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he says, freed from legal observances. What then is the advantage of the Jew? Since he has cast out everything—the hearing, the teaching, the name of Jew, circumcision, all other things—by saying that "he is not a Jew who is one outwardly, but he who is one inwardly," he sees an objection now arising, and he stands to meet it. And what is the objection? "If these things," it says, "are of no benefit, for what reason was the nation called, and circumcision given?" What then does he do, and how does he resolve it? Through the same means by which he also resolved the previous points. For just as there he did not speak of their praises, but of God's benefactions, not their own achievements; for to be called a Jew, and to know His will, and to approve the things that are excellent, was not their own achievement, but of the grace of God; which the prophet also said, reproaching them: "He has not dealt so with any nation, and as for His judgments, they have not known them;" and Moses again, "Ask," he says, "if such a thing has happened as this great thing, if a nation has heard the voice of the living God from the midst of the fire, and lived." This indeed he also does here. For just as when he spoke about circumcision, he did not say, "Circumcision is of no benefit without a good life," but, "Circumcision benefits with a good life," expressing the same thing, but more gently. And again, "But if you are a transgressor of the law," he did not say, "You, the circumcised, are not benefited at all," but, "Your circumcision has become uncircumcision." And after that again, "The uncircumcision," he says, "will judge not circumcision, but you, the transgressor of the law," sparing the legal ordinances, but striking the people. So also he does here. For having put this objection to himself, and having said, "What then is the advantage of the Jew?" he did not say, "Nothing," but went along with the argument, and through what followed he again took it away, and showed them being punished even on account of this pre-eminence. And how? I say, by bringing the objection into the middle. "What then is the advantage of the Jew," he says, "or what is the profit of circumcision?" "Much in every way." "First of all, that they were entrusted with the oracles of God." Did you see, as I said before, how he nowhere recounts their achievements, but the benefactions of God? And what is "they were entrusted"? That they themselves were given the law, that He considered them worthy of so much, as to entrust to them oracles sent down from above. And I know that some say "they were entrusted" not of the Jews, but of the oracles, that is, that the law was believed. But what follows does not permit this to be thought. For first he says these things, accusing them and showing that they enjoyed much beneficence from above, but displayed much ungratefulness. Then what follows also makes this clear, for he added: "For what if some did not believe?" But if they did not believe, how, as some say, were the oracles believed? What then does he say? That God entrusted these things to them, not that they themselves believed the oracles. Since how does what follows make sense? For he added: "For what if some did not believe?" And what comes after this also shows the same thing; for he added again 60.438 saying: "Shall their unbelief make the faithfulness of God of no effect? God forbid." This, therefore, that "they were entrusted," proclaims the gift of God. But consider for me his understanding here too. For he does not again introduce the accusation against them from himself, but as from an objection. As if he were saying: "But perhaps you will say: And what is the benefit of this circumcision? For they did not use it as they ought; for they were entrusted with the law, and they did not believe." And for the time being he is not a harsh accuser, but as one acquitting God of charges, so he turns the whole accusation back on them. "For why do you charge," he says, "that they did not believe?" And what is this to God? Does the ungratefulness of those who received the benefit overturn His benefaction? Or does it make the honor not be an honor? For this is the meaning of, "Shall their unbelief make the faithfulness of God of no effect? God forbid." As if someone were to say: "I honored so-and-so; but if he did not accept the honor, this brings no accusation against me, nor does it tarnish my philanthropy, but it shows his insensibility." But Paul says not only this, but also what is much more: that not

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νομικῶν παρατηρήσεων ἀπηλλαγμένον φησί. Τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου; Ἐπειδὴ πάντα ἐξέβαλε, τὴν ἀκρόασιν, τὴν διδασκαλίαν, τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, τὴν περιτομὴν, τὰ ἄλλα πάντα, διὰ τοῦ λέγειν, ὅτι Ὁ ἐν τῷ φανερῷ Ἰουδαῖος οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλ' ὁ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ, ὁρᾷ λοιπὸν ἀντίθεσιν ἀνακύπτουσαν· καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἵσταται. Τίς δέ ἐστιν ἡ ἀντίθεσις; Εἰ μηδὲν, φησὶν, ὠφελεῖ ταῦτα, τίνος ἕνεκεν καὶ ἐκλήθη τὸ ἔθνος, καὶ περιτομὴ ἐδόθη; Τί οὖν ποιεῖ, καὶ πῶς αὐτὴν λύει; ∆ι' ὧν ἔλυσε καὶ τὰ ἀνωτέρω. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖ οὐ τὰ ἐγκώμια αὐτῶν εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰς εὐεργεσίας, οὐ τὰ αὐτῶν κατορθώματα· τὸ γὰρ Ἰουδαῖον ὀνομάζεσθαι, καὶ γινώσκειν τὸ θέλημα, καὶ δοκιμάζειν τὰ διαφέροντα, οὐκ αὐτῶν ἦν κατόρθωμα, ἀλλὰ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτος· ὅπερ καὶ ὀνειδίζων αὐτοῖς ὁ προφήτης ἔλεγεν· Οὐκ ἐποίησεν οὕτω παντὶ ἔθνει, καὶ τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐδήλωσεν αὐτοῖς· καὶ ὁ Μωϋσῆς πάλιν, Ἐρωτήσατε, εἰ γέγονε κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο, φησὶν, εἰ ἤκουσεν ἔθνος φωνὴν Θεοῦ ζῶντος ἐκ μέσου τοῦ πυρὸς, καὶ ἔζησε· τοῦτο δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ποιεῖ. Ὥσπερ γὰρ, ὅτε ἔλεγε περὶ τῆς περιτομῆς, οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἡ δὲ περιτομὴ οὐδὲν ὠφελεῖ χωρὶς βίου, ἀλλὰ, Περιτομὴ ὠφελεῖ μετὰ βίου, τὸ αὐτὸ μὲν δηλῶν, ἡμερώτερον δέ· καὶ πάλιν, Ἐὰν δὲ παραβάτης νόμου ᾖς, οὐκ εἶπεν, Οὐδὲν ὠφελῇ σὺ ὁ ἐμπερίτομος, ἀλλ', Ἡ περιτομή σου ἀκροβυστία γέγονε· καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνο δὲ πάλιν, Κρινεῖ, φησὶν, ἡ ἀκροβυστία οὐχὶ τὴν περιτομὴν, ἀλλὰ σὲ τὸν παραβάτην νόμου, τῶν μὲν νομίμων φειδόμενος, τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους βάλλων· οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα ποιεῖ. Ἀντιθεὶς γὰρ ἑαυτῷ τοῦτο, καὶ εἰπὼν, Τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου; οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Οὐδὲν, ἀλλὰ συνέδραμε τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ διὰ τῶν ἑξῆς πάλιν αὐτὸ ἀνεῖλε, καὶ ἔδειξε καὶ κολαζομένους ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς προεδρίας. Καὶ πῶς; Ἐγὼ λέγω, τὴν ἀντίθεσιν εἰς μέσον ἀγαγών. Τί οὖν τὸ περισσὸν τοῦ Ἰουδαίου, φησὶν, ἢ τίς ἡ ὠφέλεια τῆς περιτομῆς; Πολὺ κατὰ πάντα τρόπον. Πρῶτον μὲν, ὅτι ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ. Εἶδες, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, οὐδαμοῦ τὰ κοτορθώματα αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὰς εὐεργεσίας ἀπαριθμοῦντα; Τί δέ ἐστιν, Ἐπιστεύθησαν; Ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐνεχειρίσθησαν τὸν νόμον, ὅτι τοσούτου ἀξίους εἶναι ἐνόμιζεν, ὡς πιστεῦσαι χρησμοὺς αὐτοῖς ἄνωθεν κατενεχθέντας. Καὶ οἶδα μὲν, ὅτι τινὲς τὸ, Ἐπιστεύθησαν, οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων λέγουσιν, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν λογίων, τουτέστιν, ὅτι ἐπιστεύθη ὁ νόμος· ἀλλὰ τὸ ἑξῆς οὐκ ἀφίησι τοῦτο νομίζεσθαι. Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ κατηγορῶν αὐτῶν ταῦτα λέγει, καὶ δεικνὺς πολλῆς μὲν ἄνωθεν ἀπολαύσαντας εὐεργεσίας, πολλὴν δὲ ἐπιδειξαμένους ἀγνωμοσύνην. Ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς τοῦτο δηλοῖ· ἐπήγαγε γάρ· Τί γὰρ, εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες; Εἰ δὲ ἠπίστησαν, πῶς, τινές φασιν, ὅτι ἐπιστεύθησαν τὰ λόγια; Τί οὖν φησιν; Ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς αὐτοῖς ταῦτα ἐπίστευσεν, οὐχ ὅτι αὐτοὶ τοῖς λόγοις ἐπίστευσαν· ἐπεὶ πῶς ἔχει λόγον τὸ ἑξῆς; καὶ γὰρ ἐπήγαγε· Τί γὰρ, εἰ ἠπίστησάν τινες; Καὶ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ δηλοῖ· προσέθηκε γὰρ πάλιν 60.438 λέγων· Μὴ γὰρ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει; Μὴ γένοιτο. Τοῦτο τοίνυν, ὃ ἐπιστεύθησαν, τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν δωρεὰν ἀνακηρύττει. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει καὶ ἐνταῦθα σύνεσιν. Τὴν γὰρ κατηγορίαν αὐτῶν οὐ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ πάλιν εἰσάγει, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐξ ἀντιθέσεως· ὡσανεὶ ἔλεγεν· Ἀλλ' ἴσως ἐρεῖς· Καὶ τί τὸ ὄφελος τῆς περιτομῆς ταύτης; οὐ γὰρ ἐχρήσαντο αὐτῇ εἰς δέον· ἐπιστεύθησαν γὰρ τὸν νόμον, καὶ ἠπίστησαν. Καὶ τέως οὐ σφοδρός ἐστι κατήγορος, ἀλλ' ὡς τὸν Θεὸν ἀπαλλάττων ἐγκλημάτων, οὕτω περιτρέπει εἰς αὐτοὺς τὴν κατηγορίαν ἅπασαν. Τί γὰρ ἐγκαλεῖς, φησὶν, ὅτι ἠπίστησαν; καὶ τί τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν Θεόν; μὴ γὰρ τὴν εὐεργεσίαν αὐτοῦ ἀνατρέπει τῶν εὐεργετηθέντων ἡ ἀγνωμοσύνη; ἢ τὴν τιμὴν ποιεῖ μὴ εἶναι τιμήν; Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ, Μὴ ἡ ἀπιστία αὐτῶν τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταργήσει; Μὴ γένοιτο. Ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγέ τις· Ἐγὼ τὸν δεῖνα ἐτίμησα· εἰ δὲ μὴ προσήκατο τὴν τιμὴν ἐκεῖνος, τοῦτο ἐμοὶ κατηγορίαν οὐ φέρει, οὐδὲ λυμαίνεταί μου τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν, ἀλλ' ἐκείνου δείκνυσι τὴν ἀναισθησίαν. Ὁ δὲ Παῦλος οὐ τοῦτο μόνον λέγει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ πολλῷ πλέον· ὅτι οὐ