out of love for his Father and for men, whom the Father wants to save, Jesus freely accepted his Passion and death: "No one takes [my life] from me, but I lay it down of my own accord." 427 Hence the sovereign freedom of God's Son as he went out to his death. 428

At the Last Supper Jesus anticipated the free offering of his life

610 Jesus gave the supreme expression of his free offering of himself at the meal shared with the twelve Apostles "on the night he was betrayed". 429 On the eve of his Passion, while still free, Jesus transformed this Last Supper with the apostles into the memorial of his voluntary offering to the Father for the salvation of men: "This is my body which is given for you." "This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins." 430

611 The Eucharist that Christ institutes at that moment will be the memorial of his sacrifice. 431 Jesus includes the apostles in his own offering and bids them perpetuate it. 432 By doing so, the Lord institutes his apostles as priests of the New Covenant: "For their sakes I sanctify myself, so that they also may be sanctified in truth." 433

The agony at Gethsemani

612 The cup of the New Covenant, which Jesus anticipated when he offered himself at the Last Supper, is afterwards accepted by him from his Father's hands in his agony in the garden at Gethsemani, 434 making himself "obedient unto death". Jesus prays: "My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me. . ." 435 Thus he expresses the horror that death represented for his human nature. Like ours, his human nature is destined for eternal life; but unlike ours, it is perfectly exempt from sin, the cause of death. 436 Above all, his human nature has been assumed by the divine person of the "Author of life", the "Living One". 437 By accepting in his human will that the Father's will be done, he accepts his death as redemptive, for "he himself bore our sins in his body on the tree." 438

Christ's death is the unique and definitive sacrifice

613 Christ's death is both the Paschal sacrifice that accomplishes the definitive redemption of men, through "the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world", 439 and the sacrifice of the New Covenant, which restores man to communion with God by reconciling him to God through the "blood of the covenant, which was poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins". 440

614 This sacrifice of Christ is unique; it completes and surpasses all other sacrifices. 441 First, it is a gift from God the Father himself, for the Father handed his Son over to sinners in order to reconcile us with himself. At the same time it is the offering of the Son of God made man, who in freedom and love offered his life to his Father through the Holy Spirit in reparation for our disobedience. 442

Jesus substitutes his obedience for our disobedience

615 "For as by one man's disobedience many were made sinners, so by one man's obedience many will be made righteous." 443 By his obedience unto death, Jesus accomplished the substitution of the suffering Servant, who "makes himself an offering for sin", when "he bore the sin of many", and who "shall make many to be accounted righteous", for "he shall bear their iniquities". 444 Jesus atoned for our faults and made satisfaction for our sins to the Father. 445

Jesus consummates his sacrifice on the cross

616 It is love "to the end" 446 that confers on Christ's sacrifice its value as redemption and reparation, as atonement and satisfaction. He knew and loved us all when he offered his life. 447 Now "the love of Christ controls us, because we are convinced that one has died for all; therefore all have died." 448 No man, not even the holiest, was ever able to take on himself the sins of all men and offer himself as a sacrifice for all. the existence in Christ of the divine person of the Son, who at once surpasses and embraces all human persons, and constitutes himself as the Head of all mankind, makes possible his redemptive sacrifice for all.

617 The Council of Trent emphasizes the unique character of Christ's sacrifice as "the source of eternal salvation" 449 and teaches that "his most holy Passion on the wood of the cross merited justification for us." 450 and the Church venerates his cross as she sings: "Hail, O Cross, our only hope." 451

Our participation in Christ's sacrifice

618 The cross is the unique sacrifice of Christ, the "one mediator between God and men". 452 But because in his incarnate divine person he has in some way united himself to every man, "the possibility of being made partners, in a way known to God, in the paschal mystery" is offered to all men. 453 He calls his disciples to "take up [their] cross and follow (him)", 454 for "Christ also suffered for (us), leaving (us) an example so that (we) should follow in his steps." 455 In fact Jesus desires to associate with his redeeming sacrifice those who were to be its first beneficiaries. 456 This is achieved supremely in the case of his mother, who was associated more intimately than any other person in the mystery of his redemptive suffering. 457 Apart from the cross there is no other ladder by which we may get to heaven. 458

IN BRIEF

619 "Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures" ( Ò I Cor 15:3).

620 Our salvation flows from God's initiative of love for us, because "he loved us and sent his Son to be the expiation for our sins" ( Ò I Jn 4:10). "God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself" ( Ò 2 Cor 5:19).

621 Jesus freely offered himself for our salvation. Beforehand, during the Last Supper, he both symbolized this offering and made it really present: "This is my body which is given for you" ( Ò Lk 22:19).

622 The redemption won by Christ consists in this, that he came "to give his life as a ransom for many" ( Ò Mt 20:28), that is, he "loved [his own] to the end" ( Ò Jn 13:1), so that they might be "ransomed from the futile ways inherited from [their] fathers" ( Ò I Pt 1:18).

623 By his loving obedience to the Father, "unto death, even death on a cross" ( Ò Phil 2:8), Jesus fulfils the atoning mission (cf Ò Is 53:10) of the suffering Servant, who will "make many righteous; and he shall bear their iniquities" ( Ò Is 53:11; cf. Ò Rom 5:19).

378 Ò Jn 12:42; cf. Ò 7:50; Ò 9:16-17; Ò 10:19-21; Ò 19:38-39. 379 Ò Acts 6:7; Ò 15:5; Ò 21:20. 380 cf. Ò Jn 9:16; Ò 10:19. 381 Cf Ò Jn 9:22. 382 Ò Jn 11:48-50. 383 Cf. Ò Mt 26:66; Ò Jn 18:31; Ò Lk 23:2, Ò 19. 384 Cf. Ò Jn 19:12, Ò 15, Ò 21. 385 Cf. Ò Mk 15:11; Ò Acts 2:23, Ò 36; Ò 3:13-14; Ò 4:10; Ò 5:30; Ò 7:52; Ò 10:39; Ò 13:27-28; Ò I Th 2:14-15. 386 Cf. Ò Lk 23:34; Ò Acts 3:17. 387 Ò Mt 27:25; cf. Ò Acts 5:28; Ò 18:6. 388 NA 4. 389 Roman Catechism I, 5, 11; cf. Ò Heb 12:3. 390 Cf. Ò Mt 25:45; Ò Acts 9:4-5. 391 Roman Catechism I, 5, 11; cf. Ò Heb 6:6; Ò 1 Cor 2:8. 392 St. Francis of Assisi, Admonitio 5, 3. 393 Ò Acts 2:23. 394 Cf. Ò Acts 3:13. 395 Ò Acts 4:27-28; cf. Ò Ps 2:1-2. 396 Cf. Ò Mt 26:54; Ò Jn 18:36; Ò 19:11; Ò Acts 3:17-18. 397 Ò Is 53:11; cf. Ò 53:12; Ò Jn 8 34-36; Ò Acts 3:14. 398 Ò 1 Cor 15:3; cf. also Ò Acts 3:18; Ò 7:52; Ò 13:29; Ò 26:22-23. 399 Cf. Ò Is 53:7-8 and Ò Acts 8:32-35. 400 Cf. Ò Mt 20:28. 401 Cf. Ò Lk 24:25-27, Ò 44-45. 402 I Pt 1:18-20. 403 Cf. Ò Rom 5:12; Ò I Cor 15:56. 404 Ò 2 Cor 5:21; cf. Ò Phil 2:7; Ò Rom 8:3. 405 Cf. Ò Jn 8:46. 406 Ò Mk 15:34; Ò Ps 22:2; cf. Ò Jn 8:29. 407 Ò Rom 8:32; Ò 5:10. 408 Ò I John 4:10; Ò 4:19. 409 Ò Rom 5:8. 410 Ò Mt 18:14. 411 Ò Mt 20:28; cf. Ò Rom 5:18-19. 412 Council of Quiercy (853): DS 624; cf. Ò 2 Cor 5:15; I Ò Jn 2:2[ETML:C/]. 413 Ò Jn 6:38. 414 Ò Heb 10:5-10. 415 Ò Jn 4:34. 416 1 Ò Jn 2:2[ETML:C/]. 417 Ò Jn 10:17; Ò 14:31. 418 Cf Ò Lk 12:50; Ò 22:15; Ò Mt 16:21-23. 419 Ò Jn 12:27. 420 Ò Jn 18:11. 421 Ò Jn 19:30; Ò 19:28. 422 Ò Jn 1:29; cf. Ò Lk 3:21; Ò Mt 3:14-15; Ò Jn 1:36. 423 Ò Is 53:7, Ò 12; cf. Jer 11:19; Ò Ex 12:3-14; Ò Jn 19:36; Ò 1 Cor 5:7. 424 Ò Mk 10:45. 425 Ò Jn 13:1; Ò 15:13. 426 Cf. Ò Heb 2:10, Ò 17-18; Ò 4:15; Ò 5:7-9. 427 Ò Jn 10:18. 428 Cf. Ò Jn 18:4-6; Ò Mt 26:53. 429 Roman Missal, EP III; cf. Ò Mt 26:20; Ò I Cor 11:23. 430 Ò Lk 22:19; Ò Mt 26:28; cf. Ò I5.7Cor 5:7. 431 Ò 1 Cor 11:25. 432 Cf. Ò Lk 22:19. 433 Ò Jn 17:19; cf. Council of Trent: DS 1752; 1764. 434 Cf. Ò Mt 26:42; Ò Lk 22:20. 435 Ò Phil 2:8; Ò Mt 26:39; cf. Ò Heb 5:7-8. 436 Cf. Ò Rom 5:12; Ò Heb 4:15. 437 Cf. Ò Acts 3:15; Ò Rev 1:17; Ò Jn 1:4; Ò 5:26. 438 2 Pt 224; cf. Ò Mt 26:42. 439 Ò Jn 1:29; cf. Ò 8:34-36; Ò 1 Cor 5:7; Ò 2 Pt 1:19. 440 Ò Mt 26:28; cf. Ò Ex 24:8; Ò Lev 16:15-16; Ò 2 Cor 11:25. 441 Cf. Ò Heb 10:10. 442 Cf. Ò Jn 10:17-18; Ò 15:13; Ò Heb 9:14; Ò 1 Jn 4:10. 443 Ò Rom 5:19. 444 Ò Is 53:10-12. 445 Cf. Council of Trent (1547): DS 1529. 446 Ò Jn 13:1. 447 Cf. Ò Gal 2:20; Ò Eph 5:2, Ò 25. 448 Ò 2 Cor 5:14. 449 Ò Heb 5:9. 450 Council of Trent: DS 1529. 451 LH, Lent, Holy Week, Evening Prayer, Hymn Vexilla Regis. 452 1 Tim 2:5. 453 GS 22 # 5; cf. # 2. 454 Ò Mt 16:24. 455 I Pt 2:21. 456 Cf Ò Mk 10:39; Ò Jn 21:18-19; Ò Col 1:24. 457 Cf. Ò Lk 2:35. 458 St. Rose of Lima: cf. P. Hansen, Vita mirabilis (Louvain, 1668).

Paragraph 3. JESUS CHRIST WAS BURIED

624 "By the grace of God" Jesus tasted death "for every one". 459 In his plan of salvation, God ordained that his Son should not only "die for our sins" 460 but should also "taste death", experience the condition of death, the separation of his soul from his body, between the time he expired on the cross and the time he was raised from the dead. the state of the dead Christ is the mystery of the tomb and the descent into hell. It is the mystery of Holy Saturday, when Christ, lying in the tomb, 461 reveals God's great sabbath rest 462 after the fulfilment 463 of man's salvation, which brings peace to the whole universe. 464

Christ in the tomb in his body

625 Christ's stay in the tomb constitutes the real link between his passible state before Easter and his glorious and risen state today. the same person of the "Living One" can say, "I died, and behold I am alive for evermore": 465

God [the Son] did not impede death from separating his soul from his body according to the necessary order of nature, but has reunited them to one another in the Resurrection, so that he himself might be, in his person, the meeting point for death and life, by arresting in himself the decomposition of nature produced by death and so becoming the source of reunion for the separated parts. 466

626 Since the "Author of life" who was killed 467 is the same "living one [who has] risen", 468 The divine person of the Son of God necessarily continued to possess his human soul and body, separated from each other by death:

By the fact that at Chnst's death his soul was separated from his flesh, his one person is not itself divided into two persons; for the human body and soul of Christ have existed in the same way from the beginning of his earthly existence, in the divine person of the Word; and in death, although separated from each other, both remained with one and the same person of the Word. 469

"You will not let your Holy One see corruption"

627 Christ's death was a real death in that it put an end to his earthly human existence. But because of the union his body retained with the person of the Son, his was not a mortal corpse like others, for "divine power preserved Christ's body from corruption." 470 Both of these statements can be said of Christ: "He was cut off out of the land of the living", 471 and "My flesh will dwell in hope. For you will not abandon my soul to Hades, nor let your Holy One see corruption." 472 Jesus' Resurrection "on the third day" was the proof of this, for bodily decay was held to begin on the fourth day after death. 473

"Buried with Christ. . ."

628 Baptism, the original and full sign of which is immersion, efficaciously signifies the descent into the tomb by the Christian who dies to sin with Christ in order to live a new life. "We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life." 474

IN BRIEF

629 To the benefit of every man, Jesus Christ tasted death (cf Ò Heb 2:9). It is truly the Son of God made man who died and was buried.

630 During Christ's period in the tomb, his divine person continued to assume both his soul and his body, although they were separated from each other by death. For this reason the dead Christ's body "saw no corruption" ( Ò Acts 13:37).

459 Ò Heb 2:9. 460 Ò I Cor 15:3. 461 Cf. Ò Jn 19:42. 462 Cf. Ò Heb 4:7-9. 463 Cf. Ò Jn 19:30. 464 Cf Ò Col 1: 18-20. 465 Ò Rev 1:18. 466 St. Gregory of Nyssa, Orat. catech. 16: PG 45, 52D. 467 Ò Acts 3:15. 468 Ò Lk 24:5-6. 469 St. John Damascene, De fide orth. 3, 27: PG 94, 1097. 470 St. Thomas Aquinas, STh III, 51, 3. 471 Ò Is 53:8. 472 Ò Acts 2:26-27; cf. Ò Ps 16:9-10. 473 Cf. Ò I Cor 15:4; Ò Lk 24:46; Ò Mt 12:40; Ò Jon 2:1; Ò Hos 6:2; cf. Ò Jn 11:39. 474 Ò Rom 6:4; cf. Ò Col 2:12; Ò Eph 5:26.