Homily XXXVII.

Matt. X. 7, 8, 9.

“And as they departed, Jesus began to say unto the multitudes concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken with the wind? But what went ye out for to see? A man clothed in soft raiment; behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings’ houses. But what went ye out for to see? A prophet?1546   [R.V. text, “But wherefore went ye out? to see a prophet?” In the margin the received reading is given. Chrysostom gives the latter here, but has the other in his comments. See sec. 2.—R.]yea, I say unto you, and more than a prophet.”

For the matter indeed of John’s disciples had been ordered well, and they were gone away assured by the miracles which had just been performed; but there was need after that of remedy as regarded the people. For although they could not suspect anything of the kind of their own master, the common people might from the inquiry of John’s disciples form many strange suspicions, not knowing the mind with which he sent his disciples. And it was natural for them to reason with themselves, and say, “He that bore such abundant witness, hath he now changed his persuasion, and doth he doubt whether this or another be He that should come? Can it be, that in dissension with Jesus he saith this? that the prison hath made him more timid? that his former words were spoken vainly, and at random?” It being then natural for them to suspect many such things, see how He corrects their weakness, and removes these their suspicions. For “as they departed, He began to say to the multitudes.” Why, “as they departed?” That He might not seem to be flattering the man.

And in correcting the people, He doth not publish their suspicion, but adds only the solution of the thoughts that were mentally disturbing them: signifying that He knew the secrets of all men. For He saith not, as unto the Jews, “Wherefore think ye evil?”1547   Matt. ix. 4. Because if they had it in their minds, not of wickedness did they so reason, but of ignorance on the points that had been spoken of. Wherefore neither doth He discourse unto them in the way of rebuke, but merely sets right their understanding, and defends John, and signifies that he is not fallen away from his former opinion, neither is he changed, not being at all a man easily swayed and fickle, but steadfast and sure, and far from being such as to betray the things committed unto him.

And in establishing this, He employs not at first his own sentence, but their former testimony, pointing out how they bare record of his firmness, not by their words only, but also by their deeds.

Wherefore He saith, “What went ye out into the wilderness to see?” as though He had said, Wherefore did ye leave your cities, and your houses, and come together all of you into the wilderness? To see a pitiful and flexible kind of person? Nay, this were out of all reason, this is not what is indicated by that earnestness, and the concourse of all men unto the wilderness. So much people and so many cities would not have poured themselves out with so great zeal towards the wilderness and the river Jordan at that time, had ye not expected to see some great and marvellous one, one firmer than any rock. Yea, it was not “a reed” surely, that “ye went out to see shaken by the wind:” for the flexible and such as are lightly brought round, and now say one thing, now another, and stand firm in nothing, are most like that.

And see how He omits all wickedness, and mentions this, which then especially haunted1548   ὑφορμοσανthem; and removes the suspicion of lightness.

“But what went ye out for to see? a man clothed in soft raiment? Behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings’ houses.”1549   Matt. xi. 8.

Now His meaning is like this: He was not of himself a waverer; and this ye yourselves showed by your earnestness. Much less could any one say this, that he was indeed firm, but having made himself a slave to luxury, he afterwards became languid. For among men, some are such as they are of themselves, others become so; for instance, one man is passionate by nature, and another from having fallen into a long illness gets this infirmity. Again, some men are flexible and fickle by nature, while others become so by being slaves to luxury, and by living effeminately. “But John,” saith He, “neither was such a character by nature, for neither was it a reed that ye went out to see; nor by giving himself to luxury did he lose the advantage he possessed.” For that he did not make himself a slave to luxury, his garb shows, and the wilderness, and the prison. Since, had he been minded to wear soft raiment, he would not have lived in the wilderness, nor in the prison, but in the king’s courts: it being in his power, merely by keeping silence, to have enjoyed honor without limit. For since Herod so reverenced him, even when he had rebuked him, and was in chains, much more would he have courted him, had he held his peace. You see, he had indeed given proof of his firmness and fortitude; and how could he justly incur suspicions of that kind?

2. When therefore as well by the place, as by his garments, and by their concourse unto Him, He had delineated his character, He proceeds to bring in the prophet. For having said, “Why went ye out? To see a prophet? Yea I say unto you, and more than a prophet;”1550   Matt. xi. 9. [See note 1, p. 243.] He goes on, “For this is he of whom it is written,1551   See Mal. iii. 1. Behold, I send my messenger before Thy face, which shall prepare Thy way before Thee.”1552   Matt. xi. 10. Having before set down the testimony of the Jews, He then applies that of the prophets; or rather, He puts in the first place the sentence of the Jews, which must have been a very strong demonstration, the witness being borne by his enemies; secondly, the man’s life; thirdly, His own judgment; fourthly, the prophet; by all means stopping their mouths.

Then lest they should say, “But what if at that time indeed he were such an one, but now is changed?” He added also what follows; his garments, his prison, and together with these the prophecy.

Then having said, that he is greater than a prophet, He signifies also in what he is greater. And in what is he greater? In being near Him that was come. For, “I send,” saith He, “my messenger before Thy face;” that is, nigh Thee. For as with kings, they who ride near the chariot, these are more illustrious than the rest, just so John also appears in his course near the advent itself. See how He signified John’s excellency by this also; and not even here doth He stop, but adds afterwards His own suffrage as well, saying, “Verily I say unto you, among them that are born of women, there hath not arisen a greater than John the Baptist.”1553   Matt. xi. 11.

Now what He said is like this: “woman hath not borne a greater than this man.” And His very sentence is indeed sufficient; but if thou art minded to learn from facts also, consider his table, his manner of life, the height of his soul.1554   [τ γνμη; “zeal” would be a better rendering, though there is no precise English equivalent.—R.] For he so lived as though he were in heaven: and having got above the necessities of nature, he travelled as it were a new way, spending all his time in hymns and prayers, and holding intercourse with none among men, but with God alone continually. For he did not so much as see any of his fellow-servants, neither was he seen by any one of them; he fed not on milk, he enjoyed not the comfort of bed, or roof, or market, or any other of the things of men; and yet he was at once mild and earnest. Hear, for example, how considerately he reasons with his own disciples, courageously with the people of the Jews, how openly with the king. For this cause He said also, “There hath not risen among them that are born of women a greater than John the Baptist.”

3. But lest the exceeding greatness of His praises should produce a sort of extravagant feeling, the Jews honoring John above Christ; mark how He corrects this also. For as the things which edified His own disciples did harm to the multitudes, they supposing Him an easy kind of person; so again the remedies employed for the multitudes might have proved more mischievous, they deriving from Christ’s words a more reverential opinion of John than of Himself.

Wherefore this also, in an unsuspected way, He corrects by saying, “He that is less,1555   [R.V., “but little;” Gr. “lesser.”]in the kingdom of Heaven is greater than he.” Less in age, and according to the opinion of the multitude, since they even called Him “a gluttonous man and a winebibber;”1556   Matt. xi. 19.and, “Is not this the carpenter’s son?”1557   Matt. xiii. 55.and on every occasion they used to make light of Him.

“What then?” it may be said, “is it by comparison that He is greater than John?” Far from it. For neither when John saith, “He is mightier than I,”1558   Matt. iii. 11.doth he say it as comparing them; nor Paul, when remembering Moses he writes, “For this man was counted worthy of more glory than Moses,”1559   Heb. iii. 3.doth he so write by way of comparison; and He Himself too, in saying, “Behold, a greater than Solomon is here,”1560   Matt. xii. 42.speaks not as making a comparison.

Or if we should even grant that this was said by Him in the way of comparison, this was done in condescension,1561   Or, “by way of economy;” οκονομικ.because of the weakness of the hearers. For the men really had their gaze very much fixed upon John; and then he was rendered the more illustrious both by his imprisonment, and by his plainness of speech to the king; and it was a great point for the present, that even so much should be received among the multitude. And so too, the Old Testament uses in the same way to correct the souls of the erring, by putting together in a way of comparison things that cannot be compared; as when it saith, “Among the gods there is none like unto Thee, O Lord:”1562   Ps. lxxxvi. 8.and again, “There is no god like our God.”1563   Ps. lxxvii. 13.

Now some affirm, that Christ said this of the apostles, others again, of angels.1564   “Many will understand this of the Saviour; that he who is less in time is greater in dignity. But let us simply understand, that every Saint who is already with God is greater than he whose post is yet in the battle. For it is one thing to possess the crown of victory, another still to fight in the battle. Some will take it that the lowest angel serving God in Heaven is greater than any, even the first of men who as yet dwells on earth.” St. Jerome, in loco.   “Finally, it is so utterly impossible that there should be any comparison between John and the Son of God, that the former is of less esteem even than the angels. Thus, on the one hand, inasmuch as He had called him an angel” (Mal. iii. 1), “He is of course set above men; on the other, because he had declared him chief among those born of women, He therefore added, For he who is lesser in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he: that you might know he could not compare with the angels.” St. Ambr. on St. Luke, vii. 27; St. Aug. Contr. Advers. Legis et Proph. ii. xx, states both interpretations, without any preference for either. But in his 13 Tract. on St. John, c. ii. he gives the same as St. Chrysostom. Thus, when any have turned aside from the truth, they are wont to wander many ways. For what sort of connexion hath it, to speak either of angels or of apostles? And besides, if He were speaking of the apostles, what hindered his bringing them forward by name? whereas, when He is speaking of Himself, He naturally conceals His person, because of the still prevailing suspicion, and that He may not seem to say anything great of Himself; yea, and we often find Him doing so.

But what is, “In the kingdom of heaven?” Among spiritual beings, and all them that are in heaven.

And moreover His saying, “There hath not risen among them that are born of women a greater than John,” suited one contrasting John with Himself, and thus tacitly excepting Himself. For though He too were born of a woman, yet not as John, for He was not a mere man, neither was He born in like manner as a man, but by a strange and wondrous kind of birth.

4. “And from the days of John the Baptist,” saith He, “until now, the kingdom of heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take it by force.”1565   Matt. xi. 12. [R.V., “men of violence.”]

And what sort of connexion may this have with what was said before? Much, assuredly, and in full accordance therewith. Yea, by this topic also He proceeds to urge and press them into the faith of Himself; and at the same time likewise, He is speaking in agreement with what had been before said by John. “For if all things are fulfilled even down to John, I am “He that should come.”

“For all the prophets,” saith He, “and the law prophesied until John.”1566   Matt. xi. 13.

For the prophets would not have ceased, unless I were come. Expect therefore nothing further, neither wait for any one else. For that I am He is manifest both from the prophets ceasing, and from those that every day “take by force” the faith that is in me. For so manifest is it and certain, that many even take it by force. Why, who hath so taken it? tell me. All who approach it with earnestness of mind.

Then He states also another infallible sign, saying, “If ye will receive it, he is Elias, which was for to come.” For “I will send you,” it is said, “Elias the Tishbite, who shall turn the heart of the father to the children.”1567   Mal. iv. 5, 6 [LXX., but with “children” substituted for “son.”—R.] This man then is Elias, if ye attend exactly, saith He. For “I will send,” saith He, “my messenger before Thy face.”1568   Mal. iii. 1. [“My face,” in Mal. iii. 1, but “thy face” in the New Testament citations. Comp. verse 10, Mark i. 2, Luke vii. 27.—R.]

And well hath He said, “If ye will receive it,” to show the absence of force. For I do not constrain, saith He. And this He said, as requiring a candid mind, and showing that John is Elias, and Elias John. For both of them received one ministry, and both of them became forerunners. Wherefore neither did He simply say, “This is Elias,” but, “If ye are willing to receive it, this is he,” that is, if with a candid mind ye give heed to what is going on. And He did not stop even at this, but to the words, “This is Elias, which was for to come,” He added, to show that understanding is needed, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.”1569   Matt. xi. 15.

Now He used so many dark sayings, to stir them up to inquiry. And if not even so were they awakened, much more, had all been plain and clear. For this surely no man could say, that they dared not ask Him, and that He was difficult of approach. For they that were asking him questions, and tempting Him about common matters, and whose mouths were stopped a thousand times, yet they did not withdraw from Him; how should they but have inquired of Him, and besought Him touching the indispensable things, had they indeed been desirous to learn? For if concerning the matters of the law they asked, “Which is the first commandment,” and all such questions, although there was of course no need of His telling them that; how should they but ask the meaning of what He Himself said, for which also He was bound to give account in His answers? And especially when it was He Himself that was encouraging and drawing them on to do this. For by saying, “The violent take it by force,” He stirs them up to earnestness of mind; and by saying, “He that hath ears to hear, let him hear,” He doth just the same thing.

5. “But whereunto shall I liken this generation?” saith He, “It is like unto children sitting in the market place, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented.”1570   Matt. xi. 16, 17. [The former verse is abridged. R.V. (ver. 17), “We piped unto you, and ye did not dance; we wailed, and ye did not mourn (Greek, beat the breast).”—R.] This again seems to be unconnected with what came before, but it is the most natural consequence thereof. Yea, He still keeps to the same point, the showing that John is acting in harmony with Himself, although the results were opposite; as indeed with respect to his inquiry also. And He implies that there was nothing that ought to have been done for their salvation, and was omitted; which thing the prophet1571   Isa. v. 4 [LXX.]saith of the vineyard; “What ought I to have done to this vineyard, and have not done it? For whereunto,” saith He, “shall I liken this generation? It is like unto children sitting in the market, and saying, We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced, we have mourned unto you, and ye have not lamented. For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, He hath a devil.1572   [“demon.”] The Son of Man came eating and drinking, and they say, Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.”1573   Matt. xi. 16–19 [see note 1].

Now what He saith is like this: We have come each of us an opposite way, I and John; and we have done just as if it were some hunters with a wild beast that was hard to catch, and which might by two ways fall into the toils; as if each of the two were to cut it off his several way, and drive it, taking his stand opposite to the other; so that it must needs fall into one of the two snares. Mark, for instance, the whole race of man, how it is astonished at the wonder of men’s fasting, and at this hard and self-denying life. For this reason it had been so ordered, that John should be thus brought up from his earliest youth, so that hereby (among other things) his sayings might obtain credit.

But wherefore, it may be asked, did not He Himself choose that way? In the first place He did also Himself proceed by it, when He fasted the forty days, and went about teaching, and not having where to lay His head. Nevertheless He did also in another mode accomplish this same object, and provide for the advantage thence accruing. For to be testified of by him that came this way was the same thing, or even a much greater thing than to have come this way Himself.

And besides, John indeed exhibited no more than his life and conversation; for “John,” it is said, “did no sign,”1574   John x. 41.but He Himself had the testimony also from signs and from miracles. Leaving therefore John to be illustrious by his fasting, He Himself came the opposite way, both coming unto publicans’ tables, and eating and drinking.

Let us ask the Jews then, “Is fasting a good thing, and to be admired? you should then have obeyed John, and received him, and believed his sayings. For so would those sayings have led you towards Jesus. Is fasting, on the other hand, a thing grievous, and burdensome? then should you have obeyed Jesus, and have believed in Him that came the opposite way. Thus, either way, ye would have found yourselves in the kingdom.” But, like an intractable wild beast, they were speaking evil of both. The fault is not then theirs who were not believed, but they are to be blamed who did not believe. For no man would ever choose to speak evil of opposite things, any more than he would on the other hand commend them. I mean thus: he that approves the cheerful and free character, will not approve him that is sad and grave; he that commends the man of a sad countenance will not commend the cheerful man. For it is a thing impossible to give your vote both ways at once. Therefore also He saith, “We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced;” that is, “I have exhibited the freer kind of life, and ye obeyed not:” and, “We have mourned, and ye have not lamented;” that is, “John followed the rugged and grave life, and ye took no heed.” And He saith not, “he this, I that,” but the purpose of both being one, although their modes of life were opposite, for this cause He speaks of their doings as common. Yea, for even their coming by opposite ways arose out of a most exact accordance, such as continued looking to one and the same end. What sort of excuse then can ye have after all this?

Wherefore He subjoined, “And wisdom is justified of her children;”1575   Matt. xi. 19. [The text of the Homily agrees with the received text. Comp. Luke vii. 35, where this reading is undoubtedly the correct one.—R.]that is, though ye be not persuaded, yet with me after this ye cannot find fault. As the prophet saith touching the Father, “That Thou mightest be justified in Thy sayings.”1576   Ps. li. 4. For God, though He should effect nothing more by His care over us, fulfills all His part, so as to leave to them that will be shameless not so much as a shadow of excuse for uncandid doubt.

And if the similitudes be mean, and of an ill sound, marvel not, for He was discoursing with a view to the weakness of His hearers. Since Ezekiel too mentions many similitudes like them, and unworthy of God’s majesty.1577   See Ezek. iv. 5, 12, 13, 24, &c. But this too especially becomes His tender care.

And mark them, how in another respect also they are carried about into contradictory opinions. For whereas they had said of John, “he hath a devil,”1578   Matt. xi. 18.they stopped not at this, but said the very same again concerning Him,1579   John vii. 20; viii. 48, 52; x. 20.taking as He did the opposite course; thus were they forever carried about into conflicting opinions.

But Luke herewith sets down also another and a heavier charge against them, saying, “For the publicans justified God, having received the baptism of John.”1580   Luke vii. 29, 30. [δεξμενοι for βαπτισθντε in Luke.]

6. Then He proceeds to upbraid the cities now that wisdom hath been justified; now that He hath shown all to be fully performed. That is, having failed to persuade them, He now doth but lament over them; which is more than terrifying. For He had exhibited both His teaching by His words, and His wonder-working power by His signs. But forasmuch as they abode in their own unbelief, He now does but upbraid.

For “then,” it is said, “began Jesus to upbraid the cities, wherein most of His mighty works were done, because they repented not; saying, Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida!”1581   Matt. xi. 20, 21.

Then, to show thee that they are not such by nature, He states also the name of the city out of which proceeded five apostles. For both Philip, and those two pairs of the chief apostles, were from thence.1582   John i. 44.

“For if,” saith He, “the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented in sackcloth and ashes. But I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon, at the day of judgment, than for you. And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell,1583   [R.V., “Hades.”]for if the mighty works which have been done in thee had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. But I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom in the day of judgment, than for thee.”1584   Matt. xi. 22–24. [The Greek here agrees with the received text. In verse 23 the R.V. follows a different and better established reading.—R.]

And He adds not Sodom with the others for nought, but to aggravate the charge against them. Yea, for it is a very great proof of wickedness, when not only of them that now are, but even of all those that ever were wicked, none are found so bad as they.

Thus elsewhere also He makes a comparison, condemning them by the Ninevites, and by the Queen of the south; there, however, it was by them that did right, here, even by them that sinned; a thing far more grievous. With this law of condemnation, Ezekiel too was acquainted: wherefore also he said to Jerusalem, “Thou hast justified thy sisters in all thy sins.”1585   Ezek. xvi. 51. [The LXX. is not cited with verbal accuracy.—R.] Thus everywhere is He wont to linger in the Old Testament, as in a favored place. And not even at this doth He stay His speech, but makes their fears yet more intense, by saying, that they should suffer things more grievous than Sodomites and Tyrians, so as by every means to gather them in, both by bewailing, and by alarming them.

7. To these same things let us also listen: since not for the unbelievers only, but for us also, hath He appointed a punishment more grievous than that of the Sodomites, if we will not receive the strangers that come in unto us; I mean, when He commanded to shake off the very dust: and very fitly. For as to the Sodomites, although they committed a great transgression, yet it was before the law and grace; but we, after so much care shown towards us, of what indulgence should we be worthy, showing so much inhospitality, and shutting our doors against them that are in need, and before our doors our ears? or rather not against the poor only, but against the apostles themselves? For therefore we do it to the poor, because we do it to the very apostles. For whereas Paul is read, and thou attendest not; whereas John preaches, and thou hearest not: when wilt thou receive a poor man, who wilt not receive an apostle?

In order then that both our houses may be continually open to the one, and our ears to the others, let us purge away the filth from the ears of our soul. For as filth and mud close up the ears of our flesh, so do the harlot’s songs, and worldly news, and debts, and the business of usury and loans, close up the ear of the mind, worse than any filth; nay rather, they do not close it up only, but also make it unclean. And they are putting dung in your ears, who tell you of these things. And that which the barbarian threatened, saying, “Ye shall eat your own dung,” and what follows;1586   Isa. xxxvi. 12.this do these men also make you undergo, not in word, but in deeds; or rather, somewhat even much worse. For truly those songs are more loathsome even than all this; and what is yet worse, so far from feeling annoyance when ye hear them, ye rather laugh, when ye ought to abominate them and fly.

But if they be not abominable, go down unto the stage, imitate that which thou praisest; or rather, do thou merely take a walk with him that is exciting that laugh. Nay, thou couldest not bear it. Why then bestow on him so great honor? Yea, while the laws that are enacted by the Gentiles would have them to be dishonored, thou receivest them with thy whole city, like ambassadors and generals, and dost convoke all men, to receive dung in their ears. And thy servant, if he say anything filthy in thy hearing, will receive stripes in abundance; and be it a son, a wife, whoever it may, that doth as I have said, thou callest the act an affront; but if worthless fellows, that deserve the scourge, should invite thee to hear the filthy words, not only art thou not indignant, thou dost even rejoice and applaud. And what could be equal to this folly?

But dost thou thyself never utter these base words? Why what is the profit? or rather, this very fact, whence is it manifest? For if thou didst not utter these things, neither wouldest thou at all laugh at hearing them, nor wouldest thou run with such zeal to the voice that makes thee ashamed.

For tell me, art thou pleased at hearing men blaspheme? Dost thou not rather shudder, and stop thine ears? Surely I think thou dost. Why so? Because thou blasphemest not thyself. Just so do thou act with respect to filthy talking also; and if thou wouldest show us clearly, that thou hast no pleasure in filthy speaking, endure not so much as to hear them. For when wilt thou be able to become good, bred up as thou art with such sounds in thine ears? When wilt thou venture to undergo such labors as chastity requires, now that thou art falling gradually away through this laughter, these songs, and filthy words? Yea, it is a great thing for a soul that keeps itself pure from all this, to be able to become grave and chaste; how much more for one that is nourished up in such hearings? Know ye not, that we are of the two more inclined to evil? While then we make it even an art, and a business, when shall we escape that furnace?

8. Heardest thou not what Paul saith, “Rejoice in the Lord?”1587   Philip. iv. 4. He said not, “in the devil.” When then wilt thou be able to hear Paul? when, to gain a sense of thy wrong actions? drunken as thou art, ever and incessantly, with the spectacle I was speaking of. For thy having come here is nothing wonderful nor great; or rather it is wonderful. For here thou comest any how, and so as just to satisfy a scruple,1588   ἀφοσιομενο, “just saying, ‘God forgive me;’ just doing enough to come without scruple.” Vid. Suicer in verb. who quotes St. Chrys. on Ps. 41. “Let us not come in hither anyhow nor make our responses ἀφοσιομενοι, just well enough to keep off a curse” (i. 617, Sav.) Also Hom. XXIX. on Acts, t. iv. p. 777. “How may one form a judgment of a church? If we go away daily with some profit, great or small, not simply satisfying a rule and ἀφοσιομενοι, quitting ourselves of a scruple.” Again, ibid. “What we do, is turned into a mere regulation and ἀφοσωσι, a formal deprecation of a curse.” Cf. Isæus de Appollodori Hered. p. 185. Ed. Reiske, “not ἀφοσιομενο, but preparing himself as well as possible.”but there with diligence and speed, and great readiness. And it is evident from what thou bringest home, on returning thence.

For even all the mire that is there poured out for you, by the speeches, by the songs, by the laughter, ye collect and take every man to his home, or rather not to his home only, but every man even into his own mind.

And from things not worthy of abhorrence thou turnest away; while others which are to be abhorred, so far from hating, thou dost even court. Many, for instance, on coming back from tombs, are used to wash themselves, but on returning from theatres they have never groaned, nor poured forth any fountains of tears; yet surely the dead man is no unclean thing, whereas sin induces such a blot, that not even with ten thousand fountains could one purge it away, but with tears only, and with confessions. But no one hath any sense of this blot. Thus because we fear not what we ought, therefore we shrink from what we ought not.

And what again is the applause? what the tumult, and the satanical cries, and the devilish gestures? For first one, being a young man, wears his hair long behind, and changing his nature into that of a woman, is striving both in aspect, and in gesture, and in garments, and generally in all ways, to pass into the likeness of a tender damsel.1589   The women in plays were personated by men: those mentioned below were singers; the slave’s part is described in the next sentence. Then another who is grown old, in the opposite way to this, having his hair shaven, and with his loins girt about, his shame cut off before his hair, stands ready to be smitten with the rod, prepared both to say and do anything. The women again, their heads uncovered, stand without a blush, discoursing with a whole people, so complete is their practice in shamelessness; and thus pour forth all effrontery and impurity into the souls of their hearers. And their one study is, to pluck up all chastity from the foundations, to disgrace our nature, to satiate the desire of the wicked demon. Yea, and there are both foul sayings, and gestures yet fouler; and the dressing of the hair tends that way, and the gait, and apparel, and voice, and flexure of the limbs; and there are turnings of the eyes, and flutes, and pipes, and dramas, and plots; and all things, in short, full of the most extreme impurity. When then wilt thou be sober again, I pray thee, now that the devil is pouring out for thee so much of the strong wine of whoredom, mingling so many cups of unchastity? For indeed both adulteries and stolen marriages are there, and there are women playing the harlot, men prostituting, youths corrupting themselves: all there is iniquity to the full, all sorcery, all shame. Wherefore they that sit by should not laugh at these things, but weep and groan bitterly.

“What then? Are we to shut up the stage?” it will be said, “and are all things to be turned upside down at thy word?” Nay, but as it is, all things are turned upside down. For whence are they, tell me, that plot against our marriages? Is it not from this theatre? Whence are they that dig through into chambers? Is it not from that stage? Comes it not of this, when husbands are insupportable to their wives? of this, when the wives are contemptible to their husbands? of this, that the more part are adulterers? So that the subverter of all things is he that goes to the theatre; it is he that brings in a grievous tyranny. “Nay,” thou wilt say, “this is appointed by the good order of the laws.” Why, to tear away men’s wives, and to insult young boys, and to overthrow houses, is proper to those who have seized on citadels.1590   i.e., to tyrants, such as Pisistratus and others.“And what adulterer,” wilt thou say, “hath been made such by these spectacles?” Nay, who hath not been made an adulterer? And if one might but mention them now by name, I could point out how many husbands those harlots have severed from their wives, how many they have taken captive, drawing some even from the marriage bed itself, not suffering others so much as to live at all in marriage.

“What then? I pray thee, are we to overthrow all the laws?” Nay, but it is overthrowing lawlessness, if we do away with these spectacles. For hence are they that make havoc in our cities; hence, for example, are seditions and tumults. For they that are maintained by the dancers, and who sell their own voice to the belly, whose work it is to shout, and to practise everything that is monstrous, these especially are the men that stir up the populace, that make the tumults in our cities. For youth, when it hath joined hands with idleness, and is brought up in so great evils, becomes fiercer than any wild beast. The necromancers too, I pray thee, whence are they? Is it not from hence, that in order to excite the people who are idling without object, and make the dancing men have the benefit of much and loud applause, and fortify the harlot women against the chaste, they proceed so far in sorcery, as not even to shrink from disturbing the bones of the dead? Comes it not hence, when men are forced to spend without limit on that wicked choir of the devil? And lasciviousness, whence is that, and its innumerable mischiefs? Thou seest, it is thou who art subverting our life, by drawing men to these things, while I am recruiting it by putting them down.

“Let us then pull down the stage,” say they. Would that it were possible to pull it down; or rather, if ye be willing, as far as regards us, it is pulled down, and digged up. Nevertheless, I enjoin no such thing. Standing as these places are, I bid you make them of no effect; which thing were a greater praise than pulling them down.

9. Imitate at least the barbarians, if no one else; for they verily are altogether clean from seeking such sights. What excuse then can we have after all this, we, the citizens of Heaven, and partners in the choirs of the cherubim, and in fellowship with the angels, making ourselves in this respect worse even than the barbarians, and this, when innumerable other pleasures, better than these, are within our reach?

Why, if thou desirest that thy soul may find delight, go to pleasure grounds, to a river flowing by, and to lakes, take notice of gardens, listen to grasshoppers as they sing, be continually by the coffins of martyrs, where is health of body and benefit of soul, and no hurt, no remorse after the pleasure, as there is here.

Thou hast a wife, thou hast children; what is equal to this pleasure? Thou hast a house, thou hast friends, these are the true delights: besides their purity, great is the advantage they bestow. For what, I pray thee, is sweeter than children? what sweeter than a wife, to him that will be chaste in mind?

To this purpose, we are told, that the barbarians uttered on some occasion a saying full of wise severity. I mean, that having heard of these wicked spectacles, and the unseasonable delight of them; “why the Romans,” say they, “have devised these pleasures, as though they had not wives and children;” implying that nothing is sweeter than children and wife, if thou art willing to live honestly.

“What then,” one may say, “if I point to some, who are nothing hurt by their pastime in that place?” In the first place, even this is a hurt, to spend one’s time without object or fruit, and to become an offense to others. For even if thou shouldest not be hurt, thou makest some other more eager herein. And how canst thou but be thyself hurt, giving occasion to what goes on? Yea, both the fortune-teller, and the prostitute boy, and the harlot woman, and all those choirs of the devil, cast upon thy head the blame of their proceedings. For as surely as, if there were no spectators, there would be none to follow these employments; so, since there are, they too have their share of the fire due to such deeds. So that even if in chastity thou wert quite unhurt (a thing impossible), yet for others’ ruin thou wilt render a grievous account; both the spectators’, and that of those who assemble them.

And in chastity too thou wouldest profit more, didst thou refrain from going thither. For if even now thou art chaste, thou wouldest have become chaster by avoiding such sights. Let us not then delight in useless argument, nor devise unprofitable apologies: there being but one apology, to flee from the Babylonian furnace, to keep far from the Egyptian harlot, though one must escape her hands naked.1591   Gen. xxxix. 12.

For so shall we both enjoy much delight, our conscience not accusing us, and we shall live this present life with chastity, and attain unto the good things to come, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ; to whom be glory and might, now and ever, and world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΛΖʹ. Τούτων δὲ πορευομένων, ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγειν τοῖς ὄχλοις περὶ Ἰωάννου: Τί ἐξήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι; κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευό μενον; Ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθετε ἰδεῖν; ἄνθρωπον ἐν μα λακοῖς ἱματίοις ἠμφιεσμένον; Ἰδοὺ οἱ τὰ μαλακὰ φοροῦντες, ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις τῶν βασιλέων εἰσίν. Ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθετε ἰδεῖν; προφήτην; Ναὶ, λέγω ὑμῖν, καὶ περισσότερον προφήτου. αʹ. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τοὺς μαθητὰς Ἰωάννου ᾠκονομήθη καλῶς, καὶ βεβαιωθέντες ἀπῆλθον ἀπὸ τῶν παραυτίκα γενομένων σημείων: ἔδει δὲ λοιπὸν καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον ἰάσασθαι. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν ἂν τοιοῦτον ὑπώπτευσαν περὶ τοῦ ἑαυτῶν διδασκάλου: ὁ δὲ πολὺς ὄχλος ἐκ τῆς ἐρωτήσεως τῶν Ἰωάννου μαθητῶν πολλὰ ἂν ἄτοπα ὑπενόησεν, οὐκ εἰδὼς τὴν γνώμην μεθ' ἧς ἔπεμψε τοὺς μαθητάς. Καὶ εἰκὸς ἦν διαλογίζεσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς καὶ λέγειν: Ὁ τοσαῦτα μαρτυρήσας μετεπείσθη νῦν, καὶ ἀμφιβάλλει εἴτε οὗτος, εἴτε ἕτερος εἴη ὁ ἐρχόμενος; ἆρα μὴ στασιάζων πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν ταῦτα λέγει; ἆρα μὴ δειλότερος ὑπὸ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου γενόμενος; ἆρα μὴ μάτην καὶ εἰκῆ τὰ πρότερα εἴρηκεν; Ἐπεὶ οὖν πολλὰ τοιαῦτα εἰκὸς ἦν αὐτοὺς ὑποπτεύειν, ὅρα πῶς αὐτῶν διορθοῦται τὴν ἀσθένειαν, καὶ ταύτας ἀναιρεῖ τὰς ὑποψίας. Πορευομένων γὰρ αὐτῶν, ἤρξατο λέγειν τοῖς ὄχλοις. Διατί, πορευομένων αὐτῶν; Ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ κολακεύειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Διορθούμενος δὲ τὸν δῆμον, οὐκ ἄγει εἰς μέσον αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπόνοιαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν λύσιν μόνον ἐπάγει τῶν κατὰ διάνοιαν θορυβούντων αὐτοὺς λογισμῶν, δεικνὺς ὅτι ᾔδει τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα ἁπάντων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ λέγει καθάπερ πρὸς Ἰουδαίους: Τί ἐνθυμεῖσθε πονηρά; Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐνενόησαν, οὐκ ἀπὸ πονηρίας ἐλογίζοντο ταῦτα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγνοίας. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ ἐπιπληκτικῶς αὐτοῖς διαλέγεται, ἀλλὰ διορθοῦται αὐτῶν μόνον τὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ ἀπολογεῖται ὑπὲρ Ἰωάννου: καὶ δείκνυσιν ὅτι οὐ μετέπεσε τῆς προτέρας δόξης, οὐδὲ μεταβέβληται. Οὐδὲ γάρ ἐστιν εὔκολος ἄνθρωπος καὶ εὐρίπιστος, ἀλλὰ πεπηγὼς καὶ βέβαιος, καὶ οὐ τοιοῦτος, ὡς καὶ προδοῦναι τὰ ἐμπεπιστευμένα. Ταῦτα δὲ κατασκευάζων, οὐκ ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας ἀποφάσεως εὐθέως, ἀλλ' ἐκ τῆς ἐκείνων πρότερον ταῦτα κατασκευάζει μαρτυρίας: οὐ δι' ὧν εἶπον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' ὧν ἔπραξαν, δεικνὺς αὐτοὺς μαρτυροῦντας αὐτοῦ τῇ στεῤῥότητι. Διό φησι: Τί ἐξήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον ἰδεῖν; Ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγε: Διατί τὰς πόλεις ἀφέντες καὶ τὰς οἰκίας, συνήλθετε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον ἅπαντες; ἵνα οἰκτρόν τινα ἴδητε καὶ εὔκολον ἄνθρωπον; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι λόγον. Οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο δείκνυσιν ἡ σπουδὴ ἐκείνη, καὶ τὸ πάντας συντρέχειν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν δῆμος τοσοῦτος καὶ πόλεις τοσαῦται μετὰ τοσαύτης προθυμίας εἰς τὴν ἔρημον καὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην ποταμὸν ἐξεχύθησαν τότε, εἰ μὴ μέγαν τινὰ καὶ θαυμαστὸν καὶ πέτρας στεῤῥότερον ὄψεσθαι προσεδοκήσατε. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ κάλαμον ἐξήλθετε ἰδεῖν, ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον: οἱ γὰρ εὔκολοι, καὶ ῥᾳδίως περιφερόμενοι, καὶ νῦν μὲν ταῦτα, νῦν δὲ ἐκεῖνα λέγοντες, καὶ ἐπὶ μηδενὸς ἑστῶτες, τούτῳ μάλιστα ἐοίκασι. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς πᾶσαν πονηρίαν ἀφεὶς, ταύτην τίθησι τὴν μάλιστα ὑφορμοῦσαν αὐτοῖς τότε, καὶ ἀναιρεῖ τὴν τῆς εὐκολίας ὑπόθεσιν: Ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθετε ἰδεῖν; ἄνθρωπον ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις ἠμφιεσμένον; Ἰδοὺ οἱ τὰ μαλακὰ φοροῦντες, ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις τῶν βασιλέων εἰσίν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὅτι οἴκοθεν οὐκ ἦν εὐρίπιστος: καὶ τοῦτο ἐδηλώσατε διὰ τῆς σπουδῆς ὑμεῖς. Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο ἔχοι τις ἂν εἰπεῖν, ὡς στεῤῥὸς μὲν ἦν, τρυφῇ δὲ δουλεύσας ὕστερον χαῦνος γέγονε. Τῶν γὰρ ἀνθρώπων οἱ μὲν οἴκοθέν εἰσι τοιοῦτοι, οἱ δὲ γίνονται: οἷον, ὁ μέν ἐστιν ὀργίλος φύσει, ὁ δὲ εἰς ἀῤῥωστίαν ἐμπεσὼν μακρὰν, τοῦτο κτᾶται τὸ νόσημα. Πάλιν εὔκολοι καὶ κοῦφοι οἱ μέν εἰσι φύσει, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ τρυφῇ δουλεύειν καὶ μαλακίζεσθαι τοῦτο γίνονται. Ἀλλ' ὁ Ἰωάννης, φησὶν, οὔτε φύσει τοιοῦτος ἦν: οὐδὲ γὰρ κάλαμον ἐξήλθετε ἰδεῖν: οὔτε τρυφῇ δοὺς ἑαυτὸν, ἀπώλεσεν ὅπερ εἶχε πλεονέκτημα. Ὅτι γὰρ οὐκ ἐδούλευσε τρυφῇ, δείκνυσιν ἡ στολὴ καὶ ἡ ἐρημία καὶ τὸ δεσμωτήριον. Εἰ γὰρ ἐβούλετο μαλακὰ φορεῖν, οὐκ ἂν τὴν ἔρημον ᾤκησεν, οὐκ ἂν τὸ δεσμωτήριον, ἀλλὰ τὰ βασίλεια. Ἐξῆν γὰρ αὐτῷ σιγήσαντι μόνον μυρίας ἀπολαῦσαι τιμῆς. Ὅπου γὰρ καὶ ἐλέγξαντα καὶ δεδεμένον οὕτως ᾐδεῖτο ὁ Ἡρώδης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον σιγήσαντα ἐκολάκευσεν ἄν. Ἔργῳ τοίνυν τῆς αὐτοῦ στεῤῥότητος παρασχὼν βάσανον καὶ τῆς καρτερίας, πῶς ἂν εἴη δίκαιος ἐπὶ τοιούτοις ὑποπτεύεσθαι; βʹ. Καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου τοίνυν, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἱματίων, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς συνδρομῆς τὸ ἦθος αὐτοῦ χαρακτηρίσας, ἐπάγει λοιπὸν καὶ τὸν προφήτην. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Τί ἐξήλθετε; προφήτην ἰδεῖν; Ναὶ, λέγω ὑμῖν, καὶ περισσότερον προφήτου, φησίν: οὗτος γάρ ἐστι, περὶ οὗ γέγραπται: Ἰδοὺ ἀποστέλλω τὸν ἄγγελόν μου πρὸ προσώπου σου, ὃς κατασκευάσει τὴν ὁδόν σου ἔμπροσθέν σου. Πρότερον τὴν Ἰουδαίων μαρτυρίαν θεὶς, τότε τὴν τῶν προφητῶν ἐφαρμόζει: μᾶλλον δὲ πρῶτον μὲν τὴν ψῆφον τίθησι τὴν Ἰουδαϊκὴν, ἥπερ μεγίστη γένοιτ' ἂν ἀπόδειξις, ὅταν παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἡ μαρτυρία φέρηται: δεύτερον, τὸν βίον τὸν τοῦ ἀνδρός: τρίτον, τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κρίσιν: τέταρτον, τὸν προφήτην, πάντοθεν αὐτοὺς ἐπιστομίζων. Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ λέγωσι, Τί οὖν, εἰ τότε μὲν τοιοῦτος ἦν, νῦν δὲ μεταβέβληται; ἐπήγαγε καὶ τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα, τὰ ἱμάτια, τὸ δεσμωτήριον, καὶ μετὰ τούτων τὴν προφητείαν. Εἶτα εἰπὼν ὅτι μείζων προφήτου, δείκνυσι καὶ κατὰ τί μείζων. Κατὰ τί τοίνυν μείζων; Κατὰ τὸ ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ παραγενομένου. Ἀποστέλλω γὰρ, φησὶ, τὸν ἄγγελόν μου πρὸ προσώπου σου: τουτέστιν, ἐγγύς σου. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν βασιλέων οἱ ἐγγὺς τοῦ ὀχήματος ἐλαύνοντες, οὗτοι τῶν ἄλλων εἰσὶ λαμπρότεροι: οὕτω δὴ καὶ ὁ Ἰωάννης ἐγγὺς αὐτῆς φαίνεται τῆς παρουσίας ἐλαύνων. Ὅρα πῶς καὶ ἐντεῦθεν τὴν ὑπεροχὴν ἔδειξε: καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἵσταται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν παρ' ἑαυτοῦ λοιπὸν ἐπάγει ψῆφον, λέγων: Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, οὐκ ἐγήγερται ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν μείζων Ἰωάννου τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: Οὐκ ἔτεκε γυνὴ τούτου μείζονα. Καὶ ἀρκεῖ μὲν καὶ ἡ ἀπόφασις: εἰ δὲ βούλει καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων μαθεῖν, ἐννόησον αὐτοῦ τὴν τράπεζαν, τὴν διαγωγὴν, τῆς γνώμης τὸ ὕψος. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν οὐρανῷ, οὕτω διῆγε, καὶ τῶν τῆς φύσεως ἀναγκῶν ἀνωτέρω γενόμενος, ξένην τινὰ ὥδευσεν ὁδὸν, ἐν ὕμνοις καὶ εὐχαῖς τὸν πάντα διάγων χρόνον, καὶ ἀνθρώπων μὲν οὐδενὶ, Θεῷ δὲ ὁμιλῶν μόνῳ διηνεκῶς. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶδέ τινα τῶν ὁμοδούλων, οὔτε ὤφθη τινὶ τούτων, οὐκ ἐγαλακτοτροφήθη, οὐ κλίνης, οὐ στέγης, οὐκ ἀγορᾶς, οὐκ ἄλλου τινὸς ἀπέλαυσε τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων: καὶ ὅμως ἥμερος ἦν ὁμοῦ καὶ σφοδρός. Ἄκουσον γοῦν πῶς μετ' ἐπιεικείας τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μαθηταῖς διαλέγεται, πῶς μετὰ ἀνδρείας τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, πῶς μετὰ παῤῥησίας τῷ βασιλεῖ. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἔλεγεν: Οὐκ ἐγήγερται ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν μείζων Ἰωάννου τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ. Ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ πάλιν ἡ ὑπερβολὴ τῶν ἐγκωμίων τέκῃ τινὰ ἀτοπίαν, προτιμώντων αὐτὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, σκόπει πῶς καὶ τοῦτο διορθοῦται. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐξ ὧν ᾠκοδομοῦντο οἱ μαθηταὶ, ἐβλάπτοντο οἱ ὄχλοι, εὔκολον αὐτὸν εἶναι νομίζοντες: οὕτω καὶ ἐξ ὧν ἐθεραπεύοντο οἱ ὄχλοι, μείζων ἂν ἐγένετο ἡ βλάβη, σεμνοτέραν τοῦ Χριστοῦ περὶ αὐτοῦ λαμβανόντων αὐτῶν ὑπόνοιαν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων. Διὸ καὶ τοῦτο ἀνυπόπτως διορθοῦται λέγων: Ὁ δὲ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν μείζων αὐτοῦ ἐστι. Μικρότερος κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, καὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν δόξαν: καὶ γὰρ ἔλεγον αὐτὸν φάγον καὶ οἰνοπότην: καὶ, Οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός; καὶ πανταχοῦ αὐτὸν ἐξηυτέλιζον. Τί οὖν; φησί: κατὰ σύγκρισιν τοῦ Ἰωάννου μείζων ἦν; Ἄπαγε. Οὐδὲ γὰρ Ἰωάννης ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἰσχυρότερός μού ἐστι, συγκρίνων λέγει: οὐδὲ Παῦλος, ὅταν Μωϋσέως μεμνημένος γράφῃ, Πλείονος γὰρ δόξης οὗτος παρὰ Μωϋσῆν ἠξίωται, συγκρίνων γράφει. Καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ, Ἰδοὺ πλέον Σολομῶνος ὧδε, λέγων, οὐχὶ συγκρίνων φησίν. Εἰ δ' ἄρα δοίημεν καὶ κατὰ σύγκρισιν εἰρῆσθαι παρ' αὐτοῦ τοῦτο, οἰκονομικῶς ἐγίνετο διὰ τὴν τῶν ἀκουόντων ἀσθένειαν. Καὶ γὰρ σφόδρα ἦσαν πρὸς αὐτὸν κεχηνότες οἱ ἄνθρωποι: τότε δὲ λαμπρότερον αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ δεσμωτήριον ἐποίησε, καὶ ἡ πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα παῤῥησία, καὶ ἀγαπητὸν ἦν τέως τοῦτο δεχθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς πολλοῖς. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡ Παλαιὰ οἶδεν οὕτω διορθοῦν τὰς τῶν πεπλανημένων ψυχὰς, τὰ ἀσύγκριτα κατὰ σύγκρισιν παραβάλλουσα: ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ: Οὐκ ἔστιν ὅμοιός σοι ἐν θεοῖς, Κύριε: καὶ πάλιν, Οὐκ ἔστι θεὸς ὡς ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν. Τινὲς δέ φασιν, ὅτι περὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦτο εἴρηκεν ὁ Χριστός: ἕτεροι δὲ περὶ ἀγγέλων. Ὅταν γὰρ τῆς ἀληθείας τινὲς ἐκτραπῶσι, πολλὰ πλανᾶσθαι εἰώθασι. Ποία γὰρ ἀκολουθία, ἢ περὶ ἀγγέλων ἢ περὶ ἀποστόλων εἰπεῖν; Ἄλλως δὲ, εἰ περὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἔλεγε, τί ἐκώλυεν ὀνομαστὶ παραγαγεῖν; Περὶ μὲν γὰρ ἑαυτοῦ λέγων, εἰκότως κρύπτει τὸ πρόσωπον διὰ τὴν ἔτι κρατοῦσαν ὑπόνοιαν, καὶ τὸ μὴ δόξαι περὶ ἑαυτοῦ μέγα τι λέγειν: καὶ γὰρ πολλαχοῦ φαίνεται τοῦτο ποιῶν. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν; Ἐν τοῖς πνευματικοῖς καὶ τοῖς κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἅπασι. Καὶ τὸ εἰπεῖν δὲ, Οὐκ ἐγήγερται ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν μείζων Ἰωάννου, ἀντιδιαστέλλοντος ἦν ἑαυτῷ τὸν Ἰωάννην, καὶ οὕτως ἑαυτὸν ὑπεξαιροῦντος. γʹ. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ γεννητὸς γυναικὸς ἦν αὐτὸς, ἀλλ' οὐχ οὕτως ὡς Ἰωάννης: οὐ γὰρ ψιλὸς ἄνθρωπος ἦν, οὐδὲ ὁμοίως ἀνθρώπῳ ἐτέχθη, ἀλλὰ ξένον τινὰ τόκον καὶ παράδοξον. Ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου τοῦ Βαπτιστοῦ, φησὶν, ἕως ἄρτι, ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν βιάζεται, καὶ βιασταὶ ἁρπάζουσιν αὐτήν. Καὶ ποίαν τοῦτο ἀκολουθίαν ἔχοι πρὸς τὰ ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένα; Πολλὴν μὲν οὖν καὶ σφόδρα συνᾴδουσαν. Καὶ γὰρ ὠθεῖ καὶ ἐπείγει λοιπὸν αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐντεῦθεν εἰς τὴν πίστιν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ: ἅμα δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένοις παρὰ Ἰωάννου συνηγορεῖ. Εἰ γὰρ μέχρι Ἰωάννου πάντα πεπλήρωται, ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἐρχόμενος. Πάντες γὰρ, φησὶν, οἱ προφῆται καὶ ὁ νόμος ἕως Ἰωάννου προεφήτευσαν. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἔστησαν οἱ προφῆται, εἰ μὴ ἦλθον ἐγώ. Μηδὲν τοίνυν προσδοκᾶτε περαιτέρω, μηδὲ ἕτερόν τινα μένετε. Ὅτι γὰρ ἐγώ εἰμι, δῆλον καὶ ἐκ τοῦ τοὺς προφήτας στῆναι, καὶ ἐκ τῶν καθ' ἑκάστην ἁρπαζόντων ἡμέραν τὴν πίστιν τὴν εἰς ἐμέ. Οὕτω γὰρ δήλη ἐστὶ καὶ σαφὴς, ὡς καὶ πολλοὺς ἁρπάζειν αὐτήν. Καὶ τίς ἥρπασεν; εἰπέ μοι. Πάντες οἱ μετὰ σπουδῆς προσιόντες. Εἶτα καὶ ἕτερον τεκμήριον τίθησι λέγων: Εἰ θέλετε δέξασθαι, αὐτός ἐστιν Ἠλίας, ὁ μέλλων ἔρχεσθαι. Ἀποστελῶ γὰρ, φησὶν, ὑμῖν Ἠλίαν τὸν Θεσβίτην, ὃς ἐπιστρέψει καρδίαν πατρὸς ἐπὶ τέκνα. Οὗτος οὖν ἐστιν Ἠλίας, ἐὰν προσέχητε μετὰ ἀκριβείας, φησί. Καὶ γὰρ, Ἀποστελῶ, φησὶ, τὸν ἄγγελόν μου πρὸ προσώπου σου. Καὶ καλῶς εἶπεν, Εἰ θέλετε δέξασθαι, τὸ ἀβίαστον δεικνύς. Οὐ γὰρ ἀναγκάζω, φησί. Τοῦτο δὲ ἔλεγεν, εὐγνώμονα ἀπαιτῶν διάνοιαν, καὶ δηλῶν ὅτι οὗτος ἐκεῖνός ἐστι, κἀκεῖνος οὗτος. Ἀμφότεροι γὰρ μίαν διακονίαν ἀνεδέξαντο, καὶ πρόδρομοι γεγόνασιν ἀμφότεροι. Διόπερ οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἠλίας, ἀλλ', Εἰ θέλετε δέξασθαι, οὗτός ἐστι: τουτέστιν: Εἰ μετὰ εὐγνώμονος διανοίας προσέχετε τοῖς γινομένοις. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἔστη, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκε, δεικνὺς ὅτι συνέσεως χρεία, πρὸς τὸ, Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἠλίας ὁ μέλλων ἔρχεσθαι, ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω. Τοσαῦτα δὲ αἰνίγματα ἐτίθει, διεγείρων αὐτοὺς εἰς ἐρώτησιν. Εἰ δὲ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐξυπνίζοντο, πολλῷ μᾶλλον εἰ δῆλα ἦν καὶ σαφῆ. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο ἂν ἔχοι τις εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οὐκ ἐτόλμων ἐρωτᾷν, καὶ ὅτι δυσπρόσιτος ἦν. Οἱ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν τυχόντων αὐτὸν ἐρωτῶντες καὶ πειράζοντες, καὶ μυριάκις ἐπιστομισθέντες, καὶ οὐκ ἀποστάντες, πῶς ἂν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀναγκαίων οὐκ ἐπύθοντο καὶ ἠρώτησαν, εἴγε καὶ μαθεῖν ἐπεθύμουν; Εἰ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν νομίμων ἠρώτων, ποία ἐντολὴ πρώτη, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, καίτοιγε οὐδεμία ἦν ἀνάγκη ταῦτα εἰπεῖν, πῶς τῶν παρ' αὐτοῦ λεγομένων, ὧν καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσι μᾶλλον ὑπεύθυνος ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ἐξήταζον τὴν διάνοιαν; Καὶ μάλιστα ὁπότε αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ προτρέπων εἰς τοῦτο, καὶ ἐφελκόμενος; Τῷ γὰρ εἰπεῖν, Βιασταὶ ἁρπάζουσιν αὐτὴν, εἰς προθυμίαν αὐτοὺς διεγείρει: καὶ τῷ εἰπεῖν, Ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν, ἀκουέτω, τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Τίνι δὲ ὁμοιώσω τὴν γενεὰν ταύτην; φησίν. Ὁμοία ἐστὶ παιδίοις καθημένοις ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς, καὶ λέγουσιν: Ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε: ἐθρηνήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ἐκόψασθε. Πάλιν ταῦτα δοκεῖ μὲν ἀπηρτῆσθαι τῶν προτέρων, σφόδρα δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν ἀκόλουθα. Καὶ γὰρ ἔτι τοῦ κεφαλαίου ἔχεται τοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τοῦ δεῖξαι συνῳδὰ αὐτῷ πράττοντα τὸν Ἰωάννην, εἰ καὶ τὰ γινόμενα ἐναντία ἦν: ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρωτήσεως: καὶ δείκνυσιν ὅτι οὐδὲν ἦν ὀφεῖλον γενέσθαι εἰς σωτηρίαν αὐτῶν, καὶ παρελείφθη: ὃ πρὸς τὸν ἀμπελῶνά φησιν ὁ προφήτης: Τί ἔδει με ποιῆσαι τῷ ἀμπελῶνι τούτῳ, καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησα; Τίνι γὰρ, φησὶν, ὁμοιώσω τὴν γενεὰν ταύτην; Ὁμοία ἐστὶ παιδίοις καθημένοις ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς, καὶ λέγουσιν: Ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε: ἐθρηνήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ἐκόψασθε. Ἦλθε γὰρ Ἰωάννης μήτε ἐσθίων, μήτε πίνων, καὶ λέγουσι: Δαιμόνιον ἔχει. Ἦλθεν ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων, καὶ λέγουσιν: Ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος φάγος καὶ οἰνοπότης, τελωνῶν φίλος καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: Ἐναντίαν ἑκάτερος ἤλθομεν ὁδὸν, ἐγὼ καὶ Ἰωάννης, καὶ ταὐτὸν ἐποιήσαμεν, οἷον ἂν εἴ τινες θηραταὶ ζῶον δυσθήρατον διὰ δύο μέλλον ἐμπίπτειν ὁδῶν εἰς τὰ θήρατρα, ἑκατέραν ἕκαστος ἀπολαβὼν ὁδὸν ἐλαύνοι ἐξεναντίας ἑστὼς τῷ ἑτέρῳ, ὥστε πάντως εἰς θάτερον ἐμπεσεῖν. Σκόπει γοῦν ἅπαν τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, ὅπως πρὸς τὸ τῆς νηστείας ἐπτόηται θαῦμα, καὶ τὸν σκληρὸν τοῦτον καὶ φιλόσοφον βίον. Διὰ τοῦτο ᾠκονόμητο τοῦτο, ἐκ πρώτης ἡλικίας οὕτω τραφῆναι τὸν Ἰωάννην, ὥστε καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ἀξιόπιστα γενέσθαι τὰ λεγόμενα παρ' αὐτοῦ. Καὶ τίνος ἕνεκεν οὐκ αὐτὸς, φησὶ, ταύτην εἵλετο τὴν ὁδόν; Μάλιστα μὲν οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ταύτην ἦλθεν, ὅτε τὰς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἐνήστευσε, καὶ περιῄει διδάσκων, καὶ οὐκ ἔχων ποῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν κλίνῃ: πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρως τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο κατεσκεύαζε, καὶ τὸ ἐντεῦθεν ᾠκονόμει κέρδος. Τοῦ γὰρ ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν τὴν ὁδὸν ταύτην, ταὐτὸν ἦν, ἢ καὶ πολλῷ μεῖζον, τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐλθόντος μαρτυρεῖσθαι. Ἄλλως δὲ, ὁ μὲν Ἰωάννης οὐδὲν πλέον ἐπεδείξατο, πλὴν τοῦ βίου καὶ τῆς πολιτείας: Ἰωάννης γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐδὲν ἐποίησε σημεῖον: αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν θαυμάτων μαρτυρίαν εἶχεν. Ἀφεὶς τοίνυν Ἰωάννην ἀπὸ τῆς νηστείας λάμπειν, αὐτὸς τὴν ἐναντίαν ἦλθε, καὶ εἰς τραπέζας εἰσιὼν τελωνῶν, καὶ ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων. δʹ. Ἐρώμεθα τοίνυν Ἰουδαίους: Καλὸν ἡ νηστεία καὶ θαυμαστόν; Οὐκοῦν ἔδει πείθεσθαι Ἰωάννῃ, καὶ ἀποδέχεσθαι αὐτὸν, καὶ πιστεύειν τοῖς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ λεγομένοις. Οὕτω γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἔμελλεν ἐκεῖνα τὰ ῥήματα προσάγειν τῷ Ἰησοῦ. Ἀλλὰ φορτικὸν ἡ νηστεία καὶ ἐπαχθές; Οὐκοῦν ἔδει πείθεσθαι τῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ πιστεύειν αὐτῷ τὴν ἐναντίαν ἐλθόντι. Δι' ἀμφοτέρας γὰρ ὁδοῦ εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν ἐμέλλετε ἐμπίπτειν. Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ θηρίον δύστροπον ἑκατέρους ἐκάκιζον. Οὐκ ἄρα τὸ ἔγκλημα τῶν μὴ πιστευθέντων, ἀλλ' ἡ κατηγορία τῶν μὴ πιστευσάντων ἦν. Οὐδεὶς γάρ ποτε τὰ ἐναντία κακίζειν ἕλοιτο, ὥσπερ οὖν οὐδὲ ἐπαινεῖν. Οἷόν τι λέγω: ὁ τὸν φαιδρὸν ἀποδεχόμενος ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἀνειμένον, τὸν σκυθρωπὸν καὶ βαρὺν οὐκ ἀποδέξεται: ὁ τὸν σκυθρωπὸν ἐπαινῶν, τὸν φαιδρὸν οὐκ ἐπαινέσει. Ἀμήχανον γὰρ καὶ ταύτην κἀκείνην τιθέναι τὴν ψῆφον. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτός φησιν: Ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε: τουτέστι, Τὸν ἀνειμένον βίον ὑπέδειξα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπείσθητε. Καὶ, Ἐθρηνήσαμεν, καὶ οὐκ ἐκόψασθε: τουτέστιν, Ἰωάννης τὸν σκληρὸν καὶ βαρὺν μετῆλθε βίον, καὶ οὐ προσέσχετε. Καὶ οὐ λέγει, Ἐκεῖνος τοῦτον, κἀγὼ τοῦτον: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ μία γνώμη ἑκατέρων ἦν, εἰ καὶ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ἐναντία, διὰ τοῦτο κοινὰ τὰ γεγενημένα φησὶν εἶναι. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τὸ τὴν ἐναντίαν ἐλθεῖν ὁδὸν, ἀπὸ συμφωνίας ἐπιτεταμένης ἐγίνετο, καὶ πρὸς ἓν βλεπούσης τέλος. Ποίαν οὖν σχοίητε λοιπὸν ἀπολογίαν; Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπήγαγε: Καὶ ἐδικαιώθη ἡ σοφία ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς: τουτέστιν, Εἰ καὶ ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἐπείσθητε, ἀλλ' ἐμοὶ λοιπὸν ἐγκαλεῖν οὐκ ἔχετε. Ὃ περὶ τοῦ Πατρός φησιν ὁ προφήτης: Ὅπως ἂν δικαιωθῇς ἐν τοῖς λόγοις σου. Ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς, κἂν μηδὲν ἀνύῃ πλέον ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ ἡμᾶς κηδεμονίας, τὰ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ πάντα πληροῖ, ὥστε τοῖς ἀναισχυντεῖν βουλομένοις μηδὲ σκιὰν καταλιπεῖν ἀγνώμονος ἀμφιβολίας. Εἰ δὲ τὰ παραδείγματα εὐτελῆ καὶ κακέμφατα, μὴ θαυμάσῃς: πρὸς γὰρ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῶν ἀκουόντων διελέγετο. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ Ἰεζεκιὴλ πολλὰ λέγει παραδείγματα αὐτοῖς πρόσφορα, καὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ μεγαλωσύνης ἀνάξια. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο μάλιστα ἄξιον αὐτοῦ τῆς κηδεμονίας. Σκόπει δὲ αὐτοὺς καὶ ἑτέρωθεν εἰς ἐναντίας περιενεχθέντας δόξας. Εἰπόντες γὰρ περὶ Ἰωάννου, ὅτι δαιμόνιον ἔχει, οὐκ ἔστησαν μέχρι τούτου, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἐναντία αἱρουμένου τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο εἶπον πάλιν: οὕτως εἰς μαχομένας ἀεὶ περιεφέροντο δόξας. Ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς μετὰ τούτων καὶ ἑτέραν μείζονα τίθησιν αὐτῶν κατηγορίαν, εἰπών: Οἱ γὰρ τελῶναι ἐδικαίωσαν τὸν Θεὸν, δεξάμενοι τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου. Τότε λοιπὸν ὀνειδίζει τὰς πόλεις, ὅτε ἐδικαιώθη ἡ σοφία, ὅτε ἀπέδειξε πάντα πεπληρωμένα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἔπεισε, ταλανίζει λοιπὸν, ὃ τοῦ φοβῆσαι πλέον ἐστί. Καὶ γὰρ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων διδασκαλίαν ἐπεδείξατο, καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων θαυματουργίαν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἔμειναν ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῶν ἀπειθείας, ὀνειδίζει λοιπόν. Τότε γὰρ, φησὶν, ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἤρξατο ὀνειδίζειν τὰς πόλεις, ἐν αἷς ἐγένοντο αἱ πλεῖσται δυνάμεις αὐτοῦ, ὅτι οὐ μετενοήσαν, λέγων: Οὐαί σοι, Χοραζίν: οὐαί σοι, Βηθσαϊδά. Εἶτα ἵνα μάθῃς οὐκ ἀπὸ φύσεως αὐτοὺς τοιούτους ὄντας, τίθησι καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς πόλεως, ἀφ' ἧς πέντε προῆλθον ἀπόστολοι. Ὅ τε γὰρ Φίλιππος καὶ αἱ δύο ξυνωρίδες ἐκεῖναι αἱ τῶν κορυφαίων ἐντεῦθεν ἦσαν. Ὅτι εἰ ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ἐγένοντο, φησὶν, αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν ὑμῖν, ἐν σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ μετενόησαν. Πλὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως, ἢ ὑμῖν. Καὶ σὺ Καπερναοὺμ, ἡ ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὑψωθεῖσα, ἕως ᾅδου καταβιβασθήσῃ: ὅτι εἰ ἐν Σοδόμοις ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ γενόμεναι ἐν σοὶ, ἔμειναν ἂν μέχρι τῆς σήμερον. Πλὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι γῇ Σοδόμων ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται ἐν ἡμέρα κρίσεως, ἢ σοί. Καὶ τὰ Σόδομα δὲ αὐτοῖς οὐχ ἁπλῶς προστίθησιν, ἀλλ' αὔξων τὴν κατηγορίαν Καὶ γὰρ μεγίστη κακίας ἀπόδειξις, ὅταν μὴ τῶν τότε ὄντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν πώποτε γενομένων πονηρῶν φαίνωνται χείρους ἐκεῖνοι. Οὕτω καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ ποιεῖται σύγκρισιν, διὰ Νινευϊτῶν αὐτοὺς κατακρίνων καὶ διὰ τῆς βασιλίσσης τοῦ νότου: ἀλλ' ἐκεῖ μὲν, διὰ τῶν κατωρθωκότων: ἐνταῦθα δὲ, καὶ διὰ τῶν ἡμαρτηκότων, ὃ πολὺ βαρύτερον ἦν. Τοῦτον καὶ ὁ Ἰεζεκιὴλ οἶδε τῆς κατακρίσεως τὸν νόμον: διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε τῇ Ἱερουσαλήμ: Ἐδικαίωσας τὰς ἀδελφάς σου ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις σου. Οὕτω πανταχοῦ τῇ Παλαιᾷ ἐμφιλοχωρεῖν εἴωθε. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα τὸν λόγον ἵστησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν φόβον ἐπιτείνει λέγων, ὅτι χαλεπώτερα πείσονται Σοδομηνῶν καὶ Τυρίων, ὥστε πανταχόθεν αὐτοὺς ἐναγαγεῖν, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ταλανίζειν, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ φοβεῖν. εʹ. Ταῦτα δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀκούωμεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῖς ἀπιστοῦσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμῖν χαλεπωτέραν ὥρισε κόλασιν Σοδομηνῶν, εἰ μὴ δεξόμεθα τοὺς εἰσιόντας πρὸς ἡμᾶς ξένους, ὅτε καὶ τὸν κονιορτὸν ἐκτινάξαι ἐκέλευσε: καὶ μάλα εἰκότως. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ, εἰ καὶ παράνομα ἥμαρτον, ἀλλὰ πρὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῆς χάριτος: ἡμεῖς δὲ μετὰ τοσαύτην ἐπιμέλειαν, τίνος ἂν εἴημεν συγγνώμης ἄξιοι, μισοξενίαν τοσαύτην ἐπιδεικνύμενοι, καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις τὰς θύρας ἀποκλείοντες, καὶ πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν τὰς ἀκοάς; μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ τοῖς πένησι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀποστόλοις; Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς πένησιν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοῖς ἀποστόλοις. Ὅταν γὰρ ἀναγινώσκηται Παῦλος, καὶ σὺ μὴ προσέχῃς, ὅταν κηρύττῃ Ἰωάννης, καὶ σὺ μὴ ἀκούῃς, πότε δέξῃ πένητα, ἀπόστολον μὴ δεχόμενος; Ἵνα οὖν καὶ τούτοις αἱ οἰκίαι, κἀκείνοις αἱ ἀκοαὶ, διηνεκῶς ἀνεῳγμέναι ὦσιν, ἐκκαθάρωμεν τὸν ῥύπον ἀπὸ τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ὤτων. Καθάπερ γὰρ ῥύπος καὶ πηλὸς τὰ ὦτα τῆς σαρκὸς, οὕτω τὰ πορνικὰ ᾄσματα, καὶ τὰ βιωτικὰ διηγήματα, καὶ τὰ χρέα, καὶ τὰ περὶ τόκων καὶ δανεισμάτων, ῥύπου παντὸς χαλεπώτερον ἐμφράττει τῆς διανοίας τὴν ἀκοήν: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐκ ἐμφράττει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀκάθαρτον ποιεῖ. Καὶ γὰρ κόπρον ἐνιᾶσιν ὑμῶν ταῖς ἀκοαῖς οἱ ταῦτα διηγούμενοι. Καὶ ὅπερ ὁ βάρβαρος ἠπείλει λέγων: Φάγεσθε τὴν κόπρον ὑμῶν, καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς: τοῦτο καὶ οὗτοι οὐ λόγῳ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῶν ἔργων ὑμᾶς ὑπομένειν ποιοῦσι: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ χαλεπώτερον. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τούτων ἀηδέστερα ἐκεῖνα τὰ ᾄσματα: καὶ τὸ δὴ χαλεπώτερον, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐνοχλεῖσθαι νομίζετε τούτων ἀκούοντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ γελᾶτε, δέον βδελύττεσθαι καὶ φεύγειν. Εἰ δὲ οὐ βδελυκτὰ, κατάβηθι εἰς τὴν ὀρχήστραν, ζήλωσον ὅπερ ἐπαινεῖς: μᾶλλον δὲ βάδισον μόνον μετὰ τούτου τοῦ κινοῦντος τὸν γέλωτα ἐκεῖνον. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἀνάσχοιο. Τί τοίνυν τοσαύτην ἀπονέμεις αὐτῷ τιμήν; Καὶ οἱ μὲν νόμοι οἱ παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων γραφέντες ἀτίμους αὐτοὺς εἶναι βούλονται: σὺ δὲ αὐτοὺς ὅλῃ τῇ πόλει δέχῃ, ὥσπερ πρεσβευτὰς καὶ στρατηγοὺς, καὶ ἅπαντας συγκαλεῖς, ἵνα δέξωνται κόπρον ταῖς ἀκοαῖς. Καὶ ὁ μὲν οἰκέτης αἰσχρόν τι φθεγγόμενος ἀκούοντός σου, μυρίας λήψεται μάστιγας: κἂν υἱὸς, κἂν γυνὴ, κἂν ὁστισοῦν αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιήσῃ, ὕβριν τὸ πρᾶγμα καλεῖς: ἂν δὲ ἄνθρωποι μαστιγίαι καὶ τριωβολιμαῖοι καλέσωσί σε τῶν αἰσχρῶν ἀκουσόμενον ῥημάτων, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀγανακτεῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ χαίρεις καὶ ἐπαινεῖς. Καὶ τί ταύτης τῆς ἀλογίας ἴσον γένοιτ' ἄν; Ἀλλ' αὐτὸς οὐ φθέγγῃ τὰ αἰσχρὰ ταῦτα; Καὶ τί τὸ κέρδος; μᾶλλον δὲ, καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πόθεν δῆλον; Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἐφθέγγου, οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ ἀκούων ἐγέλας, οὐδ' ἂν μετὰ τοσαύτης σπουδῆς ἔδραμες ἐπὶ τὴν καταισχύνουσάν σε φωνήν. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, χαίρεις ἀκούων βλασφημούντων; ἀλλ' οὐχὶ φρίττεις, καὶ τὰ ὦτα ἐμφράττεις; Ἔγωγε οἶμαι. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι οὐδὲ αὐτὸς βλασφημεῖς. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς αἰσχρολογίας ποίει: καὶ εἰ βούλει δεῖξαι σαφῶς ἡμῖν, ὅτι οὐ χαίρεις αἰσχρὰ φθέγγεσθαι, μηδὲ ἀκούειν ἀνέχου. Πότε γὰρ δυνήσῃ γενέσθαι σπουδαῖος, τοιούτοις ἐντρεφόμενος ἀκούσμασι; πότε τοὺς ὑπὲρ σωφροσύνης ἱδρῶτας ἐνεγκεῖν ἀνέξῃ, κατὰ μικρὸν ὑποῤῥέων ἀπὸ τοῦ γέλωτος καὶ τῶν ᾀσμάτων καὶ τῶν αἰσχρῶν ῥημάτων τούτων; Καὶ γὰρ ἀγαπητὸν ἁπάντων τούτων καθαρεύουσαν ψυχὴν δυνηθῆναι γενέσθαι σεμνὴν καὶ σώφρονα, μήτιγε τοιούτοις ἀκούσμασιν ἐντρεφομένην. Ἢ οὐκ ἴστε, ὅτι πρὸς κακίαν ἐπιῤῥεπέστερον ἔχομεν; Ὅταν οὖν καὶ τέχνην αὐτὸ ποιησώμεθα καὶ ἔργον, πότε διαφευξόμεθα τὴν κάμινον ἐκείνην; Οὐκ ἤκουσας τί φησιν ὁ Παῦλος: Χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ; Οὐκ εἶπεν: ἐν διαβόλῳ. Ϛʹ. Πότε οὖν ἀκοῦσαι δυνήσῃ Παύλου; πότε αἴσθησιν λαβεῖν τῶν πεπλημμελημένων, μεθύων ἀεὶ καὶ διηνεκῶς ἀπὸ τῆς θεωρίας ἐκείνης; Ὅτι γὰρ παραγέγονας ἐνταῦθα, οὐ θαυμαστὸν καὶ μέγα: μᾶλλον δὲ θαυμαστόν. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀφοσιούμενος παραγίνῃ: ἐκεῖ δὲ, μετὰ σπουδῆς καὶ δρόμου καὶ πολλῆς τῆς προθυμίας. Καὶ δῆλον ἐξ ὧν οἴκαδε φέρεις, ἐκεῖθεν ἀναχωρῶν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν βόρβορον ἅπαντα τὸν ἐκχυθέντα ὑμῖν ἐκεῖ διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων, διὰ τῶν ᾠδῶν, διὰ τοῦ γέλωτος, εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἕκαστος συνάγοντες φέρετε: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐκ εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν ἕκαστος τὴν ἑαυτοῦ. Καὶ τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἄξια τοῦ βδελύττεσθαι ἀποστρέφῃ, τὰ δὲ βδελυκτὰ οὐ μισεῖς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀγαπᾷς. Πολλοὶ γοῦν ἀπὸ μὲν τάφων ἐπανελθόντες ἐλούσαντο: ἀπὸ δὲ θεάτρων ἀναχωροῦντες οὐκ ἐστέναξαν, οὐδὲ ἐξέχεαν δακρύων πηγάς: καίτοιγε ὁ μὲν νεκρὸς οὐκ ἀκάθαρτον: ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία τοσαύτην ἐντίθησι κηλῖδα, ὡς μηδὲ μυρίαις πηγαῖς ἐκκαθᾶραι ταύτην δύνασθαι, ἀλλὰ μόνοις δάκρυσι καὶ ἐξομολογήσεσιν. Ἀλλ' οὐδεὶς ὁ αἰσθανόμενος τῆς κηλῖδος ταύτης. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἃ χρὴ οὐ φοβούμεθα, διὰ τοῦτο ἃ μὴ χρὴ δεδοίκαμεν. Τίς δὲ καὶ ὁ πάταγος; τίς δὲ καὶ ὁ θόρυβος, καὶ αἱ σατανικαὶ κραυγαὶ, καὶ τὰ διαβολικὰ σχήματα; Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ὄπισθεν ἔχει κόμην νέος ὢν, καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἐκθηλύνων, καὶ τῷ βλέμματι, καὶ τῷ σχήματι, καὶ τοῖς ἱματίοις, καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς εἰς εἰκόνα κόρης ἁπαλῆς ἐκβῆναι φιλονεικεῖ. Ἄλλος δέ τις γεγηρακὼς ὑπεναντίως τούτῳ τὰς τρίχας ξυρῷ περιελὼν, καὶ ἐζωσμένος τὰς πλευρὰς, πρὸ τῶν τριχῶν ἐκτέμνων τὴν αἰδῶ, πρὸς τὸ ῥαπίζεσθαι ἕτοιμος ἕστηκε, πάντα καὶ λέγειν καὶ ποιεῖν παρεσκευασμένος. Αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες γυμνῇ τῇ κεφαλῇ ἀπηρυθριασμέναι πρὸς δῆμον ἑστήκασι διαλεγόμεναι, τοσαύτην μελέτην ἀναισχυντίας ποιούμεναι, καὶ πᾶσαν ἰταμότητα καὶ ἀσέλγειαν εἰς τὰς τῶν ἀκουόντων ἐκχέουσαι ψυχάς. Καὶ μία σπουδὴ, πᾶσαν ἐκ βάθρων ἀνασπάσαι τὴν σωφροσύνην, καταισχῦναι τὴν φύσιν, ἐμπλῆσαι τοῦ πονηροῦ δαίμονος τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ῥήματα αἰσχρὰ αὐτόθι, καὶ σχήματα αἰσχρότερα, καὶ κουρὰ τοιαύτη, καὶ βάδισις, καὶ στολὴ, καὶ φωνὴ, καὶ μελῶν διάκλασις, καὶ ὀφθαλμῶν ἐκστροφαὶ, καὶ σύριγγες, καὶ αὐλοὶ, καὶ δράματα, καὶ ὑποθέσεις, καὶ πάντα ἁπλῶς τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀσελγείας ἀνάμεστα. Πότε οὖν ἀνανήψεις, εἰπέ μοι, τοσοῦτόν σοι πορνείας ἄκρατον ἐγχέοντος τοῦ διαβόλου, τοσαύτας ἀκολασίας κύλικας κεραννύντος; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ μοιχεῖαι, καὶ γάμων ἐκεῖ κλοπαὶ, καὶ γυναῖκες ἐκεῖ πορνευόμεναι, ἄνδρες ἡταιρηκότες, νέοι μαλακιζόμενοι, πάντα παρανομίας μεστὰ, πάντα τερατωδίας πάντα αἰσχύνης. Οὐκ ἄρα γελᾷν ἐπὶ τούτοις τοὺς καθημένους ἐχρῆν, ἀλλὰ δακρύειν καὶ στένειν πικρόν. Τί οὖν; ἀποκλείσομεν τὴν ὀρχήστραν, φησὶ, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῷ σῷ πάντα ἀνατραπήσεται; Νῦν μὲν οὖν πάντα ἀνατέτραπται. Πόθεν γὰρ οἱ τοῖς γάμοις ἐπιβουλεύοντες; εἰπέ μοι: οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς σκηνῆς ταύτης; Πόθεν οἱ τοὺς θαλάμους διορύττοντες; οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς ὀρχήστρας ἐκείνης; Οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν οἱ ἄνδρες ταῖς γυναιξὶ φορτικοί; οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν τοῖς ἀνδράσιν αἱ γυναῖκες εὐκαταφρόνητοι; οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν οἱ πλείους μοιχοί; Ὥστε ὁ τὰ πάντα ἀνατρέπων ὁ πρὸς τὸ θέατρον βαδίζων ἐστὶν, ὁ τυραννίδα χαλεπὴν ἐπεισάγων. Οὐχὶ, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ τῇ τῶν νόμων εὐταξίᾳ τοῦτο δοκεῖ. Τὸ γὰρ γυναῖκας διασπᾷν, καὶ παῖδας ὑβρίζειν νέους, καὶ οἰκίας ἀνατρέπειν, τῶν τὰς ἀκροπόλεις κατειληφότων ἐστί. Καὶ τίς μοιχὸς, φησὶν, ἀπὸ τῶν θεαμάτων τούτων γέγονε; Τίς γὰρ οὐ μοιχός; Καὶ εἴγε ἦν ὀνομαστὶ νῦν εἰπεῖν, ἔδειξα ἂν ὅσους ἄνδρας ἀπέσχισαν γυναικῶν, ὅσους ἔλαβον αἰχμαλώτους αἱ πόρναι ἐκεῖναι, τοὺς μὲν ἀπ' αὐτῆς ἀναστήσασαι τῆς εὐνῆς, τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφεῖσαι ὁμιλῆσαι γάμῳ. Τί οὖν; εἰπέ μοι: τοὺς νόμους ἀνατρέψομεν ἅπαντας; Καὶ μὴν παρανομίαν ἔστιν ἀνατρέψαι, ταῦτα λύοντας τὰ θέατρα. Οἱ γὰρ ταῖς πόλεσι λυμαινόμενοι ἐκ τούτων εἰσίν: ἐντεῦθεν γοῦν στάσεις καὶ ταραχαί. Οἱ γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν ὀρχουμένων τρεφόμενοι, καὶ γαστρὶ τὴν ἑαυτῶν πωλοῦντες φωνὴν, οἷς ἔργον βοῆσαι καὶ πρᾶξαι πᾶν ἄτοπον, οὗτοι μάλιστά εἰσιν οἱ τοὺς δήμους ἀναῤῥιπίζοντες, οἱ τὰς ταραχὰς ἐμποιοῦντες ταῖς πόλεσι. Νεότης γὰρ ἀργίας ἐπιλαβομένη, καὶ τοσούτοις ἐντρεφομένη κακοῖς, θηρίου παντὸς ἀγριωτέρα γίνεται. ζʹ. Οἱ γὰρ γόητες, εἰπέ μοι, πόθεν; οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν, ἵνα δῆμον ἀναπτερώσωσιν εἰκῆ σχολάζοντα, καὶ τοὺς ὀρχουμένους πολλῶν ἀπολαῦσαι ποιήσωσι θορύβων, καὶ τὰς πορνευομένας γυναῖκας ταῖς σωφρονούσαις ἐπιτειχίσωσιν, εἰς τοῦτο ἔρχονται μαγγανείας, ὡς μηδὲ τὰ ὀστᾶ τῶν κατοιχομένων κινεῖν ὀκνεῖν. Οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν, ὅταν μυρία ἀναγκάζωνται εἰς τὸν πονηρὸν ἐκεῖνον τοῦ διαβόλου χορὸν ἀναλίσκειν; Ἡ δὲ ἀσέλγεια πόθεν, καὶ τὰ μυρία κακά; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι σὺ μὲν τὸν βίον ἀνατρέπεις, ἐπὶ ταῦτα ἕλκων, ἐγὼ δὲ συγκροτῶ καταλύων. Καθέλωμεν οὖν τὴν ὀρχήστραν, φησίν. Εἴθε καθελεῖν δυνατὸν ἦν: μᾶλλον δὲ ἂν ἐθέλητε, τὸ ἡμέτερον μέρος καθῄρηται καὶ κατέσκαπται. Πλὴν ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων κελεύω. Τὰ ἑστῶτα ποιήσατε ἄκυρα, ὅπερ μεῖζόν ἐστιν ἐγκώμιον τοῦ καθελεῖν. Εἰ καὶ μηδένα ἕτερον, τοὺς γοῦν βαρβάρους ζηλώσατε: καὶ γὰρ πάσης τοιαύτης ἐκεῖνοι καθαρεύουσι θεωρίας. Τίς οὖν ἡμῖν ἔσται ἀπολογία λοιπὸν, ὅταν ἡμεῖς οἱ τῶν οὐρανῶν πολῖται, καὶ τῶν Χερουβὶμ συγχορευταὶ, καὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων κοινωνοὶ, καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων χείρους ταύτῃ γινώμεθα, καὶ ταῦτα ἐξὸν μυρίας ἑτέρας τούτων βελτίους τέρψεις εὑρεῖν; Εἰ γὰρ βούλει ψυχαγωγεῖσθαι, βάδιζε εἰς παραδείσους, ἐπὶ παραῤῥέοντα ποταμὸν καὶ λίμνας: καταμάνθανε κήπους, ἄκουε τεττίγων ᾀδόντων, ἐπιχωρίαζε σηκοῖς μαρτύρων, ὅπου σώματος ὑγεία καὶ ψυχῆς ὠφέλεια, καὶ βλάβος οὐδὲν, οὐδὲ μετάνοια μετὰ τὴν ἡδονὴν, καθάπερ ἐνταῦθα. Ἔχεις γυναῖκα, ἔχεις παιδία: τί ταύτης τῆς ἡδονῆς ἴσον; Ἔχεις οἰκίαν, ἔχεις φίλους, ταῦτα τὰ τερπνὰ, πολὺ μετὰ τῆς σωφροσύνης καὶ τὸ κέρδος παρέχοντα. Τί γὰρ παίδων γλυκύτερον, εἰπέ μοι; τί δὲ γυναικὸς, τῷ σωφρονεῖν βουλομένῳ; Λέγονται γοῦν οἱ βάρβαροί ποτε εἰπεῖν ῥῆμα φιλοσοφίας γέμον. Περὶ γὰρ τῶν θεάτρων τούτων ἀκούσαντες τῶν παρανόμων, καὶ τῆς ἀκαίρου τέρψεως, Ῥωμαῖοι γὰρ, φησὶν, ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας, οὕτω τοιαύτας ἐπενόησαν τὰς ἡδονάς: δεικνύντες ὅτι οὐδὲν παίδων γλυκύτερον καὶ γυναικὸς, ἐὰν σεμνῶς ἐθέλῃς βιοῦν. Τί οὖν, ἐὰν δείξω, φησὶ, μηδὲν βλαβέντας ἐκ τῆς ἐκεῖ διατριβῆς; Μάλιστα μὲν καὶ τοῦτο βλάβος, τὸ εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην τὸν καιρὸν δαπανᾷν, καὶ ἑτέροις γίνεσθαι σκάνδαλον. Κἂν γὰρ σὺ μὴ βλαβῇς, ἕτερον ποιεῖς εἰς τοῦτο σπουδαιότερον. Πῶς δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς οὐ βλαβήσῃ, παρέχων ἀφορμὰς τοῖς γινομένοις; Καὶ γὰρ ὁ γόης, καὶ ὁ πορνευόμενος παῖς, καὶ ἡ πορνευομένη γυνὴ, καὶ πάντες ἐκεῖνοι οἱ διαβολικοὶ χοροὶ, ἐπὶ τὴν σὴν κεφαλὴν τὴν αἰτίαν τῶν γινομένων φέρουσιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰ μὴ ἦσαν οἱ θεωροῦντες, οὐκ ἂν ἦσαν οἱ ταῦτα μετιόντες: οὕτως ἐπειδή εἰσι, καὶ αὐτοὶ μερίζονται τῶν γινομένων τὸ πῦρ. Ὥστε εἰ καὶ εἰς σωφροσύνην μηδὲν παρεβλάβης, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀμήχανον, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀπωλείας τῆς ἑτέρων χαλεπὰς δώσεις εὐθύνας, καὶ τῶν θεωρούντων, καὶ τῶν αὐτοὺς συναγόντων. Καὶ εἰς σωφροσύνην δὲ μείζονα ἂν ἐκέρδανας, εἰ μὴ ἐκεῖσε ἐβάδιζες. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ νῦν εἶ σώφρων, σωφρονέστερος ἂν ἐγένου τὰς τοιαύτας φεύγων θέας. Μὴ τοίνυν περιττὰ φιλονεικῶμεν, μηδὲ ἀνονήτους ἀπολογίας ἐπινοῶμεν. Μία γὰρ ἀπολογία, τὸ φεύγειν τὴν κάμινον τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν, τὸ πόῤῥω γενέσθαι τῆς Αἰγυπτίας πόρνης, κἂν γυμνὸν δέῃ τὰς ἐκείνης χεῖρας διαφυγεῖν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἡδονῆς πολλῆς ἀπολαυσόμεθα, τοῦ συνειδότος ἡμῶν οὐ κατηγοροῦντος ἡμῶν, καὶ τὸν παρόντα μετὰ σωφροσύνης βιωσόμεθα βίον, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτευξόμεθα ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.