Chap. XI.—Of Living Creatures, of Man; Prometheus, Deucalion, the ParcÆ.

Therefore, having finished the world, He commanded that animals of various kinds and of dissimilar forms should be created, both great and smaller. And they were made in pairs, that is, one of each sex; from the offspring of which both the air and the earth and the seas were filled. And God gave nourishment to all these by their kinds242    By species.   from the earth, that they might be of service to men: some, for instance, were for food, others for clothing; but those which are of great strength He gave, that they might assist in cultivating the earth, whence they were called beasts of burthen.243    Jumenta, “beasts of burthen,” as though derived from juvo, “to aid.”   And thus, when all things had been settled with a wonderful arrangement, He determined to prepare for Himself an eternal kingdom, and to create innumerable souls, on whom He might bestow immortality. Then He made for Himself a figure endowed with perception and intelligence, that is, after the likeness of His own image, than which nothing can be more perfect: He formed man out of the dust of the ground, from which he was called man,244    Homo, “man,” from humus, “the ground.” [P. 56, supra ]   because He was made from the earth. Finally, Plato says that the human form245    This image, or likeness of God, in which man was originally created, is truly described not by Plato, but by St. Paul: 2 Cor. iv. 6; Col. iii. 10; Eph. iv. 24.   was godlike; as does the Sibyl, who says,—  

The poets also have not given a different account respecting this formation of man, however they may have corrupted it; for they said that man was made by Prometheus from clay. They were not mistaken in the matter itself, but in the name of the artificer. For they had never come into contact with a line of the truth; but the things which were handed down by the oracles of the prophets, and contained in the sacred book247    Sacrario, “the shrine.”   of God; those things collected from fables and obscure opinion, and distorted, as the truth is wont to be corrupted by the multitude when spread abroad by various conversations, everyone adding something to that which he had heard,— those things they comprised in their poems; and in this, indeed, they acted foolishly, in that they attributed so wonderful and divine a work to man. For what need was there that man should be formed of clay, when he might be generated in the same way in which Prometheus himself was born from Iapetus? For if he was a man, he was able to beget a man, but not to make one. But his punishment on Mount Caucasus declares that he was not of the gods. But no one reckoned his father Iapetus or his uncle248    Father’s brother.  Titan as gods, because the high dignity of the kingdom was in possession of Saturn only, by which he obtained divine honours, together with all his descendants. This invention of the poets admits of refutation by many arguments. It is agreed by all that the deluge took place for the destruction of wickedness, and for its removal from the earth. Now, both philosophers and poets, and writers of ancient history, assert the same, and in this they especially agree with the language of the prophets. If, therefore, the flood took place for the purpose of destroying wickedness, which had increased through the excessive multitude of men, how was Prometheus the maker of man, when his son Deucalion is said by the same writers to have been the only one who was preserved on account of his righteousness? How could a single descent249    Gradus.   and a single generation have so quickly filled the world with men? But it is plain that they have corrupted this also, as they did the former account; since they were ignorant both at what time the flood happened on the earth, and who it was that deserved on account of his righteousness to be saved when the human race perished, and how and with whom he was saved: all of which are taught by the inspired250    Prophetical writings.   writings. It is plain, therefore, that the account which they give respecting the work of Prometheus is false.  

But because I had said251    Book i. [ch. 11, p. 22, supra].   that the poets are not accustomed to speak that which is altogether untrue, but to wrap up in figures and thus to obscure their accounts, I do not say that they spoke falsely in this, but that first of all Prometheus made the image of a man of rich and soft clay, and that he first originated the art of making statues and images; inasmuch as he lived in the times of Jupiter, during which temples began to be built, and new modes of worshipping the gods introduced. And thus the truth was corrupted by falsehood; and that which was said to have been made by God began also to be ascribed to man, who imitated the divine work. But the making of the true and living man from clay is the work of God. And this also is related by Hermes,252    The title ὁ δημιουργος, the Architect, or Creator, is used by Plato and Hermes.   who not only says that man was made by God, after the image of God, but he even tried to explain in how skilful a manner He formed each limb in the human body, since there is none of them which is not as available for the necessity of use as for beauty. But even the Stoics, when they discuss the subject of providence, attempt to do this; and Tully followed them in many places. But, however, he briefly treats of a subject so copious and fruitful, which I now pass over on this account, because I have lately written a particular book on this subject to my disciple Demetrianus. But I cannot here omit that which some erring philosophers say, that men and the other animals arose from the earth without any author; whence that expression of Virgil:253    Georg., ii. 341. [Terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis.]  —  

And this opinion is especially entertained by those who deny the existence of a divine providence. For the Stoics attribute the formation of animals to divine skill. But Aristotle freed himself from labour and trouble, by saying that the world always existed, and therefore that the human race, and the other things which are in it, had no beginning, but always had been, and always would be. But when we see that each animal separately, which had no previous existence, begins to exist, and ceases to exist, it is necessary that the whole race must at some time have begun to exist, and must cease at some time because it had a beginning.  

For all things must necessarily be comprised in three periods of time—the past, the present, and the future. The commencement255    The origin.   belongs to the past, existence to the present, dissolution to the future. And all these things are seen in the case of men individually: for we begin when we are born; and we exist while we live; and we cease when we die. On which account they would have it that there are three Parcæ:256    The fable of the three Parcæ—Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos—is derived from Hesiod.   one who warps the web of life for men; the second, who weaves it; the third, who cuts and finishes it. But in the whole race of men, because the present time only is seen, yet from it the past also, that is, the commencement, and the future, that is, the dissolution, are inferred. For since it exists, it is evident that at some time it began to exist, for nothing can exist without a beginning; and because it had a beginning, it is evident that it will at some time have an end. For that cannot, as a whole, be immortal, which consists of mortals. For as we all die individually, it is possible that, by some calamity, all may perish simultaneously: either through the unproductiveness of the earth, which sometimes happens in particular cases; or through the general spread of pestilence, which often desolates separate cities and countries; or by the conflagration of the world, as is said to have happened in the case of Phaethon; or by a deluge, as is reported in the time of Deucalion, when the whole race was destroyed with the exception of one man. And if this deluge happened by chance, it might assuredly have happened that he who was the only survivor should perish. But if he was reserved by the will of divine providence, as it cannot be denied, to recruit mankind, it is evident that the life and the destruction of the human race are in the power of God. And if it is possible for it to die altogether, because it dies in parts, it is evident that it had an origin at some time; and as the liability to decay257    Frailty.   bespeaks a beginning, so also it gives proof of an end. And if these things are true, Aristotle will be unable to maintain that the world also itself had no beginning. But if Plato and Epicurus extort this from Aristotle, yet Plato and Aristotle, who thought that the world would be everlasting, will, notwithstanding their eloquence, be deprived of this also by Epicurus, because it follows, that, as it had a beginning, it must also have an end. But we will speak of these things at greater length in the last book. Now let us revert to the origin of man.  

CAPUT XI. De animantibus, homine, Prometheo, Deucalione, Parcis.

0311B Consummato igitur mundo, animalia varii generis, dissimilibus formis, et magna et minora ut fierent, imperavit. Et facta sunt bina; id est diversi sexus singula: ex quorum foetibus, et aer, et terra, et maria completa sunt. Deditque his omnibus generatim Deus alimenta de terra, ut usui hominibus esse possent; alia nimirum ad cibos, alia vero ad vestitum: quae autem magnarum sunt virium, ut in excolenda terra juvarent; unde dicta sunt jumenta. Ita rebus omnibus mirabili descriptione compositis, regnum 0312A sibi aeternum parare constituit, et innumerabiles animas procreare, quibus immortalitatem daret. Tum fecit ipsi sibi simulacrum sensibile, atque intelligens, id est ad imaginis suae formam, qua nihil potest esse perfectius: hominem figuravit ex limo terrae; unde homo nuncupatus est, quod sit factus ex humo. Denique Plato humanam formam esse ait; et Sibylla, quae dicit: Εἰκών ἐστ᾽ ἄνθρωπος ἐμὴ, λόγον ὀρθὸν ἔχουσα.

De hac hominis fictione poetae quoque, quamvis corrupte, tamen non aliter tradiderunt: namque hominem de luto a Prometheo factum esse dixerunt. Res eos non fefellit, sed nomen artificis. Nullas enim litteras veritatis attigerant: sed quae prophetarum 0312B vaticinio tradita, in sacrario Dei continebantur, ea de fabulis et obscura opinione collecta et depravata, ut veritas a vulgo solet variis sermonibus dissipata corrumpi, nullo non addente aliquid ad quod audierat, carminibus suis comprehenderunt; et hoc quidem inepte, quod tam mirabile tamque divinum opificium homini dederunt. Quid enim opus fuit hominem de luto fingi, cum posset eadem ratione generari qua ipse Prometheus ex Japeto natus est? qui si fuit homo, generare hominem potuit, facere non potuit. De diis autem illum non fuisse, poena ejus in Caucaso 0313A monte declarat. 0313A Sed neque patrem ipsius Japetum, patruumque Titana quisquam deos nuncupavit, quia regni sublimitas penes Saturnum solum fuit, per quam divinos honores cum omnibus suis posteris consecutus est. Multis argumentis hoc figmentum poetarum coargui potest. Factum esse diluvium ad perdendam tollendamque ex orbe terrae malitiam, constat inter omnes. Idem enim et philosophi, poetae (scil. Ovid., I, Met.), scriptoresque rerum antiquarum loquuntur; in eoque maxime cum prophetarum sermone consentiunt. Si ergo cataclysmus ideo factus est, ut malitia, quae per nimiam multitudinem increverat, perderetur, quomodo fictor hominis Prometheus fuit? cujus filium Deucalionem iidem ipsi ob justitiam solum esse dicunt servatum. Quomodo unus 0313B gradus, et una progenies, orbem terrae tam celeriter potuit hominibus implere? Sed videlicet hoc quoque sic corruperunt, ut illud superius; cum ignorarent, in quo tempore cataclysmus sit factus in terra, et quis ob justitiam meruerit, genere humano pereunte, salvari, et quomodo, aut cum quibus servatus sit: quae omnia propheticae litterae docent. Apparet ergo falsum esse quod de opificio Promethei narrant.

Verum quia poetas dixeram (scil. lib. I, cap. 11) non omnino mentiri solere, sed figuris involvere, et obscurare quae dicant, non dico esse mentitos, sed 0314A primum omnium Promethea simulacrum hominis formasse de pingui et molli luto, ab eoque primo natam esse artem, et statuas, et simulacra fingendi; siquidem Jovis temporibus fuit, quibus primum templa constitui, et novi deorum cultus esse coeperunt. Sic veritas fucata mendacio est; et illud, quod a Deo factum ferebatur, homini, qui opus divinum imitatus est, etiam coepit adscribi. Caeterum fictio veri ac vivi hominis e limo Dei est. Quod Hermes quoque tradidit: qui non tantum hominem ad imaginem Dei factum esse dixit a Deo; sed etiam illud explanare tentavit, quam subtili ratione singula quaeque in corpore hominis membra formaverit, cum eorum nihil sit quod non tantumdem ad usus necessitatem, quantum ad pulchritudinem valeat. Id vero etiam 0314B stoici, cum de providentia disserunt, facere conantur; et secutus eos Tullius pluribus quidem locis. Sed tamen materiam tam copiosam et uberem strictim contingit; quam ego nunc idcirco praetereo, quia nuper proprium de ea re librum ad Demetrianum auditorem meum scripsi. Illud hoc loco praeterire non possum, quod errantes philosophi quidam aiunt, homines, caeteraque animalia sine ullo artifice orta esse de terra; unde illud Virgilianum est: Virumque Terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis.0315A Et ii maxime fuerunt in ea sententia qui esse providentiam negant. Nam stoici animantium fabricam divinae solertiae tribuunt. Aristoteles autem labore se 0315A ac molestia liberavit, dicens semper mundum fuisse; itaque et humanum genus, et caetera quae in eo sunt, initium non habere, sed fuisse semper, ac semper fore. Sed cum videamus singula quaeque animalia, quae ante non fuerant, incipere esse, et esse desinere, necesse est totum genus aliquando esse coepisse, et aliquando desiturum esse, quia coeperit.

Omnia enim tribus temporibus contineri necesse est, praeterito, praesenti, futuro. Praeteriti est origo, praesentis substantia, futuri dissolutio. Quae omnia in singulis hominibus apparent, et incipimus enim, cum nascimur; et sumus, cum vivimus; et desinimus, cum interimus. Unde etiam tres Parcas esse voluerunt; 0315B unam, quae vitam hominibus ordiatur; alteram, quae contexat; tertiam, quae rumpat ac finiat. In toto autem genere hominum, quia solum praesens tempus apparet, ex eo tamen et praeteritum, id est, origo colligitur; et futurum, id est, dissolutio. Nam quoniam est, apparet aliquando coepisse (esse enim nulla res sine exordio potest); et quia coepit, apparet quandoque desiturum. Nec enim potest id totum esse immortale, quod ex mortalibus constat. Nam sicut universi per singulos interimus, fieri potest, ut aliquo casu omnes simul; vel sterilitate 0316A terrarum, quae accidere particulatim solet; vel pestilentia ubique diffusa, quae singulas urbes atque regiones plerumque populatur; vel incendio in orbem misso, quale jam fuisse sub Phaetonte dicitur; vel diluvio aquarum, quale sub Deucalione traditur, cum praeter unum hominem genus omne deletum est. Quod diluvium si casu accidit, profecto potuit accidere, ut et unus ille, qui superfuit, interiret. Si autem divinae providentiae nutu, quod negari non potest, ad reparandos homines reservatus est, apparet in Dei potestate esse, vel vitam, vel interitum generis humani. Quod si potest occidere in totum, quia per partes occidit, apparet aliquando esse ortum; et ut fragilitas initium, sic declarat et terminum. Quae si vera sunt, non poterit defendere Aristoteles, quominus habuerit et mundus ipse principium. Quod si Aristoteli 0316B Plato et Epicurus extorquent, et Platoni et Aristoteli, qui semper fore mundum putaverunt, licet sint eloquentes, ingratis tamen idem Epicurus eripiet, quia sequitur, ut habeat et finem. Sed haec in ultimo libro pluribus. Nunc ad hominis originem recurramus.