34

And who would have praised either friends or enemies in this way? Not even Paul. Why do I say Paul? Not even a common man would one praise as you praise Christ, because He did not take a dominion that was not His own. For to marvel at these things is the mark of those who witness to great wickedness. How? Because for them such a thing is praise, as when a thief no longer steals; but for the good it is no longer so; for it is not because He did not seize a dominion and honor 62.222 that were not His own that He is praiseworthy. And what folly this is! But otherwise (but pay attention, I beseech you, for the argument is long), who would have urged to humility from these things? For the examples must be much greater than the subject to which we are exhorting; for one would not be persuaded by things foreign to the matter; for example, Christ exhorted to do good to enemies; He brought forward a great example, that of the Father, "For He makes His sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust"; He exhorted to forbearance; He brought forward the example of Himself: "Learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart"; and again, "If I, your Lord and Teacher, do these things, how much more should you?" Do you see how the examples are not far removed? For they ought not to be so far removed; for we also do thus. But otherwise, here the example is not even close. How? Because if He is a servant, He is also lesser and subject to the greater. But this is not humility; for one ought to have done the opposite, to show someone greater obeying one who is lesser; but since he did not find this in God, I mean a greater and a lesser, he at least made them equal. But if the Son were lesser, it would not be sufficient to exhort to humility. Why? Because it is not humility for the lesser not to rise up against the greater, not to seize dominion, to be obedient even to death. Otherwise, see what he says also after the example: "In humility count others better than yourselves." "Counting," he says. For since you are one in substance, and in the honor from God, the matter must henceforth be one of estimation. But in the case of greater and lesser he would not have said this, that you should be "counting," but, "Honor those who are over you"; as he says elsewhere, "Obey your leaders and submit to them." There the subjection is of the nature of the thing; here it must come from our own judgment. "In humility," he says, "counting others better than yourselves," just as Christ also did. And so their arguments are thus overturned; but it is necessary now to state our own, first summarizing theirs: that in exhorting to humility he would not have brought forward one who was lesser and who obeyed a greater. For if he were exhorting slaves to obey masters, it would be fitting; but if free men to other free men, why did he bring in the subjection of a slave to a master? why that of the lesser to the greater? For did he say, "Let the lesser obey the greater," but rather, "Being of equal honor with one another, obey," by "counting others better than yourselves." And why did he not bring forward even the example of the wife, saying "As the wife obeys her husband, so also you should obey"? But if he did not bring forward that which is equal and free, because there was some small subjection in it, how much more would he not 62.223 have brought forward that of a slave? I have already said that no one praises another for abstaining from evil things, nor even mentions it at all; nor, wishing to praise a temperate man, would one say that he did not commit adultery, but that he even abstained from his own wife. For nowhere do we set forth abstinence from evil things; for this is a laughingstock. I have said that the form of a servant is true, and not lesser; therefore also the form of God is perfect, and not lesser. Why did he not say, "having come to be in the form of God," but, "being"? This is the same as saying, "I am who I am." The form shows that which is unchangeable, as it is form. But it is not possible, being of one substance, to have the form of another; for instance, no man has that of an angel

34

Καὶ τίς ἂν οὕτως ἐπῄνεσεν ἢ τοὺς φίλους, ἢ τοὺς ἐχθρούς; οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ Παῦλον. Τί λέγω Παῦλον; οὐδὲ τὸν τυχόντα τις ἄνδρα, ὡς σὺ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐπαινεῖς, ἐπῄνεσεν, ὅτι μὴ προσήκουσαν ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἔλαβε. Τὸ γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτοις θαυμάζειν, πολλήν ἐστι κακίαν μαρτυρούντων. Πῶς; Ὅτι ἐπ' ἐκείνων τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔπαινός ἐστιν, οἷον ὁ κλέπτων, ἐὰν μηκέτι κλέπτῃ· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀγαθῶν οὐκέτι· οὐ γὰρ, ὅτι οὐχ ἥρπασε μὴ προσήκουσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ τι 62.222 μὴν, ἐπαινετός. Καὶ ποίας ταῦτα ἀνοίας! Ἄλλως δὲ (ἀλλὰ προσέχετε, παρακαλῶ· μακρὸς γὰρ ὁ λόγος), τίς ἂν ἀπὸ τούτων εἰς ταπεινοφροσύνην προέτρεψε; Τὰ γὰρ ὑποδείγματα πολλῷ μείζονα δεῖ εἶναι τῆς ὑποθέσεως, εἰς ἣν παρακαλοῦμεν· οὐ γὰρ ἄν τις ἐξ ἀλλοτρίων προτραπείη· οἷον, προέτρεψεν ὁ Χριστὸς εὖ ποιεῖν τοὺς ἐχθρούς· ἤνεγκε παράδειγμα μέγα, τὸ τοῦ Πατρὸς, Ὅτι ἀνατέλλει τὸν ἥλιον ἐπὶ πονηροὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς, καὶ βρέχει ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους· προέτρεψεν εἰς ἀνεξικακίαν· ἤνεγκε παράδειγμα ἑαυτόν· Μάθετε ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, ὅτι πρᾶός εἰμι καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ· καὶ πάλιν, Εἰ ἐγὼ ὁ Κύριος καὶ ὁ διδάσκαλος ταῦτα ποιῶ, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ὑμεῖς; Ὁρᾷς πῶς οὐκ ἀφέστηκε τὰ παραδείγματα; οὐδὲ γὰρ τοσοῦτον ἀφεστάναι δεῖ· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡμεῖς οὕτω ποιοῦμεν. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθα οὐδὲ ἐγγύς ἐστι τὸ παράδειγμα. Πῶς; Ὅτι εἰ δοῦλός ἐστι, καὶ ἐλάττων ἐστὶ καὶ ὑπήκοος τῷ μείζονι. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐ ταπεινοφροσύνη ἐστί· τοὐναντίον γὰρ ἔδει ποιῆσαι, μείζονά τινα τῷ ἐλάττονι ὑπακούσαντα δεῖξαι· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο οὐχ εὗρεν ἐπὶ Θεοῦ, μείζονα λέγω καὶ ἐλάττονα, τὸ γοῦν ἴσον ἐποίησεν. Εἰ δὲ ἐλάττων ἦν ὁ Υἱὸς, οὐχ ἱκανὸν εἰς ταπεινοφροσύνην προτρέψαι. ∆ιὰ τί; Ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι ταπεινοφροσύνη τὸ τὸν ἐλάττονα μὴ ἐπαναστῆναι τῷ μείζονι, τὸ μὴ ἁρπάσαι τὴν ἀρχὴν, τὸ ὑπακοῦσαι μέχρι θανάτου. Ἄλλως δὲ, ὅρα καὶ μετὰ τὸ ὑπόδειγμα τί φησι· Τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν. Ἡγούμενοι, φησίν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ τὴν οὐσίαν ἕν ἐστε, καὶ κατὰ τὴν τιμὴν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, δεῖ λοιπὸν τῆς ὑπολήψεως εἶναι τὸ πρᾶγμα. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν μειζόνων καὶ ἐλαττόνων οὐκ ἂν τοῦτο εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἡγούμενοι, ἀλλὰ, Τιμᾶτε τοὺς ὑπερέχοντας ὑμῶν· καθὼς καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησι, Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν καὶ ὑπείκετε. Ἐκεῖ τῆς φύσεως τοῦ πράγματός ἐστιν ἡ ὑποταγή· ἐνταῦθα τῆς κρίσεως δεῖ γενέσθαι τῆς ἡμετέρας. Τῇ ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, φησὶν, ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ἐποίησε. Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐκείνων οὕτως ἀνατέτραπται· τὰ δὲ ἡμέτερα λοιπὸν εἰπεῖν χρὴ, πρότερον ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τὰ ἐκείνων εἰπόντα, ὅτι εἰς ταπεινοφροσύνην παρακαλῶν οὐκ ἂν τὸν ἐλάττονα ὄντα καὶ τῷ μείζονι ὑπακούσαντα παρήγαγεν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ δούλους δεσπόταις παρεκάλει ὑπακούειν, εἰκότως· εἰ δὲ ἐλευθέρους ἐλευθέροις, τί τοῦ δούλου πρὸς τὸν δεσπότην ὑποταγὴν ἔφερε; τί τοῦ ἐλάττονος πρὸς τὸν μείζονα; Μὴ γὰρ εἶπεν, Οἱ ἐλάττονες τοῖς μείζοσιν ὑπακουέτωσαν, ἀλλ' Ἰσότιμοι ἀλλήλων ὄντες, ὑπακούετε, Ἀλλήλους ἡγούμενοι ὑπερέχοντας ἑαυτῶν. ∆ιὰ τί δὲ μὴ παρήγαγε κἂν τὸ τῆς γυναικὸς, ὅτι Ὥσπερ ἡ γυνὴ ὑπακούει τῷ ἀνδρὶ, οὕτω καὶ ὑμεῖς ὑπακούετε; Εἰ δὲ ὅπερ ἴσον ἐστὶ καὶ ἐλευθέριον οὐ παρήγαγεν, ἐπειδὴ ὅλως μικρά τις ἦν ὑποταγὴ, πόσῳ μᾶλλον τὸ τοῦ δούλου οὐκ 62.223 ἂν παρήγαγεν; Εἶπον φθάσας, ὅτι οὐδεὶς οὕτως ἐπαινεῖ τινα ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν κακῶν ἀποχῆς, οὐδὲ ὅλως αὐτοῦ μέμνηται· οὐδὲ σώφρονα βουλόμενος ἐπαινέσαι τις οὕτως ἐρεῖ, ὅτι οὐκ ἐμοίχευσεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ τῆς ἰδίας ἀπέστη γυναικός. Οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ τὴν τῶν κακῶν ἀποχὴν τίθεμεν· γέλως γὰρ τοῦτο. Εἶπον ὅτι ἡ μορφὴ τοῦ δούλου ἀληθὴς, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐλάττων· οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ μορφὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ τελεία, καὶ οὐκ ἐλάττων. ∆ιὰ τί μὴ εἶπεν, Ἐν μορφῇ Θεοῦ γενόμενος, ἀλλ', Ὑπάρχων; Ἴσον ἐστὶ τοῦτο τοῦ εἰπεῖν, Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν. Τὸ ἀπαράλλακτον ἡ μορφὴ δείκνυσι, καθώς ἐστι μορφή. Οὐκ ἔστι δὲ, ἄλλης οὐσίας ὄντα, τὴν ἄλλης μορφὴν ἔχειν· οἷον οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων ἀγγέλου ἔχει