Chapter XXX.

If, however, any one thinks to refute our argument on this ground, that even after the application of the remedial process the life of man is still in discord through its errors, let us lead him to the truth by an example taken from familiar things. Take, for instance, the case of a serpent; if it receives a deadly blow on the head, the hinder part of the coil is not at once deadened along with it; but, while the head is dead, the tail part is still animated with its own particular spirit, and is not deprived of its vital motion: in like manner we may see Sin struck its deadly blow and yet in its remainders still vexing the life of man. But then they give up finding fault with the account of Revelation on these points, and make another charge against it; viz. that the Faith does not reach all mankind. “But why is it,” they ask, “that all men do not obtain the grace, but that, while some adhere to the Word, the portion who remain unbelieving is no small one; either because God was unwilling to bestow his benefit ungrudgingly upon all, or because He was altogether unable to do so?” Now neither of these alternatives can defy criticism. For it is unworthy of God, either that He should not will what is good, or that He should be unable to do it. “If, therefore, the Faith is a good thing, why,” they ask, “does not its grace come upon all men?” Now77    The following passage is anti-Calvinistic. Gregory here, as continually elsewhere, asserts the freedom of the will; and is strongly supported by Justin Martyr, i. 43: “If it has been fixed by fate that one man shall be good, and another bad, the one is not praiseworthy, the other not culpable. And again, if mankind has not power by a free choice to flee the evil and to choose the good, it is not responsible for any results, however shocking.”, if in our representation of the Gospel mystery we had so stated the matter as that it was the Divine will that the Faith should be so granted away amongst mankind that some men should be called, while the rest had no share in the calling, occasion would be given for bringing such a charge against this Revelation. But if the call came with equal meaning to all and makes no distinction as to worth, age, or different national characteristics (for it was for this reason that at the very first beginning of the proclamation of the Gospel they who ministered the Word were, by Divine inspiration, all at once enabled to speak in the language of any nation, viz. in order that no one might be destitute of a share in the blessings of evangelical instruction), with what reasonableness can they still charge it upon God that the Word has not influenced all mankind? For He Who holds the sovereignty of the universe, out of the excess of this regard for man, permitted something to be under our own control, of which each of us alone is master. Now this is the will, a thing that cannot be enslaved, and of self-determining power, since it is seated in the liberty of thought and mind. Therefore such a charge might more justly be transferred to those who have not attached themselves to the Faith, instead of resting on Him Who has called them to believe. For even when Peter at the beginning preached the Gospel in a crowded assembly of the Jews, and three thousand at once received the Faith, though those who disbelieved were more in number than the believers, they did not attach blame to the Apostle on the ground of their disbelief. It was, indeed, not in reason, when the grace of the Gospel had been publicly set forth, for one who had absented himself from it of his own accord to lay the blame of his exclusion on another rather than himself.

[30] Εἰ δέ τις ἐλέγχειν οἴεται τὸν ἡμέτερον λόγον, ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τὸ προσαχθῆναι τὴν θεραπείαν ἔτι πλημμελεῖται διὰ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ὁ ἀνθρώπινος βίος, ὑποδείγματί τινι τῶν γνωρίμων ὁδηγηθήτω πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν. ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄφεως, εἰ κατὰ κεφαλῆς τὴν καιρίαν λάβοι, οὐκ εὐθὺς συννεκροῦται τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ ὁ κατόπιν ὁλκός, ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν τέθνηκε, τὸ δὲ οὐραῖον ἔτι ἐψύχωται τῷ ἰδίῳ θυμῷ καὶ τῆς ζωτικῆς κινήσεως οὐκ ἐστέρηται, οὕτως ἔστι καὶ τὴν κακίαν ἰδεῖν τῷ μὲν καιρίῳ πληγεῖσαν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς λειψάνοις ἑαυτῆς ἔτι διοχλοῦσαν τὸν βίον. ἀλλ' ἀφέντες καὶ τὸ περὶ τούτων τὸν λόγον τοῦ μυστηρίου μέμφεσθαι, τὸ μὴ διὰ πάντων διήκειν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν πίστιν ἐν αἰτίᾳ ποιοῦνται. καὶ τί δήποτε, φασίν, οὐκ ἐπὶ πάντας ἦλθεν ἡ χάρις, ἀλλὰ τινῶν προσθεμένων τῷ λόγῳ οὐ μικρόν ἐστι τὸ ὑπολειπόμενον μέρος, ἢ μὴ βουληθέντος τοῦ θεοῦ πᾶσιν ἀφθόνως τὴν εὐεργεσίαν νεῖμαι, ἢ μὴ δυνηθέντος πάντως; ὧν οὐθέτερον καθαρεύει τῆς μέμψεως. οὔτε γὰρ ἀβούλητον εἶναι τὸ ἀγαθὸν προσήκει τῷ θεῷ, οὔτε ἀδύνατον. εἰ οὖν ἀγαθόν τι ἡ πίστις, διὰ τί, φασίν, οὐκ ἐπὶ πάντας ἡ χάρις; εἰ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα καὶ παρ' ἡμῶν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ κατεσκευάζετο, τὸ παρὰ τοῦ θείου βουλήματος ἀποκληροῦσθαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τὴν πίστιν, τῶν μὲν καλουμένων, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν ἀμοιρούντων τῆς κλήσεως, καιρὸν εἶχεν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔγκλημα κατὰ τοῦ μυστηρίου προφέρεσθαι: εἰ δὲ ὁμότιμος ἐπὶ πάντας ἡ κλῆσις, οὔτε ἀξίας, οὔτε ἡλικίας, οὔτε τὰς κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη διαφορὰς διακρίνουσα: διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην ἀρχὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος ὁμόγλωσσοι πᾶσι τοῖς ἔθνεσιν οἱ διακονοῦντες τὸν λόγον ἐκ θείας ἐπιπνοίας ἀθρόως ἐγένοντο, ὡς ἂν μηδεὶς τῆς διδαχῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀμοιρήσειεν: πῶς ἂν οὖν τις κατὰ τὸ εὔλογον ἔτι τὸν θεὸν αἰτιῷτο τοῦ μὴ πάντων ἐπικρατῆσαι τὸν λόγον; ὁ γὰρ τοῦ παντὸς τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἔχων δι' ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εἰς τὸν ἄνθρωπον τιμῆς ἀφῆκέ τι καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐξουσίαν εἶναι, οὗ μόνος ἕκαστός ἐστι κύριος. τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν ἡ προαίρεσις, ἀδούλωτόν τι χρῆμα καὶ αὐτεξούσιον, ἐν τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ τῆς διανοίας κείμενον. οὐκοῦν ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ προσαχθέντας τῇ πίστει δικαιότερον ἂν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔγκλημα μετατεθείη, οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸν κεκληκότα πρὸς συγκατάθεσιν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ Πέτρου κατ' ἀρχὰς τὸν λόγον ἐν πολυανθρώπῳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐκκλησίᾳ κηρύξαντος, τρισχιλίων κατὰ ταὐτὸν παραδεξαμένων τὴν πίστιν, πλείους ὄντες τῶν πεπιστευκότων οἱ ἀπειθήσαντες ἐμέμψαντο τὸν ἀπόστολον ἐφ' οἷς οὐκ ἐπείσθησαν. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἦν εἰκός, ἐν κοινῷ προτεθείσης τῆς χάριτος, τὸν ἑκουσίως ἀποφοιτήσαντα μὴ ἑαυτόν, ἀλλ' ἕτερον τῆς δυσκληρίας ἐπαιτιᾶσθαι.