Chapter VI.—The Excellence and Utility of Faith.

“Lord, who hath believed our report?”406    Isa. liii. 1. Isaiah says. For “faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God,” saith the apostle. “How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed? And how shall they believe on Him whom they have not heard? And how shall they hear without a preacher? And how shall they preach except they be sent? As it is written, How beautiful are the feet of those that publish glad tidings of good things.”407    Rom. x. 17, 14, 15. You see how he brings faith by hearing, and the preaching of the apostles, up to the word of the Lord, and to the Son of God. We do not yet understand the word of the Lord to be demonstration.

As, then, playing at ball not only depends on one throwing the ball skilfully, but it requires besides one to catch it dexterously, that the game may be gone through according to the rules for ball; so also is it the case that teaching is reliable when faith on the part of those who hear, being, so to speak, a sort of natural art, contributes to the process of learning. So also the earth co-operates, through its productive power, being fit for the sowing of the seed. For there is no good of the very best instruction without the exercise of the receptive faculty on the part of the learner, not even of prophecy, when there is the absence of docility on the part of those who hear. For dry twigs, being ready to receive the power of fire, are kindled with great ease; and the far-famed stone408    Loadstone. [Philosophy of the second centure. See note in Migne.] attracts steel through affinity, as the amber tear-drop drags to itself twigs, and the lump sets chaff in motion. And the substances attracted obey them, influenced by a subtle spirit, not as a cause, but as a concurring cause.

There being then a twofold species of vice—that characterized by craft and stealth, and that which leads and drives with violence—the divine Word cries, calling all together; knowing perfectly well those that will not obey; notwithstanding then since to obey or not is in our own power, provided we have not the excuse of ignorance to adduce. He makes a just call, and demands of each according to his strength. For some are able as well as willing, having reached this point through practice and being purified; while others, if they are not yet able, already have the will. Now to will is the act of the soul, but to do is not without the body. Nor are actions estimated by their issue alone; but they are judged also according to the element of free choice in each,—if he chose easily, if he repented of his sins, if he reflected on his failures and repented (μετέγνω), which is (μετὰ ταῦτα ἔγνω) “afterwards knew.” For repentance is a tardy knowledge, and primitive innocence is knowledge. Repentance, then, is an effect of faith. For unless a man believe that to which he was addicted to be sin, he will not abandon it; and if he do not believe punishment to be impending over the transgressor, and salvation to be the portion of him who lives according to the commandments, he will not reform.

Hope, too, is based on faith. Accordingly the followers of Basilides define faith to be, the assent of the soul to any of those things, that do not affect the senses through not being present. And hope is the expectation of the possession of good. Necessarily, then, is expectation founded on faith. Now he is faithful who keeps inviolably what is entrusted to him; and we are entrusted with the utterances respecting God and the divine words, the commands along with the execution of the injunctions. This is the faithful servant, who is praised by the Lord. And when it is said, “God is faithful,” it is intimated that He is worthy to be believed when declaring aught. Now His Word declares; and “God” Himself is “faithful.”409    1 Cor. i. 9, x. 13. How, then, if to believe is to suppose, do the philosophers think that what proceeds from themselves is sure? For the voluntary assent to a preceding demonstration is not supposition, but it is assent to something sure. Who is more powerful than God? Now unbelief is the feeble negative supposition of one opposed to Him: as incredulity is a condition which admits faith with difficulty. Faith is the voluntary supposition and anticipation of pre-comprehension. Expectation is an opinion about the future, and expectation about other things is opinion about uncertainty. Confidence is a strong judgment about a thing. Wherefore we believe Him in whom we have confidence unto divine glory and salvation. And we confide in Him, who is God alone, whom we know, that those things nobly promised to us, and for this end benevolently created and bestowed by Him on us, will not fail.

Benevolence is the wishing of good things to another for his sake. For He needs nothing; and the beneficence and benignity which flow from the Lord terminate in us, being divine benevolence, and benevolence resulting in beneficence. And if to Abraham on his believing it was counted for righteousness; and if we are the seed of Abraham, then we must also believe through hearing. For we are Israelites, who are convinced not by signs, but by hearing. Wherefore it is said, “Rejoice, O barren, that barest not; break forth and cry, thou that didst not travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than of her who hath an husband.”410    Isa. liv. 1. “Thou hast lived for the fence of the people, thy children were blessed in the tents of their fathers.”411    Not in Script. And if the same mansions are promised by prophecy to us and to the patriarchs, the God of both the covenants is shown to be one. Accordingly it is added more clearly, “Thou hast inherited the covenant of Israel,”412    Where? speaking to those called from among the nations, that were once barren, being formerly destitute of this husband, who is the Word,—desolate formerly,—of the bridegroom. “Now the just shall live by faith,”413    Rom. i. 17, etc. which is according to the covenant and the commandments; since these, which are two in name and time, given in accordance with the [divine] economy—being in power one—the old and the new, are dispensed through the Son by one God. As the apostle also says in the Epistle to the Romans, “For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith,” teaching the one salvation which from prophecy to the Gospel is perfected by one and the same Lord. “This charge,” he says, “I commit to thee, son Timothy, according to the prophecies which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest war the good warfare; holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck,”414    1 Tim. i. 18, 19. because they defiled by unbelief the conscience that comes from God. Accordingly, faith may not, any more, with reason, be disparaged in an offhand way, as simple and vulgar, appertaining to anybody. For, if it were a mere human habit, as the Greeks supposed, it would have been extinguished. But if it grow, and there be no place where it is not; then I affirm, that faith, whether founded in love, or in fear, as its disparagers assert, is something divine; which is neither rent asunder by other mundane friendship, nor dissolved by the presence of fear. For love, on account of its friendly alliance with faith, makes men believers; and faith, which is the foundation of love, in its turn introduces the doing of good; since also fear, the pædagogue of the law, is believed to be fear by those, by whom it is believed. For, if its existence is shown in its working, it is yet believed when about to do and threatening, and when not working and present; and being believed to exist, it does not itself generate faith, but is by faith tested and proved trustworthy. Such a change, then, from unbelief to faith—and to trust in hope and fear, is divine. And, in truth, faith is discovered, by us, to be the first movement towards salvation; after which fear, and hope, and repentance, advancing in company with temperance and patience, lead us to love and knowledge. Rightly, therefore, the Apostle Barnabas says, “From the portion I have received I have done my diligence to send by little and little to you; that along with your faith you may also have perfect knowledge.415    [Clement accepts the Epistle of Barnabus as an apostolic writing. For this quotation, see vol. i. p. 137, this series.] Fear and patience are then helpers of your faith; and our allies are long-suffering and temperance. These, then,” he says, “in what respects the Lord, continuing in purity, there rejoice along with them, wisdom, understanding, intelligence, knowledge.” The fore-mentioned virtues being, then, the elements of knowledge; the result is that faith is more elementary, being as necessary to the Gnostic,416    The man of perfect knowledge. as respiration to him that lives in this world is to life. And as without the four elements it is not possible to live, so neither can knowledge be attained without faith. It is then the support of truth.

Κύριε, τίς ἐπίστευσεν τῇ ἀκοῇ ἡμῶν; Ἡσαΐας φησίν. ἡ μὲν γὰρ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς, ἡ δὲ ἀκοὴ διὰ ῥήματος θεοῦ, φησὶν ὁ ἀπόστολος. πῶς οὖν ἐπικαλέσονται εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν; πῶς δὲ πιστεύσουσιν οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν; πῶς δὲ ἀκούσουσι χωρὶς κηρύσσοντος; πῶς δὲ κηρύξωσιν, ἐὰν μὴ ἀποσταλῶσι; καθὼς γέγραπται· ὡς ὡραῖοι οἱ πόδες τῶν εὐαγγελιζομένων τὰ ἀγαθά. ὁρᾷς πῶς ἀνάγει τὴν πίστιν δι' ἀκοῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν ἀποστόλων κηρύξεως ἐπὶ τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου καὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ; οὐδέπω συνίεμεν ἀπόδειξιν εἶναι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου; ὥσπερ οὖν τὸ σφαιρίζειν οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ τέχνην πέμποντος τὴν σφαῖραν ἤρτηται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ εὐρύθμως ἀποδεχομένου προσδεῖ αὐτῷ, ἵνα δὴ κατὰ νόμους τοὺς σφαιριστικοὺς τὸ γυμνάσιον ἐκτελῆται, οὕτω καὶ τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἀξιόπιστον εἶναι συμβέβηκεν, ὅταν ἡ πίστις τῶν ἀκροωμένων, τέχνη τις ὡς εἰπεῖν ὑπάρχουσα φυσική, πρὸς μάθησιν συλλαμβάνῃ. συνεργεῖ οὖν καὶ γῆ γόνιμος ὑπάρχουσα πρὸς τὴν τῶν σπερμάτων καταβολήν. οὔτε γὰρ τῆς ἀρίστης παιδεύσεως ὄφελός τι ἄνευ τῆς τοῦ μανθάνοντος παραδοχῆς οὔτε μὴν προφητείας οὔτε, τῆς τῶν ἀκουόντων εὐπειθείας μὴ παρούσης. καὶ γὰρ τὰ κάρφη τὰ ξηρά, ἕτοιμα ὄντα καταδέχεσθαι τὴν δύναμιν τὴν καυστικήν, ῥᾷον ἐξάπτεται, καὶ ἡ λίθος ἡ θρυλουμένη ἕλκει τὸν σίδηρον διὰ συγγένειαν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ δάκρυον τὸ σούχειον ἐπισπᾶται τὰ κάρφη καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον τὰς ἀχυρμιὰς ἀνακινεῖ· πείθεται δὲ αὐτοῖς τὰ ἑλκόμενα ἀρρήτῳ ἑλκόμενα πνεύματι οὐχ ὡς αἴτια, ἀλλ' ὡς συναίτια. διπλοῦ τοίνυν ὄντος τοῦ τῆς κακίας εἴδους, τοῦ μὲν μετὰ ἀπάτης καὶ τοῦ λανθάνειν, τοῦ δὲ μετὰ βίας ἄγοντος καὶ φέροντος, ὁ θεῖος λόγος κέκραγεν πάντας συλλήβδην καλῶν, εἰδὼς μὲν καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς μὴ πεισθησομένους, ὅμως δ' οὖν, ὅτι ἐφ' ἡμῖν τὸ πείθεσθαί τε καὶ μή, ὡς μὴ ἔχειν ἄγνοιαν προφασίσασθαί τινας, δικαίαν τὴν κλῆσιν πεποίηται, τὸ κατὰ δύναμιν δὲ ἑκάστου ἀπαιτεῖ. τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ὁμοῦ τῷ θέλειν καὶ τὸ δύνασθαι πάρεστιν, ἐκ συνασκήσεως ηὐξηκόσι τοῦτο καὶ κεκαθαρμένοις· οἳ δέ, εἰ καὶ μήπω δύνανται, τὸ βούλεσθαι ἤδη ἔχουσιν. ἔργον δὲ τὸ μὲν βούλεσθαι ψυχῆς, τὸ πράττειν δὲ οὐκ ἄνευ σώματος. οὐδὲ μὴν τῷ τέλει παραμετρεῖται μόνῳ τὰ πράγματα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ ἑκάστου κρίνεται προαιρέσει, εἰ ῥᾳδίως εἵλετο, εἰ ἐφ' οἷς ἥμαρτεν μετενόησεν, εἰ σύνεσιν ἔλαβεν ἐφ' οἷς ἔπταισεν, καὶ μετέγνω, ὅπερ ἐστὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἔγνω· βραδεῖα γὰρ γνῶσις μετάνοια, γνῶσις δὲ ἡ πρώτη ἀναμαρτησία. πίστεως οὖν καὶ ἡ μετάνοια κατόρθωμα· ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ πιστεύσῃ ἁμάρτημα εἶναι ᾧ προκατείχετο, οὐδὲ μεταθήσεται· κἂν μὴ πιστεύσῃ κόλασιν μὲν ἐπηρτῆσθαι τῷ πλημμελοῦντι, σωτηρίαν δὲ τῷ κατὰ τὰς ἐντολὰς βιοῦντι, οὐδ' οὕτως μεταβαλεῖται. ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἐλπὶς ἐκ πίστεως συνέστηκεν. ὁρίζονται γοῦν οἱ ἀπὸ Βασιλείδου τὴν πίστιν ψυχῆς συγκατάθεσιν πρός τι τῶν μὴ κινούντων αἴσθησιν διὰ τὸ μὴ παρεῖναι. ἐλπὶς δὲ προσδοκία κτήσεως ἀγαθοῦ· πιστὴν δὲ ἀνάγκη τὴν προσδοκίαν εἶναι. πιστὸς δὲ ὁ ἀπαραβάτως τηρητικὸς τῶν ἐγχειρισθέντων· ἐγχειρίζονται δὲ ἡμῖν οἱ περὶ θεοῦ λόγοι καὶ οἱ θεῖοι λόγοι, αἱ ἐντολαί, σὺν τῇ καταπράξει τῶν παραγγελμάτων. οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ δοῦλος ὁ πιστός, ὁ πρὸς τοῦ κυρίου ἐπαινούμενος. ἐπὰν δὲ εἴπῃ πιστὸς ὁ θεός, ᾧ ἀποφαινομένῳ πιστεύειν ἄξιον, μηνύει· ἀποφαίνεται δὲ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἂν εἴη πιστὸς ὁ θεός. πῶς οὖν εἰ τὸ πιστεύειν ὑπολαμβάνειν ἐστί, βέβαια τὰ παρ' αὐτῶν οἱ φιλόσοφοι νομίζουσιν; οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ὑπόληψις ἡ ἑκούσιος πρὸ ἀποδείξεως συγκατάθεσις, ἀλλὰ συγκατάθεσις ἰσχυρῷ τινι. τίς δ' ἂν εἴη δυνατώτερος θεοῦ; ἡ δὲ ἀπιστία ὑπόληψις τοῦ ἀντικειμένου ἀσθενὴς ἀποφατική, καθάπερ ἡ δυσπιστία ἕξις δυσπαράδεκτος πίστεως. καὶ ἡ μὲν πίστις ὑπόληψις ἑκούσιος καὶ πρόληψις εὐγνώμονος πρὸ καταλήψεως, προσδοκία δὲ δόξα μέλλοντος· ἡ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων προσδοκία δόξα ἀδήλου· πεποίθησις δὲ διάληψις βεβαία περί τινος. διὸ πιστεύομεν, ᾧ ἂν πεποιθότες ὦμεν, εἰς δόξαν θείαν καὶ σωτηρίαν· πεποίθαμεν δὲ τῷ μόνῳ θεῷ, ὃν γινώσκομεν ὅτι οὐ παραβήσεται τὰ καλῶς ἡμῖν ἐπηγγελμένα καὶ διὰ ταῦτα δεδημιουργημένα καὶ δεδωρημένα ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἡμῖν εὐνοϊκῶς. εὔνοια δέ ἐστι βούλησις ἀγαθῶν ἑτέρῳ ἕνεκεν αὐτοῦ ἐκείνου. ὃ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἀνενδεής· εἰς ἡμᾶς δὲ ἡ εὐεργεσία καὶ ἡ παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου εὐμένεια καταλήγει, εὔνοια θεία οὖσα καὶ εὔνοια πρὸς τὸ εὖ ποιεῖν οὖσα. εἰ δὲ τῷ Ἀβραὰμ πιστεύσαντι ἐλογίσθη εἰς δικαιοσύνην, σπέρμα δὲ Ἀβραὰμ ἡμεῖς δι' ἀκοῆς, καὶ ἡμῖν πιστευτέον. Ἰσραηλῖται γὰρ ἡμεῖς οἱ μὴ διὰ σημείων, δι' ἀκοῆς δὲ εὐπειθεῖς. διὰ τοῦτο εὐφράνθητι, στεῖρα ἡ οὐ τίκτουσα, ῥῆξον καὶ βόησον, φησίν, ἡ οὐκ ὠδίνουσα· ὅτι πολλὰ τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐρήμου μᾶλλον ἢ τῆς ἐχούσης τὸν ἄνδρα. ἐβίωσας εἰς τὸ περίφραγμα τοῦ λαοῦ, ἐνευλογήθησαν τὰ τέκνα σου εἰς τὰς σκηνὰς τῶν πατέρων. εἰ δὲ αἱ αὐταὶ αἱ μοναὶ ὑπὸ τῆς προφητείας ἡμῖν τε αὖ καὶ τοῖς πατριάρχαις καταγγέλλονται, εἷς ἀμφοῖν ταῖν διαθήκαιν δείκνυται ὁ θεός. ἐπιφέρει γοῦν σαφέστερον· ἐκληρονόμησας τὴν διαθήκην τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, τῇ ἐξ ἐθνῶν κλήσει λέγων, τῇ στείρᾳ ποτὲ τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός, ὅς ἐστιν ὁ λόγος, τῇ ἐρήμῳ πρότερον τοῦ νυμφίου. ὁ δὲ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται, τῆς κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς, ἐπειδὴ δύο αὗται ὀνόματι καὶ χρόνῳ, καθ' ἡλικίαν καὶ προκοπὴν οἰκονομικῶς δεδομέναι, δυνάμει μία οὖσαι, ἣ μὲν παλαιά, ἣ δὲ καινή, διὰ υἱοῦ παρ' ἑνὸς θεοῦ χορηγοῦνται. ᾗ καὶ ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ λέγει· δικαιοσύνη γὰρ θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἀποκαλύπτεται ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν, τὴν μίαν τὴν ἐκ προφητείας εἰς εὐαγγέλιον τετελειωμένην δι' ἑνὸς καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ κυρίου διδάσκων σωτηρίαν. ταύτην, ἔφη, παρατίθεμαί σοι τὴν παραγγελίαν, τέκνον Τιμόθεε, κατὰ τὰς προαγούσας ἐπὶ σὲ προφητείας, ἵνα στρατεύσῃ ἐν αὐταῖς τὴν καλὴν στρατείαν, ἔχων πίστιν καὶ ἀγαθὴν συνείδησιν, ἥν τινες ἀπωσάμενοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν ἐναυά γησαν, ὅτι τὴν θεόθεν ἥκουσαν συνείδησιν ἀπιστίᾳ κατεμίαναν. οὔκουν ἔτ' εἰκότως [ὡς] πρόχειρον τὴν πίστιν διαβλητέον, ὡς εὔκολόν τε καὶ πάνδημον καὶ προσέτι τῶν τυχόντων. εἰ γὰρ ἀνθρώπινον ἦν τὸ ἐπιτήδευμα, ὡς Ἕλληνες ὑπέλαβον, κἂν ἀπέσβη· ἣ δὲ αὔξει [καὶ] οὐκ ἔστιν ἔνθα οὐκ ἔστιν. φημὶ τοίνυν τὴν πίστιν, εἴτε ὑπὸ ἀγάπης θεμελιωθείη εἴτε καὶ ὑπὸ φόβου, ᾗ φασιν οἱ κατήγοροι, θεῖόν τι εἶναι, μήτε ὑπὸ ἄλλης φιλίας κοσμικῆς διασπωμένην μήτε ὑπὸ φόβου παρόντος διαλυομένην. ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀγάπη τῇ πρὸς τὴν πίστιν φιλίᾳ τοὺς πιστοὺς ποιεῖ, ἡ δὲ πίστις ἕδρασμα ἀγάπης ἀντεπάγουσα τὴν εὐποιίαν, ὅτε καὶ [ὁ] τοῦ νόμου παιδαγωγὸς φόβος ἀφ' ὧν πιστεύεται, καὶ φόβος εἶναι πιστεύεται. εἰ γὰρ ἐν τῷ ἐνεργεῖν τὸ εἶναι δείκνυται, ὃ δὲ μέλλων καὶ ἀπειλῶν, οὐχὶ δὲ ἐνεργῶν καὶ παρὼν πιστεύεται, κατὰ τὸ εἶναι πιστευόμενος οὐκ αὐτὸς τῆς πίστεως γεννητικός, ὅ γε πρὸς αὐτῆς ἀξιόπιστος εἶναι δοκιμασθείς. θεία τοίνυν ἡ τοσαύτη μεταβολὴ ἐξ ἀπιστίας πιστόν τι[να] γενόμενον καὶ τῇ ἐλπίδι καὶ τῷ φόβῳ πιστεῦσαι. καὶ δὴ ἡ πρώτη πρὸς σωτηρίαν νεῦσις ἡ πίστις ἡμῖν ἀναφαίνεται, μεθ' ἣν φόβος τε καὶ ἐλπὶς καὶ μετάνοια σύν τε ἐγκρατείᾳ καὶ ὑπομονῇ προκόπτουσαι ἄγουσιν ἡμᾶς ἐπί τε ἀγάπην ἐπί τε γνῶσιν. εἰκότως οὖν ὁ ἀπόστολος Βαρνάβας ἀφ' οὗ φησὶν ἔλαβον, μέρος ἐσπούδασα κατὰ μικρὸν ὑμῖν πέμψαι, ἵνα μετὰ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν τελείαν ἔχητε καὶ τὴν γνῶσιν. τῆς μὲν οὖν πίστεως ἡμῶν εἰσιν οἱ συλλήπτορες φόβος καὶ ὑπομονή, τὰ δὲ συμμαχοῦντα ἡμῖν μακροθυμία καὶ ἐγκράτεια. τούτων οὖν, φησί, τὰ πρὸς τὸν κύριον μενόντων ἁγνῶς, συνευφραίνονται αὐτοῖς σοφία, σύνεσις, ἐπιστήμη, γνῶσις. στοιχείων γοῦν [οὐσῶν] τῆς γνώσεως τῶν προειρημένων ἀρετῶν στοιχειωδεστέραν εἶναι συμβέβηκε τὴν πίστιν, οὕτως ἀναγκαίαν τῷ γνωστικῷ ὑπάρχουσαν, ὡς τῷ κατὰ τὸν κόσμον τόνδε βιοῦντι πρὸς τὸ ζῆν τὸ ἀναπνεῖν· ὡς δ' ἄνευ τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων οὐκ ἔστι ζῆν, οὐδ' ἄνευ πίστεως γνῶσιν ἐπακολουθῆσαι. αὕτη τοίνυν κρηπὶς ἀληθείας.