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established. 3.3.8 There, having brought in an abundant supply of water and having made all other things convenient for the inhabitants there, he established the other duke, as I have said, with a very sufficient garrison of soldiers. And in this way he restored security to the nations of the Armenians. 3.3.9 Now as one goes from Citharizon to Theodosiopolis and the other Armenia, the country is called Chorzane, and it extends for a journey of about three days, being marked off from the land of the Persians neither by the water of any lake, nor by the stream of a river, nor by mountains confining the passage to a narrow space, but with their 3.3.10 boundaries lying intermingled. Consequently the inhabitants of this region, whether subjects of the Romans or of the Persians, have no fear of one another, nor are they in any way suspicious of each other for treachery, but they even intermarry with each other, hold a common market for their necessities and share in 3.3.11 agriculture. But if ever the commanders of one side march with an army against the other, being so ordered by their king, they always find their neighbours unguarded. 3.3.12 For both have very populous villages as close as possible to each other, but from of old neither side had any stronghold. 3.3.13 From this it was possible, therefore, for the Persian king to make his passage into the Roman domains more easily and with less trouble, until the Emperor Justinian became an obstacle to him in the following manner. There was a place in the middle of the country named Artale3.3.14son. This he surrounded with a very strong wall and made into an impregnable fortress, and established military units there, over which he decreed that a commander should always be placed, whom the Romans call *dux* in the Latin tongue. And thus he fortified the entire frontier there. 3.4.1 These things, then, were accomplished by the emperor in this region. I shall now proceed to tell what was accomplished by him in the rest of 3.4.2 Armenia. The city of Satala formerly stood on a precarious footing. For it is a short distance from the enemy's territory, and lies on low-lying ground, and is commanded by many hills which rise around it, and for these 3.4.3 reasons it needed circuit walls impossible for assailants to capture. But although the nature of the site was such, its defences were even more precarious, since it had been built poorly and carelessly from the beginning, and with the long passage of time the 3.4.4 structure had already cracked everywhere. But the emperor demolished this whole thing, and built a new circuit wall there, so high that it seemed to overtop the hills around it, and so broad that its great height rested 3.4.5 securely. And by building a very remarkable outwork in a circle, he struck terror into the enemy. And not far from Satala he built a very strong fort in the country called Osroene. 3.4.6 There was a certain fort in this country, built by the men of old on the summit of a precipitous hill, which Pompey, the Roman general, in former times captured and, having become master of the country by war, 3.4.7 strengthened as much as possible and named it Colonia. And this, which had suffered from the great passage of so much time, Emper3.4.8or Justinian restored with all his power. And indeed, by giving countless sums of money to the inhabitants there, he arranged for fortifications everywhere in their own private fields, either building new ones, or rebuilding those that had become 3.4.9 ruinous. So that practically all the strongholds, which happen to be here, happen to be the 3.4.10 works of Emperor Justinian. Here also he built forts, both the one called Baiberdon and Areon. And he renewed Lysiormon, which was already in a ruinous state, along with Lytararizon. 3.4.11 And in a place, which they call Germanus' Fossatum, he built a new fort. But also the walls of the cities of Sebasteia and Nicopolis in the Armenias, since they were all about to fall down, being worn out by the length of 3.4.12 time, he rebuilt and made new. And he also carried out the building of churches and monasteries there. For in Theodosiopolis he dedicated a church to the Mother of God, and monasteries in the place

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κατεστήσατο· 3.3.8 ἔνθα δὴ καὶ διαρκὲς ὕδωρ ἐσαγαγὼν τά τε ἄλλα πάντα τοῖς τῇδε ᾠκημένοις ἐν ἐπιτηδείῳ πεποιημένος, τὸν ἕτερον δοῦκα, ᾗπέρ μοι εἴρηται, ξὺν στρατιωτῶν ἐνταῦθα φρουρᾷ ἱκανωτάτῃ ἱδρύσατο. ταύτῃ τε τοῖς τῶν Ἀρμενίων ἔθνεσι τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἀνεσώσατο. 3.3.9 Ἐκ δὲ Κιθαρίζων ἔς τε Θεοδοσιούπολιν καὶ Ἀρμενίαν τὴν ἑτέραν ἰόντι Χορζάνη μὲν ἡ χώρα καλεῖται, διήκει δὲ ἐς ὁδὸν τριῶν ἡμερῶν μάλιστα οὔτε λίμνης τινὸς ὕδατι οὔτε ποταμοῦ ῥείθρῳ οὔτε ὄρεσι τὴν δίοδον ἐν στενῷ εἴργουσι διοριζομένη τῆς τῶν Περσῶν γῆς, ἀλλὰ τῶν ὁρίων 3.3.10 αὐταῖς ἀναμὶξ κειμένων. ὥστε οἱ ταύτῃ ᾠκημένοι, Ῥωμαίων ἢ Περσῶν ὄντες κατήκοοι, οὔτε τι ἀπ' ἀλλήλων δέος ἔχουσιν οὔτε ἀλλήλοις πη ἐς ἐπιβουλήν εἰσιν ὕποπτοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ γάμους ἀλλήλοις ἐπικηδεύουσι καὶ ἀγορὰν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων συμβάλλονται καὶ τὰ ἐς γεωργίαν ἐπι3.3.11 κοινοῦνται. ἢν δέ ποτε οἱ τῶν ἑτέρων ἄρχοντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ἑτέρους στρατῷ ἴωσιν, ἐπιτεταγμένον σφίσι πρὸς τοῦ βασιλέως, ἀφυλάκτους ἀεὶ τοὺς πλησιοχώρους εὑρίσκουσι. 3.3.12 χωρία μὲν γὰρ ἑκατέροις πολυανθρωπότατα ὡς ἀγχοτάτω ἀλλήλων ἐστίν, ἔρυμα δὲ οὐδετέροις πη ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἦν. 3.3.13 παρῆν οὖν ἐνθένδε τῷ Περσῶν βασιλεῖ ῥᾷόν τε καὶ ἀπονώτερον τὴν δίοδον ἐς τὰ Ῥωμαίων ἤθη ποιεῖσθαι, ἕως βασιλεὺς Ἰουστινιανὸς διακωλυτὴς αὐτῷ γέγονε τρόπῳ τοιῷδε. χωρίον ἦν ἐπὶ μέσης τῆς χώρας Ἀρταλέ3.3.14 σων ὄνομα. τοῦτο τείχει ἐχυρωτάτῳ περιβαλὼν φρούριόν τε ἀμαχώτατον ἐξειργάσατο καὶ στρατιωτικοὺς καταλόγους τῇδε ἱδρύσατο, οἷς δὴ ἄρχοντα ἐς ἀεὶ ἐφεστάναι διώρισεν, ὅνπερ δοῦκα Ῥωμαῖοι τῇ Λατίνων καλοῦσι φωνῇ. οὕτω τε τὴν ἐκείνῃ ἐσχατιὰν ἐτειχίσατο ξύμπασαν. 3.4.1 Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν βασιλεῖ ταύτῃ ἐξείργασται. ὅσα δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τῆς ἄλλης Ἀρμενίας διαπεπόνηται ἐρῶν ἔρχο3.4.2 μαι. Σάταλα πόλις ἐπὶ σφαλερᾶς τὸ παλαιὸν ἐλπίδος εἱστήκει. τῶν μὲν γὰρ πολεμίων τῆς γῆς ὀλίγῳ διέχει, ἐν δαπέδῳ δὲ χθαμαλῷ κεῖται, λόφοις τε πολλοῖς ἀμφ' αὐτὴν ἐπανεστηκόσιν ὑπόκειται, περιβόλων τε αὐτῇ διὰ 3.4.3 ταῦτα ἔδει τοῖς ἐπιβουλεύουσιν ἀμηχάνων ἑλεῖν. ἀλλὰ καὶ τοιαύτῃ τοῦ χωρίου τὴν φύσιν οὔσῃ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἐρύματος σφαλερώτερα ἦν, φαύλως τε ἀρχὴν τῇ κατασκευῇ καὶ παρέργως πεποιημένου καὶ τῷ μακρῷ χρόνῳ ἤδη τῆς 3.4.4 οἰκοδομίας ἑκασταχοῦ διερρωγότος. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο περιελὼν ὁ βασιλεὺς ὅλον, περίβολον ᾠκοδομήσατο ἐνταῦθα νέον, ὑψηλὸν μὲν ὅσον ὑπερπεφυκέναι τοὺς ἀμφ' αὐτὸν λόφους δοκεῖν, εὐρυνόμενον δὲ ὅσον ἐπ' ἀσφαλοῦς ἐπανε3.4.5 στηκέναι τό γε τοῦ ὕψους ὑπέρογκον. καὶ προτείχισμα δὲ πολλοῦ ἄξιον λόγου πηξάμενος ἐν κύκλῳ τοὺς πολεμίους κατέπληξε. καὶ φρούριον δὲ Σατάλων οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν ἐχυρὸν ἄγαν ἐν χώρᾳ Ὀσροηνῶν καλουμένῃ ᾠκοδομήσατο. 3.4.6 Ἦν δέ τι φρούριον ἐν τῇδε τῇ χώρᾳ ἐν ἀκρωνυχίᾳ λόφου κατακρήμνου πεποιημένον τοῖς πάλαι ἀνθρώποις, ὃ δὴ Πομπήιος ἐν τοῖς ἄνω χρόνοις ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς ἐξελὼν καὶ τῆς χώρας τῷ πολέμῳ κύριος γεγονὼς 3.4.7 ἐκρατύνατό τε ὡς μάλιστα καὶ Κολώνειαν ἐπωνόμασε· καὶ τοῦτο οὖν χρόνῳ πεπονηκὸς τοσούτῳ τὸ πλῆθος βασι3.4.8 λεὺς Ἰουστινιανὸς ἀνεσώσατο δυνάμει τῇ πάσῃ. καὶ χρήματα μέντοι προέμενος ἀνάριθμα τοῖς τῇδε ᾠκημένοις, ἐρύματα ἑκασταχοῦ διεπράξατο ἐν τοῖς αὐτῶν ἰδίοις ἀγροῖς ἢ νέα δείμασθαι, ἢ ἀνοικοδομήσασθαι σαθρὰ γεγο3.4.9 νότα. ὥστε ἅπαντα σχεδόν τι τὰ ὀχυρώματα, ὅσα δὴ ἐνταῦθα ξυμβαίνει εἶναι, Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλέως τυγχάνει 3.4.10 ἔργα ὄντα. ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ φρούρια ᾠκοδομήσατο τό τε Βαιβερδὼν καλούμενον καὶ τὸ Ἄρεων. καὶ τὸ Λυσίορμον ἀνενεώσατο πεπονηκὸς ἤδη σὺν τῷ Λυταραριζών. 3.4.11 ἔν τε χωρίῳ, ὅπερ Γερμανοῦ καλοῦσι Φοσσᾶτον, φρούριον ἐδείματο νέον. ἀλλὰ καὶ Σεβαστείας καὶ Νικοπόλεως τῶν ἐν Ἀρμενίαις πόλεων τὰ τείχη, ἐπεὶ καταπεσεῖσθαι πάντα ἔμελλον, τεταλαιπωρημένα τῷ μήκει τοῦ χρό3.4.12 νου, ἀνοικοδομησάμενος πεποίηται νέα. καὶ ἱερῶν δὲ καὶ μοναστηρίων ἐνταῦθα οἰκοδομίας ἐξείργασται. ἔν τε γὰρ τῇ Θεοδοσιουπόλει νεὼν τῇ θεοτόκῳ ἀνέθηκε, καὶ μοναστήρια ἔν τε χωρίῳ τῷ