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it will suffice. For it is impossible to go into all details with exactness, since, as the city belongs to the emperor, it is necessary that every account of it fall short. 4.1.28 Furthermore, having rebuilt the entire fortress of Bederiana, he made it much more secure. And there was a certain ancient city in Dardania, which was named Ulpiana. 4.1.29 Tearing down most of its circuit-wall (for it was exceedingly precarious and altogether useless), and having made for it very many other embellishments, and having transformed it into its present good order, he renamed it Justiniana 4.1.30 Secunda. For the Latins call the second "secunda." And he built another city near it which had not existed before, which he called Justinopolis, giving it the same name as his uncle. 4.1.31 But also finding the walls of Sardica and Naissopolis, and furthermore of Germaë and Pantaleia, broken down by time, and having rebuilt them with 4.1.32 security, he rendered them impregnable to the enemy. And he built three small towns between these, namely Cratiscara and Quimedaba and Rumisiana. Thus then did he raise up these 4.1.33 cities from their foundations. And wishing to make the Ister river a very strong bulwark both for them and for all of Europe, he surrounded the river bank with numerous forts, as will be written by me not much later, and he placed garrisons of soldiers everywhere along the coast, to check the crossing most securely for the barbarians in that region. 4.1.34 But even when these things had been accomplished by him, being suspicious of the fallibility of human hope, and reasoning that if it should be possible for the enemy by any means whatever to cross over, they would attack the fields which were entirely unguarded, and they would enslave all the men of military age, and would plunder all the property, he did not leave their safety to depend only on the common protection in the fortifications along the river, but he also made it a private matter; 4.1.35 thus he constructed the forts in the districts so close together that each field is either fashioned into a fort, or is a neighbor to a walled place, both there and in Epirus, both the new and the so-called old. 4.1.36 And here a city has also been made by him, Justinianopolis, which was formerly called Hadrianopolis. 4.1.37 And he restored Nicopolis and Photice and the city named Phoenice. These two small towns, Photice and Phoenice, lay on the low-lying ground, 4.1.38 being surrounded by waters that stagnate there. Therefore, Emperor Justinian, reasoning that it was impossible to erect circuit-walls for them on a solid foundation, left them in their same configuration, but he built forts for them very near, on high and exceedingly steep ground. 4.1.39 And there was a certain ancient city there, being quite sated with water, and having obtained a name worthy of the nature of the place. 4.1.40 For from of old it was called Euroea. And not far from this Euroea a lake is spread out and an island rises in its middle and a hill stands upon it. 4.1.41 And the lake leaves a gap just so large that a sort of entrance 4.1.42 has been left for the island. There indeed the emperor, having transferred the inhabitants of Euroea, built and walled a very secure city. 4.2.1 And after all of Epirus, for one who passes by Aetolia and Acarnania, the Crisaean gulf follows and the Isthmus and Corinth and the other places of Hellas. There indeed they have been deemed worthy of the greatest foresight from him. 4.2.2 And one might marvel most of all at how many circuit-walls he used to wall the Roman empire. For he took thought for all the other things and not least for the passes at 4.2.3 Thermopylae. First, then, the walls were raised to a great height by him. For if anyone approached, the mountains which rise here were easily captured and not walled, but 4.2.4 seemed to be fenced off. For which indeed he also installed all the 4.2.4 battlements as double. And in the same way it has been accomplished in the fortress, which was here from of old, having been so carelessly made 4.2.5 by the men of old. For he both installed a sufficient height for it and made the ramparts double. 4.2.6

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ἀποχρήσει. ἅπαντα γὰρ ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς λεπτολογεῖσθαι ἀμήχανον, ἐπεὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ προσηκούσης τῆς πόλεως ἐλασσοῦσθαι αὐτῆς ἅπαντα λόγον ἐπάναγκες. 4.1.28 Ἔτι μέντοι καὶ Βεδερίανα τὸ φρούριον ἀνοικοδομησάμενος ὅλον πολλῷ ὀχυρώτερον κατεστήσατο. ἦν δέ τις ἐν ∆αρδάνοις ἐκ παλαιοῦ πόλις, ἥπερ Οὐλπιᾶνα ὠνό4.1.29 μαστο. ταύτης τὸν περίβολον καθελὼν ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον (ἦν γὰρ σφαλερὸς ἐς τὰ μάλιστα καὶ ὅλως ἀχρεῖος) ἄλλα τε αὐτῇ παμπληθῆ ἐγκαλλωπίσματα ποιησάμενος, ἔς τε τὴν νῦν μεταθέμενος εὐκοσμίαν, Σεκοῦνδαν αὐτὴν 4.1.30 Ἰουστινιανὴν ἐπωνόμασε. σεκοῦνδαν γὰρ τὴν δευτέραν Λατῖνοι λέγουσι. καὶ ἄλλην δὲ αὐτῇ πλησίον ἐδείματο πόλιν οὐ πρότερον οὖσαν, ἥνπερ Ἰουστινούπολιν τῷ θείῳ 4.1.31 ὁμωνύμως ἐκάλεσεν. ἀλλὰ καὶ Σαρδικῆς καὶ Ναϊσουπόλεως, ἔτι μέντοι Γερμαῆς τε καὶ Πανταλείας διερρωγότα τῷ χρόνῳ τὰ τείχη εὑρὼν οἰκοδομησάμενός τε ξὺν 4.1.32 τῷ ἀσφαλεῖ ἄμαχα τοῖς πολεμίοις διεπράξατο εἶναι. καὶ πολίχνια δὲ τούτων δὴ μεταξὺ ἐδείματο τρία, Κρατίσκαρά τε καὶ Κουιμέδαβα καὶ Ῥουμισίανα. οὕτω μὲν οὖν τάσδε 4.1.33 τὰς πόλεις ἐκ θεμελίων ἀνέστησε. πρόβολον δὲ ἰσχυρότατον αὐτῶν τε καὶ πάσης Εὐρώπης Ἴστρον ποταμὸν ποιεῖσθαι ἐθέλων, ἐρύμασι τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὴν ἠϊόνα περιβάλλει συχνοῖς, ὥσπερ μοι γεγράψεται οὐ πολλῷ ὕστερον, φυλακτήριά τε στρατιωτῶν πανταχόθι τέθειται τῆς ἀκτῆς, ἀναχαιτίσοντα τὴν διάβασιν βεβαιότατα τοῖς τῇδε 4.1.34 βαρβάροις. ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτων οἱ ἐξειργασμένων, ὑπόπτως ἐς τῆς ἀνθρωπείας ἐλπίδος τὸ σφαλερὸν ἔχων, λογισάμενός τε ὡς εἰ τοῖς πολεμίοις ὅτῳ δή ποτε τρόπῳ διαπορθμεύσασθαι δυνατὰ εἴη, ἐπιθήσονται ἀφυλάκτοις τὸ παράπαν τοῖς ἀγροῖς οὖσι, καὶ ἀνθρώπους μὲν ἐξανδραποδιοῦσιν ἡβηδὸν ἅπαντας, χρήματα δὲ ληΐσονται πάντα, οὐκ ἐπὶ κοινῆς αὐτοῖς μόνον τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν ὀχυρώμασιν ἀπέλιπεν εἶναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἰδίαν 4.1.35 πεποίηται· οὕτω συνεχῆ τὰ ἐρύματα ἐν τοῖς χωρίοις ἀπεργασάμενος ὥστε ἀγρὸς ἕκαστος ἢ φρούριον ἀποτετόρνευται, ἢ τῷ τετειχισμένῳ πρόσοικός ἐστιν, ἐνταῦθά τε κἀν τῇ Ἠπείρῳ τῇ τε νέᾳ καὶ τῇ παλαιᾷ καλουμένῃ. 4.1.36 οὗ δὴ καὶ πόλις αὐτῷ πεποίηται Ἰουστινιανούπολις, ἡ πρότερον Ἀδριανούπολις καλουμένη. 4.1.37 Ἀνενεώσατο δὲ Νικόπολίν τε καὶ Φωτικὴν καὶ τὴν Φοινίκην ὠνομασμένην. αἱ δύο αὗται πολίχναι, ἥ τε Φωτικὴ καὶ ἡ Φοινίκη, ἐν τῷ χθαμαλῷ τῆς γῆς ἔκειντο, 4.1.38 ὕδασι περιρρεόμεναι τῇδε λιμνάζουσι. διὸ δὴ λογισάμενος Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς εἶναι ἀμήχανα ἐπὶ στερρᾶς θεμελίων συνθήκης περιβόλους αὐταῖς ἀναστῆναι, αὐτὰς μὲν ἐπὶ σχήματος τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἴασε, φρούρια δὲ αὐτῶν ἀγχοτάτω ἔν τε ἀνάντει καὶ ἰσχυρῶς ὀρθίῳ ἐδείματο. 4.1.39 ἦν δέ τις ἐνταῦθα πόλις ἀρχαία, ὕδασιν ἐπιεικῶς κατακορὴς οὖσα, ὀνόματός τε τῆς τοῦ χωρίου φύσεως ἀξίου 4.1.40 ἐπιτυχοῦσα. Εὔροια γὰρ ἀνέκαθεν ὠνομάζετο. ταύτης δὲ τῆς Εὐροίας οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν λίμνη κέχυται καὶ νῆσος κατὰ μέσον ἀνέχει καὶ λόφος αὐτῇ ἐπανέστηκε. 4.1.41 διαλείπει δὲ ἡ λίμνη τοσοῦτον, ὅσον τινὰ ἐν εἰσόδου 4.1.42 μοίρᾳ τῇ νήσῳ λελεῖφθαι. ἔνθα δὴ βασιλεὺς τοὺς τῆς Εὐροίας μεταβιβάσας οἰκήτορας, πόλιν ὀχυρωτάτην οἰκοδομησάμενος ἐτειχίσατο. 4.2.1 Μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἤπειρον ὅλην Αἰτωλούς τε καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶνας παραδραμόντι ὅ τε Κρισαῖος ἐκδέχεται κόλπος καὶ ὅ τε Ἰσθμὸς ἥ τε Κόρινθος καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τῆς Ἑλλάδος χωρία. ἔνθα δὴ τῆς παρ' αὐτοῦ τὰ μάλιστα προνοίας 4.2.2 ἠξίωνται. μάλιστα δὲ πάντων θαυμάσειεν ἄν τις ὁπόσοις περιβόλοις ἐτειχίσατο τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχήν. τῶν τε γὰρ ἄλλων προὐνόησε πάντων καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα τῶν ἐν 4.2.3 Θερμοπύλαις ἀνόδων. πρῶτα μὲν οὖν τὰ τείχη ἐς ὕψος αὐτῷ ἀνέστη μέγα. ἦν γάρ, εἴ τις προσίοι, εὐπετῶς ἁλωτὰ καὶ οὐ τετειχισμένα τὰ ὄρη, ἃ ταύτῃ ἀνέχει, ἀλλ' 4.2.4 ἀποτετριγχωμένα ἐδόκει εἶναι. οἷς δὴ καὶ διπλᾶς τὰς 4.2.4 ἐπάλξεις ἐντέθειται πάσας. κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὲ κἀν τῷ φρουρίῳ ἐξείργασται, ὅπερ ἐνταῦθα ἐκ παλαιοῦ ἦν παρέργως 4.2.5 οὕτω πεποιημένον τοῖς πάλαι ἀνθρώποις. διαρκές τε γὰρ αὐτῷ ὕψος ἐντέθεικε καὶ διπλοῦς τοὺς προμαχῶνας 4.2.6 πεποίηται.