John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Hebrews

to expect, and this is confirmed from the Scriptures. But pay attention; for he expressed it in a way that is somewhat more difficult, and harder to comprehend. Therefore it is necessary for us first to state our part, and briefly teach you the whole hypothesis, and so to leave the word to what is written; for you will no longer need us, if you learn the apostolic purpose. His discourse was about hope, and that we must hope for things to come, and that there will certainly be some reward and fruit and rest for those who have labored here; this, therefore, he shows from the Prophet. And what does he say? Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says: Today, if you will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness; where your fathers tempted me, proved me, and saw my works forty years. Therefore I was grieved with that generation, and said, They do always err in their heart; and they have not known my ways. As I swore in my wrath, they shall not enter into my rest. He says there are three rests: one, that of the Sabbath, in which God rested from His works; a second, 63.54 that of Palestine, into which the Jews, upon entering, were to rest from their great hardship and labors; a third, the rest which is truly rest, the kingdom of heaven, which those who attain truly rest from their toils and labors. Of the three, therefore, he makes mention here. And for what reason, while discoursing about one, did he mention the three? That he might show the Prophet speaking about this one. For concerning the first he did not speak, he says; for how could he, since it had long since occurred? Nor yet concerning the second, the one in Palestine; for how could he, since it also had already come to an end? It remains, then, that he is speaking about the third. But it is necessary also to unfold the history, so as to make the argument clearer. For since, after coming out of Egypt, and traveling a long way, and receiving countless proofs of God's power, both in Egypt, and in the Red Sea, and in the wilderness, they decided to send spies to investigate the nature of the land; and when they had gone, they returned, admiring the country and saying that it was fruitful with noble crops, but that it was a land of unconquerable and strong men; but the ungrateful and senseless Jews, when they ought to have remembered the former benefactions of God, and how He not only rescued them when they were hemmed in by so many Egyptian armies, but also made them masters of their spoils, and how again in the wilderness He broke the rock, and granted an abundance of water, and provided the manna, and having remembered these and the other wonders which He worked, to trust in God; they considered none of these things, but as if nothing had happened, being thus terrified, they wished to return to Egypt, saying, 63.55 God has brought us here to kill us with our children and wives. Therefore God, being angry that they so quickly cast out the memory of what had happened, swore that that generation which had said these things should not enter into the rest; and they all perished in the wilderness. Since, therefore, David later, after their generation, was discoursing: Today if you will hear his voice, he says, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation; why? That you might not suffer the same things as your forefathers, and be deprived of the rest; clearly he said these things as if there were some rest. For if they had received the rest, he says, for what reason does he again say to them, Today if you will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation? What other rest is there, then, but the kingdom of heaven, of which the Sabbath is an image and a type? Then, having set forth the whole testimony (and this is it, Today if you will hear his voice, harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness; where your fathers tempted me

προσδοκᾷν, καὶ τοῦτο πιστοῦται ἀπὸ τῶν Γραφῶν. Προσέχετε δέ· δυσκολώτερον γάρ πως αὐτὸ ἔφρασε, καὶ δυσκαταληπτότερον. ∆ιὸ χρὴ τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν πρότερον εἰπόντας, καὶ συντόμως τὴν πᾶσαν ὑμᾶς ὑπόθεσιν διδάξαντας, οὕτως ἐπαφεῖναι τὸν λόγον τοῖς γεγραμμένοις· οὐκέτι γὰρ ἡμῶν δεηθήσεσθε, ἐὰν τὸν σκοπὸν μάθητε τὸν ἀποστολικόν. Περὶ ἐλπίδος ἦν αὐτῷ ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὅτι χρὴ ἐλπίζειν τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ ὅτι ἔσται πάντως τοῖς ἐνταῦθα πονήσασι μισθός τις καὶ καρπὸς καὶ ἀνάπαυσις· τοῦτο οὖν ἀπὸ τοῦ Προφήτου δείκνυσι· καὶ τί φησι; ∆ιὸ, καθὼς λέγει τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον· Σήμερον, ἐὰν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ, κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ· οὗ ἐπείρασάν με οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν, ἐδοκίμασάν με, καὶ εἶδον τὰ ἔργα μου τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη. ∆ιὸ προσώχθισα τῇ γενεᾷ ἐκείνῃ, καὶ εἶπον· Ἀεὶ πλανῶνται τῇ καρδίᾳ· αὐτοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὰς ὁδούς μου. Ὡς ὤμοσα ἐν τῇ ὀργῇ μου, Εἰ εἰσελεύσονται εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσίν μου. Τρεῖς φησι καταπαύσεις εἶναι· μίαν τὴν τοῦ σαββάτου, ἐν ᾗ ὁ Θεὸς κατέπαυσεν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ· δευτέραν 63.54 τὴν τῆς Παλαιστίνης, εἰς ἣν εἰσελθόντες οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἔμελλον ἀναπαύσεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς ταλαιπωρίας τῆς πολλῆς καὶ τῶν πόνων· τρίτην τὴν καὶ ὄντως ἀνάπαυσιν, τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἧς οἱ τυχόντες ἀναπαύονται ἀληθῶς τῶν κόπων καὶ τῶν μόχθων. Τῶν τριῶν τοίνυν ἐνταῦθα μέμνηται. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν περὶ τῆς μιᾶς διαλεγόμενος, τῶν τριῶν ἐμνημόνευσεν; Ἵνα δείξῃ τὸν Προφήτην περὶ ταύτης λέγοντα. Περὶ μὲν γὰρ τῆς πρώτης οὐκ εἶπε, φησί· πῶς γὰρ, τῆς πάλαι γεγενημένης; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ περὶ τῆς δευτέρας τῆς ἐν Παλαιστίνῃ· πῶς γὰρ, καὶ αὐτῆς τέλος ἤδη λαβούσης; Λείπεται δὴ περὶ τῆς τρίτης αὐτὸν λέγειν λοιπόν. Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν ἀναπτύξαι, ὥστε σαφέστερον ποιῆσαι τὸν λόγον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐξελθόντες, καὶ πολλὴν ὁδὸν διανύσαντες, καὶ μυρία τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ δυνάμεως λαβόντες τεκμήρια, ἔν τε τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ, ἔν τε τῇ Ἐρυθρᾷ θαλάττῃ, ἔν τε τῇ ἐρήμῳ, ἐβουλεύσαντο πέμψαι κατασκόπους τοὺς διασκεψομένους τὴν φύσιν τῆς γῆς· οἱ δὲ ἀπελθόντες ἐπανῆλθον, τὴν μὲν χώραν θαυμάζοντες, καὶ γενναίων καρπῶν εὔφορον εἶναι λέγοντες, ἀνθρώπων μέντοι ἀκαταμαχήτων εἶναι χώραν καὶ ἰσχυρῶν· οἱ δὲ ἀγνώμονες Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ ἀναίσθητοι, δέον αὐτοὺς τῶν προτέρων τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐεργεσιῶν ἀναμνησθῆναι, καὶ πῶς αὐτοὺς εἰς μέσον ἀπειλημμένους στρατοπέδων τοσούτων Αἰγυπτιακῶν οὐ μόνον ἐξήρπασε τῶν κινδύνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν λαφύρων αὐτῶν ἐποίησε κυρίους, καὶ πῶς πάλιν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ πέτραν ἔῤῥηξε, καὶ τῶν ὑδάτων τὴν ἀφθονίαν ἐχαρίσατο, καὶ τὸ μάννα παρέσχε, καὶ ταῦτα ἀναμνησθέντας καὶ τὰ ἄλλα θαύματα ἅπερ εἰργάσατο, πιστεῦσαι τῷ Θεῷ· τούτων μὲν οὐδὲν ἐνενόησαν, ἅτε δὲ ὡς μηδενὸς γενομένου, οὕτω καταπλαγέντες, πάλιν εἰς Αἴγυπτον ὑποστρέφειν ἐβούλοντο, λέγοντες, ἐξήγαγεν ἡμᾶς ὧδε ὁ 63.55 Θεὸς, ὥστε ἀνελεῖν ἡμᾶς μετὰ παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν. Ὁ τοίνυν Θεὸς ὀργιζόμενος, ὅτι οὕτω ταχέως ἐξέβαλον τὴν τῶν γεγενημένων μνήμην, ὤμοσε μὴ εἰσελθεῖν τὴν γενεὰν ἐκείνην τὴν ταῦτα εἰρηκυῖαν εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσιν· καὶ πάντες ἀπώλοντο ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ὁ ∆αυῒδ ὕστερον μετὰ τὴν γενεὰν τὴν ἐκείνων διελέγετο· Σήμερον ἐὰν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, φησὶ, μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ· διὰ τί; ἵνα μὴ τὰ αὐτὰ πάθητε, ἅπερ οἱ πρόγονοι οἱ ὑμέτεροι, καὶ ἀποστερηθῆτε τῆς καταπαύσεως· δηλονότι ὡς οὔσης τινὸς καταπαύσεως ταῦτα ἔλεγεν. Ἐπεὶ εἰ ἀπειληφότες ἦσαν τὴν κατάπαυσιν, φησὶ, τίνος ἕνεκεν αὐτοῖς πάλιν λέγει τὸ, Σήμερον ἐὰν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ; Τίς οὖν ἐστιν ἄλλη κατάπαυσις, ἀλλ' ἣ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἧς εἰκὼν καὶ τύπος ἐστὶ τὸ Σάββατον; Εἶτα θεὶς τὴν μαρτυρίαν πᾶσαν (αὕτη δέ ἐστι, Σήμερον ἐὰν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούσητε, μὴ σκληρύνητε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, ὡς ἐν τῷ παραπικρασμῷ, κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ· οὗ ἐπείρασάν με οἱ