Chap. viii.—of the use of reason in religion; and of dreams, auguries, oracles, and similar portents.

It is therefore right, especially in a matter on which the whole plan of life turns, that every one should place confidence in himself, and use his own judgment and individual capacity for the investigation and weighing of the truth, rather than through confidence in others to be deceived by their errors, as though he himself were without understanding. God has given wisdom to all alike,165    Pro virili portione. The phrase properly denotes the share that falls to a person in the division of an inheritance, hence equality.   that they might be able both to investigate things which they have not heard, and to weigh things which they have heard. Nor, because they preceded us in time, did they also outstrip us in wisdom; for if this is given equally to all, we cannot be anticipated166    It cannot be forestalled or preoccupied.   in it by those who precede us. It is incapable of diminution, as the light and brilliancy of the sun; because, as the sun is the light of the eyes, so is wisdom the light of man’s heart. Wherefore, since wisdom—that is, the inquiry after truth—is natural to all, they deprive themselves of wisdom, who without any judgment approve of the discoveries of their ancestors, and like sheep are led by others. But this escapes their notice, that the name of ancestors being introduced, they think it impossible that they themselves should have more knowledge because they are called descendants, or that the others should be unwise because they are called ancestors.167    Majores. There is a play upon the words for ancestors and descendants in Latin which our translation does not reproduce. The word translated ancestors may also mean “men who are greater or superior:” the word translated descendants may mean “men who are less or inferior.”   What, therefore, prevents us from taking a precedent168    Exemplum, “an example for imitation.”   from them, that as they handed down to posterity their false inventions, so we who have discovered the truth may hand down better things to our posterity? There remains therefore a great subject of inquiry, the discussion of which does not come from talent, but from knowledge: and this must be explained at greater length, that nothing at all may be left in doubt. For perhaps some one may have recourse to those things which are handed down by many and undoubted authorities; that those very persons, whom we have shown to be no gods, have often displayed their majesty both by prodigies, and dreams, and auguries, and oracles. And, indeed, many wonderful things may be enumerated, and especially this, that Accius Navius, a consummate augur, when he was warning Tarquinius Priscus to undertake the commencement of nothing new without the previous sanction of auguries,169    Until he had consulted auguries.   and the king, detracting from170    Elevans, “disparaging,” or “diminishing from.”   the credit due to his art, told him to consult the birds, and then to announce to him whether it was possible for that which he himself had conceived in his mind to be accomplished, and Navius affirmed that it was possible; then take this whetstone, he said, and divide it with a razor. But the other without any hesitation took and cut it.  

In the next place is the fact of Castor and Pollux having been seen in the Latin war at the lake of Juturna washing off the sweat of their horses, when their temple which adjoins the fountain had been open of its own accord. In the Macedonian war the same deities, mounted on white horses, are said to have presented themselves to Publius Vatienus as he went to Rome at night, announcing that King Perseus had been vanquished and taken captive on that day, the truth of which was proved by letters received from Paulus171    Paulus Æmilius, who subdued Macedonia.   a few days afterwards. That also is wonderful, that the statue of Fortune, in the form172    Muliebre. Others read Fortunæ muliebris.   of a woman, is reported to have spoken more than once; also that the statue of Juno Moneta,173    The name is said to be derived from monendo, “giving warning,” or “admonition.”   when, on the capture of Veii, one of the soldiers, being sent to remove it, sportively and in jest asked whether she wished to remove to Rome, answered that she wished it. Claudia also is set forth as an example of a miracle. For when, in accordance with the Sibylline books, the Idæan mother was sent for, and the ship in which she was conveyed had grounded on a shoal of the river Tiber, and could not be moved by any force, they report that Claudia, who had been always regarded as unchaste on account of her excess in personal adornment, with bended knees entreated the goddess, if she judged her to be chaste, to follow her girdle; and thus the ship, which could not be moved by all the strong men,174    The youth of military age.   was moved by a single woman. It is equally wonderful, that during the prevalence of a pestilence, Æsculapius, being called from Epidaurus, is said to have released the city of Rome from the long-continued plague.  

Sacrilegious persons can also be mentioned, by the immediate punishment of whom the gods are believed to have avenged the injury done to them. Appius Claudius the censor having, against the advice of the oracle, transferred the sacred rites of Hercules to the public slaves,175    The circumstance is related by Livy, book ix. c. 29.   was deprived of his eyesight; and the Potitian gens, which abandoned176    Prodidit, “betrayed.”   its privilege, within the space of one year became extinct. Likewise the censor Fulvius, when he had taken away the marble tiles from the temple of the Lacinian177    Lacinian, so called from the promontory Lacinia, near Croton.  Juno, to cover the temple of the equestrian Fortuna, which he had built at Rome, was deprived of his senses, and having lost his two sons who were serving in Illyricum, was consumed with the greatest grief of mind. Turullius also, the lieutenant of Mark Antony, when he had cut down a grove of Æsculapius in Cos,178    The island of Cos lies off the coast of Caria; it had a celebrated temple of Æsculapius.   and built a fleet, was afterwards slain at the same place by the soldiers of Cæsar. To these examples is added Pyrrhus, who, having taken away money from the treasure of the Locrian Proserpine, was shipwrecked, and dashed against the shores near to the temple of the goddess, so that nothing was found uninjured except that money. Ceres of Miletus also gained for herself great veneration among men. For when the city had been taken by Alexander, and the soldiers had rushed in to plunder her temple, a flame of fire suddenly thrown upon them blinded them all.  

There are also found dreams which seem to show the power of the gods. For it is said that Jupiter presented himself to Tiberius Atinius, a plebeian, in his sleep, and enjoined him to announce to the consuls and senate, that in the last Circensian179    The Circensian games were instituted by Romulus, according to the legend, when he wished to attract the Sabine population to Rome for the purpose of obtaining wives for his people. They were afterwards celebrated with great enthusiasm.   games a public dancer had displeased him, because a certain Antonius Maximus had severely scourged a slave under the furca180    Furca, an instrument of punishment to which the slave was bound and scourged.   in the middle of the circus, and had led him to punishment, and that on this account the games ought to be repeated. And when he had neglected this command, he is said on the same day to have lost his son, and to have been himself seized by a severe disease; and that when he again perceived the same image asking whether he had suffered sufficient punishment for the neglect of his command, he was carried on a litter to the consuls; and having explained the whole matter in the senate, he regained strength of body, and returned to his house on foot. And that dream also was not less wonderful, to which it is said that Augustus Cæsar owed his preservation. For when in the civil war with Brutus he was afflicted with a severe disease, and had determined to abstain from battle, the image of Minerva presented itself to his physician Artorius, advising him that Cæsar should not confine himself to the camp on account of his bodily infirmity. He was therefore carried on a litter to the army, and on the same day the camp was taken by Brutus. Many other examples of a similar nature may be brought forward; but I fear that, if I shall delay too long in the setting forth of contrary subjects, I may either appear to have forgotten my purpose, or may incur the charge of loquacity.  

CAPUT VIII. De rationis usu in religione; deque somniis, auguriis, oraculis, talibusque portentis.

0287B Quare oportet, in ea re maxime in qua vitae ratio versatur, sibi quemque confidere, suoque judicio ac propriis sensibus magis niti ad investigandam et perpendendam veritatem; quam credentem alienis erroribus decipi tamquam ipsum rationis expertem. Dedit omnibus Deus pro virili portione 0287B sapientiam, ut et inaudita investigare possent, et audita perpendere. Nec quia nos illi temporibus antecesserunt, sapientia quoque antecesserunt; quae si omnibus aequaliter datur, occupari ab antecedentibus non potest. Illibabilis est tamquam lux et claritas solis, quia ut sol oculorum, sic sapientia lumen est cordis 0288A humani. Quare cum sapere, id est, veritatem quaerere, omnibus sit innatum, sapientiam sibi adimunt, qui sine ullo judicio inventa majorum probant, et ab aliis pecudum more ducuntur. Sed hoc eos fallit, quod majorum nomine posito, non putant fieri posse, ut aut ipsi plus sapiant, quia minores vocantur, aut illi desipuerint, quia majores nominantur. Quid ergo impedit, quin ab ipsis sumamus exemplum; ut quomodo illi, quae falsa invenerant, posteris tradiderunt, sic nos, qui verum invenimus, posteris meliora tradamus? Superest ingens quaestio, cujus disputatio non ab ingenio, sed a scientia venit, quae pluribus explicanda erit, ne quid omnino dubium relinquatur. Nam fortasse aliquis ad illa confugiat, quae a multis et non dubiis traduntur auctoribus; 0288B eos ipsos, quos docuimus deos non esse, majestatem suam persaepe ostendisse, et prodigiis, et somniis, et auguriis, et oraculis. Et sane multa enumerari possunt digna miraculo: in primis illud, quod Accius Navius summus Augur, cum Tarquinium Priscum commoneret, ut nihil novi facere inciperet, nisi prius esset inauguratus, eique rex artis ejus elevans fidem diceret, ut consultis avibus renuntiaret sibi, utrumne fieri posset id quod ipse animo concepisset, affirmaretque Navius posse: Cape igitur hanc, inquit, cotem, eamque novacula dissice. At ille incunctanter accepit ac secuit.

0289A Deinde illud, quod Castor et Pollux, 0289A bello latino, apud Lacum Juturnae visi sunt equorum sudorem abluentes, cum aedes eorum, quae juncta fonti erat, sua sponte patuisset: iidem bello macedonico equis albis insidentes, Publio Vatieno Romam nocte venienti se obtulisse dicuntur, nuntiantes eo die regem Persen victum atque captum, quod paucis post diebus litterae Pauli verum fuisse docuerunt. Illud etiam mirabile, quod simulacrum Fortunae muliebre non semel locutum esse traditur; item Junonis Monetae, cum, captis Veiis, unus ex militibus ad eam transferendam missus, jocabundus ac ludens interrogavit, utrumne Romam migrare vellet, respondit velle. Claudia quoque proponitur in exemplum miraculi. Nam cum ex libris Sibyllinis Idaea mater esset accita, et in vado Tiberini fluminis navis qua vehebatur 0289B haesisset, nec ulla vi commoveretur, Claudiam 0290A ferunt, quae semper impudica esset habita ob nimios corporis cultus, deam submissis genibus orasse, ut, si se castam judiearet, suum cingulum sequeretur, ita navim, quae ab omni juventute non valuit commoveri, ab una muliere esse commotam. Illud aeque mirum, quod lue saeviente, Aesculapius, Epidauro accitus, urbem Romam diuturna pestilentia liberasse perhibetur.

Sacrilegi quoque numerari possunt, quorum praesentibus poenis injuriam suam dii vindicasse creduntur. Appius Claudius Censor, cum adversus responsum ad servos publicos sacra Herculis transtulisset, luminibus orbatus est, et Potitiorum gens, quae prodidit, intra unius anni tempus extincta est. Item Censor Fulvius, cum ex Junonis Laciniae templo marmoreas 0290B tegulas abstulisset, quibus aedem Fortunae 0291A equestris, 0291A quam Romae fecerat, tegeret, et mente captus est, et amissis duobus filiis in Illyrico militantibus, summo animi moerore consumptus est. Praefectus etiam M. Antonii Turullius, cum apud Coos everso Aesculapii luco classem fecisset, eodem postea loco a militibus Caesaris est interfectus. His exemplis adjungitur Pyrrhus, qui sublata ex thesauro Proserpinae Locrensis pecunia, naufragium fecit, ac vicinis deae littoribus illisus est, ut nihil, praeter eam pecuniam, incolume reperiretur. Ceres quoque Milesia multum sibi apud homines venerationis adjecit. Nam cum ab Alexandro capta civitas esset, ac milites ad eam spoliandam irrupissent, omnium oculos repente objectus fulgor ignis extinxit.

Reperiuntur etiam somnia, quae vim deorum videantur 0291B ostendere. Tiberio Namque Attinio, homini plebeio, per quietem obversatus esse Jupiter dicitur, et praecepisse, ut Consulibus et Senatui nuntiaret, ludis Circensibus proximis praesultorem sibi displicuisse, quod Antonius Maximus quidam diverberatum 0292A servum sub furca medio circo ad supplicium duxerat, ideoque ludos instaurari oportere; quod cum ille neglexisset, eodem die filium perdidisse, ipse autem gravi morbo esse correptus: et cum rursus eamdem imaginem cerneret quaerentem, satisne poenarum pro neglecto imperio pependisset, lectica delatus ad Consules, et omni re in Senatu exposita, recepisse corporis firmitatem, suisque pedibus domum rediisse. Illud quoque somnium non minoris fuit admirationis, quo Caesar Augustus dicitur esse servatus. Nam cum bello civili Brutiano, implicitus gravi morbo, abstinere praelio statuisset, medico ejus Artorio Minervae species obversata est, monens ne propter corporis imbecillitatem castris se contineret Caesar. Itaque in aciem lectica perlatus est, et eodem die a Bruto castra 0292B capta sunt. Multa praeterea exempla similia possunt proferri: sed vereor ne, si fuero in propositione rerum contrariarum diutius immoratus, aut oblitus esse propositi videar, aut crimen loquacitatis incurram.