Chapter XXXV.—Explanation of What is Meant by the Body, Which is to Be Raised Again. Not the Corporeality of the Soul.

But He also teaches us, that “He is rather to be feared, who is able to destroy both body and soul in hell,” that is, the Lord alone; “not those which kill the body, but are not able to hurt the soul,”228    Matt. x. 28. that is to say, all human powers. Here, then, we have a recognition of the natural immortality of the soul, which cannot be killed by men; and of the mortality of the body, which may be killed: whence we learn that the resurrection of the dead is a resurrection of the flesh; for unless it were raised again, it would be impossible for the flesh to be “killed in hell.” But as a question may be here captiously raised about the meaning of “the body” (or “the flesh”), I will at once state that I understand by the human body nothing else than that fabric of the flesh which, whatever be the kind of material of which it is constructed and modified, is seen and handled, and sometimes indeed killed, by men. In like manner, I should not admit that anything but cement and stones and bricks form the body of a wall. If any one imports into our argument some body of a subtle, secret nature, he must show, disclose, and prove to me that that identical body is the very one which was slain by human violence, and then (I will grant) that it is of such a body that (our scripture) speaks. If, again, the body or corporeal nature of the soul229    Tertullian supposed that even the soul was in a certain sense of a corporeal essence. [Compare the speculations of Crusius in Auberlen, Divine Revelation, (Translation of A.B. Paton, Edinburgh, Clarks, 1867).] is cast in my teeth, it will only be an idle subterfuge! For since both substances are set before us (in this passage, which affirms) that “body and soul” are destroyed in hell, a distinction is obviously made between the two; and we are left to understand the body to be that which is tangible to us, that is, the flesh, which, as it will be destroyed in hell—since it did not “rather fear” being destroyed by God—so also will it be restored to life eternal, since it preferred to be killed by human hands. If, therefore, any one shall violently suppose that the destruction of the soul and the flesh in hell amounts to a final annihilation of the two substances, and not to their penal treatment (as if they were to be consumed, not punished), let him recollect that the fire of hell is eternal—expressly announced as an everlasting penalty; and let him then admit that it is from this circumstance that this never-ending “killing” is more formidable than a merely human murder, which is only temporal. He will then come to the conclusion that substances must be eternal, when their penal “killing” is an eternal one. Since, then, the body after the resurrection has to be killed by God in hell along with the soul, we surely have sufficient information in this fact respecting both the issues which await it, namely the resurrection of the flesh, and its eternal “killing.” Else it would be most absurd if the flesh should be raised up and destined to “the killing in hell,” in order to be put an end to, when it might suffer such an annihilation (more directly) if not raised again at all. A pretty paradox,230    Scilicet. to be sure, that an essence must be refitted with life, in order that it may receive that annihilation which has already in fact accrued to it! But Christ, whilst confirming us in the selfsame hope, adds the example of “the sparrows”—how that “not one of them falls to the ground without the will of God.”231    Matt. x. 29.He says this, that you may believe that the flesh which has been consigned to the ground, is able in like manner to rise again by the will of the same God. For although this is not allowed to the sparrows, yet “we are of more value than many sparrows,”232    Ver. 31. for the very reason that, when fallen, we rise again. He affirms, lastly, that “the very hairs of our head are all numbered,”233    Matt. x. 30. and in the affirmation He of course includes the promise of their safety; for if they were to be lost, where would be the use of having taken such a numerical care of them? Surely the only use lies (in this truth): “That of all which the Father hath given to me, I should lose none,”234    John vi. 39.—not even a hair, as also not an eye nor a tooth.  And yet whence shall come that “weeping and gnashing of teeth,”235    Matt. viii. 12; xiii. 42; xxii. 13; xxv. 30. if not from eyes and teeth?—even at that time when the body shall be slain in hell, and thrust out into that outer darkness which shall be the suitable torment of the eyes. He also who shall not be clothed at the marriage feast in the raiment of good works, will have to be “bound hand and foot,”—as being, of course, raised in his body.  So, again, the very reclining at the feast in the kingdom of God, and sitting on Christ’s thrones, and standing at last on His right hand and His left, and eating of the tree of life:  what are all these but most certain proofs of a bodily appointment and destination?

CAPUT XXXV.

Sed et praecipit, eum potius timendum, qui corpus et animam occidat in gehennam, id est Dominum solum; non qui corpus occidant, animae autem nihil nocere possint, id est, humanas potestates. Adeo hic et anima immortalis natura recognoscitur, quae non possit occidi ab hominibus; et carnis esse mortalitatem, cujus sit occisio; atque ita resurrectionem 0844C quoque mortuorum carnis esse, quae in gehennam, nisi resuscitata, non poterit occidi. Sed quoniam et hic de interpretatione corporis quaestio cavillatur, ego corpus hominis non aliud intelligam, quam omnem istam struem carnis, quoquo genere materiarum concinnatur atque variatur , quod videtur , quod tenetur, quod denique ab hominibus occiditur. Sic et parietis corpus non aliud admittam quam caementa, quam saxa, quam lateres. 0845A Si quis areanum aliquod corpus inducit, ostendat, revelet, probet ipsum esse etiam quod occidatur ab homine, et de illo erit dictum. Item si animae corpus opponitur , vacabit astutia. Cum enim utrumque proponitur, corpus atque animam, occidi in gehennam, distinguitur corpus ab anima, et relinquitur intelligi corpus id quod in promptu sit; caro scilicet, quae sicut occidetur in gehennam, si non magis a Deo timuerit occidi, ita et vivificabitur in vitam aeternam, si maluerit ab hominibus potius interfici. Proinde si quis occisionem carnis atque animae in gehennam ad interitum et finem utriusque substantiae arripiet, non ad supplicium, quasi consumendarum, non quasi puniendarum, recordetur ignem gehennae aeternum praedicari in poenam aeternam, et inde aeternitatem occisionis agnoscat, propterea humanae, 0845B ut temporali, praetimendam. Tunc et aeternas substantias credet, quarum aeterna sit occisio in poenam. Certe cum post resurrectionem corpus cum anima occidi habeat a Deo in gehennam, satis de utroque constabit, et de carnali resurrectione, et de aeterna occisione. Absurdissimum alioquin, si idcirco resuscitata caro occidatur in gehennam, uti finiatur, quod et non resuscitata pateretur. In hoc scilicet reficietur, ne sit, cui non esse jam evenit. Eidem nos spei fulciens passerum quoque subjungit exemplum, quod ex duobus non cadat unus in terram sine Dei voluntate: ut et carnem, quae ceciderit in terram, proinde credas et resurgere posse per ejusdem Dei voluntatem. Nam etsi passeribus hoc non licet, sed nos multis passeribus antistamus, 0845C eo quod cadentes resurgamus. Quorum denique capillos capitis omnes numeratos affirmans , salvos utique repromittit. Perituros enim quae ratio in numerum redegisset, nisi quia hoc est, ut omne quod Pater mihi dedit, non perdam ex eo quicquam (Joan. VI), id est, nec capillum, sicut nec oculum, nec dentem? Caeterum unde erit fletus, et dentium frendor in gehenna, nisi ex oculis et dentibus? occiso scilicet etiam corpore in gehennam, et detruso in tenebras exteriores, quae oculorum propria sunt tormenta, si quis in nuptiis minus dignis operibus fuerit indutus, constringendus statim manibus 0846A et pedibus, utpote qui cum corpore surrexit. Sic ergo et recumbere ipsum in Dei regno, et sedere in thronis Christi, et assistere tunc ad dexteram vel sinistram, et edere de ligno vitae, corporalis dispositionis fidelissima indicia sunt.