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great is the sea; but for the most part, it is natural for things to be referred to another; as a horse is great, and an ox is great (for such things receive the testimony of their greatness not in the excess of their bodily bulk, but in comparison with similar things); how then shall we understand the notion of "great"? Is it as when we call an ant, or some other naturally small thing, "great," testifying to its superiority by comparison with things of the same kind? Or is "great" here meant in the sense that their size is manifest in the proper constitution of the luminaries? I for my part think the latter. For they are not great because they are larger than the smaller stars; but because they are of such a circumference that the light pouring from them is sufficient to illuminate the heaven and the air, and to extend at once over the whole earth and sea. For appearing in every part of the sky, both rising and setting and holding the middle position, they appear of equal size from all places to men, which is a clear proof of their abundant size, in that the breadth of the earth makes no difference to them in appearing larger or smaller. For things that are far away we see as somewhat smaller, but those we approach more, we discover their size more. But to the sun, no one is nearer and no one is farther, but it strikes those inhabiting every part of the earth from an equal distance. A sign of this is that both Indians and Britons see it as the same size. For neither when setting does it diminish in size for those who dwell in the east, nor when rising does it appear smaller to those settled in the west; nor indeed when at the meridian does it differ from its appearance on either side. Do not let its appearance deceive you; nor because it seems a cubit wide to those who see it, should you reckon it to be of that size. For it is natural for the sizes of visible objects to be diminished at the greatest distances, as the power of sight is not able to traverse the intervening space, but is, as it were, expended in the middle, and strikes the visible objects with only a small part of itself. Therefore our sight, becoming small, has caused the things seen to be thought small, transferring its own condition to the visible objects. So sight deceives, an untrustworthy criterion. But recall your own experiences, and from yourself you will have proof of what is being said. If ever from a high mountain peak you have seen a great and level plain, how large did the yokes of oxen appear to you? And how big the plowmen themselves? Did they not give you the impression of ants? And if from a lookout turned toward the great deep you cast your eyes upon the sea, how large did the greatest of the islands seem to you to be? And how large did one of the ten-thousand-burden merchant ships, borne with white sails over the dark blue sea, appear to you? Did it not give you the impression of being smaller than any dove? Because, as I said, the sight, being expended on the air and becoming faint, is not sufficient for the accurate perception of the things seen. Moreover, I suppose, sight says that even the greatest mountains, cut through with deep ravines, are round and smooth, striking only the projections, but being unable through weakness to enter the hollows in between. Thus it does not even preserve the shapes of bodies as they are, but thinks that square towers are round. So it is clear from every side that at the greatest distances it receives not a distinct but a confused image of bodies. Great, therefore, is the luminary, according to the testimony of Scripture, and infinitely greater than it appears. 6.10 Let this also be a clear sign of its size for you. Though the stars in heaven are countless in number, the light contributed by them is not sufficient to dispel the gloom of night. But this one alone, having appeared above the horizon, or rather even while it is still awaited, before it has risen completely over the earth, has made the darkness disappear, has outshone the stars, and has melted and dispersed the air around the earth which was previously fixed and condensed. Whence

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μεγάλη ἡ θάλασσα· τὰ δὲ ὡς τὰ πολλὰ πέφυκε πρὸς ἕτερον ἀναφέ ρεσθαι· ὡς μέγας ὁ ἵππος, καὶ ὁ βοῦς μέγας (οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν τοῦ σώματος ὄγκων, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὰ ὅμοια παραθέσει τὴν μαρτυρίαν τοῦ μεγέθους τὰ τοιαῦτα λαμβάνει)· πῶς τοίνυν τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν ἔννοιαν ἐκδεξόμεθα; Πότερον ὡς τὸν μύρμηκα, ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν φύσει μικρῶν, μέγα προσαγορεύομεν διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὰ ὁμογενῆ σύγκρισιν τὴν ὑπεροχὴν μαρτυροῦντες; ἢ τὸ μέγα νῦν οὕτως, ὡς ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ τῶν φωστήρων κατασκευῇ τοῦ μεγέθους ἐμφαινομένου; Ἐγὼ μὲν οἶμαι τοῦτο. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ μείζους τῶν μικροτέρων ἀστέρων, διὰ τοῦτο μεγάλοι· ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τοσοῦτοι τὴν περιγραφὴν, ὥστε ἐξαρκεῖν τὴν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἀναχεομένην αὐγὴν καὶ οὐρανὸν περιλάμπειν καὶ τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ὁμοῦ πάσῃ τῇ γῇ καὶ τῇ θαλάσσῃ συμπαρεκτείνεσθαι. Οἵ γε κατὰ πᾶν μέρος τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινόμενοι, καὶ ἀνατέλλοντες καὶ δυόμενοι καὶ τὸ μέσον ἐπέχοντες, ἴσοι πανταχόθεν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις προφαίνον ται, ὅπερ ἀπόδειξιν ἔχει σαφῆ τῆς τοῦ μεγέθους περιουσίας, τῷ μηδὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπισημαίνειν τὸ πλάτος τῆς γῆς πρὸς τὸ μείζονας δοκεῖν ἢ ἐλάττονας εἶναι. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ πόρρωθεν ἀφεστῶτα μικρότερά πως ὁρῶμεν, οἷς δ' ἂν μᾶλλον ἐγγίσωμεν, μᾶλλον αὐτῶν τὸ μέγεθος ἐξευρίσκομεν. Τῷ δὲ ἡλίῳ οὐδείς ἐστιν ἐγγυτέρω καὶ οὐδεὶς πορρωτέρω, ἀλλὰ ἀπ' ἴσου τοῦ διαστήματος τοῖς κατὰ πᾶν μέρος τῆς γῆς κατῳκισμένοις προσβάλλει. Σημεῖον δὲ, ὅτι καὶ Ἰνδοὶ καὶ Βρεττανοὶ τὸν ἴσον βλέπουσιν. Οὔτε γὰρ τοῖς τὴν ἑῴαν οἰκοῦσι καταδυόμενος τοῦ μεγέθους ὑφίησιν, οὔτε τοῖς πρὸς δυσμαῖς κατῳκισμένοις ἀνατέλλων ἐλάττων φαίνεται· οὔτε μὴν ἐν τῷ μεσουρανήματι γινόμενος, τῆς ἐφ' ἑκάτερα ὄψεως παραλλάττει. Μὴ ἐξαπατάτω σε τὸ φαινόμενον· μηδ' ὅτι πηχυαῖος τοῖς ὁρῶσι δοκεῖ, τοσοῦτον αὐτὸν εἶναι λογίσῃ. Συναιρεῖσθαι γὰρ πέφυκεν ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις διαστήμασι τὰ μεγέθη τῶν ὁρωμένων, τῆς ὁρατικῆς δυνάμεως οὐκ ἐξικνουμένης τὸν μεταξὺ τόπον διαπερᾶν, ἀλλ' οἱονεὶ ἐνδαπανωμένης τῷ μέσῳ, καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον αὐτῆς μέρος προσβαλλούσης τοῖς ὁρατοῖς. Μικρὰ οὖν ἡ ὄψις ἡμῶν γινομένη, μικρὰ ἐποίησε νομίζεσθαι τὰ ὁρώμενα, τὸ οἰκεῖον πάθος τοῖς ὁρατοῖς ἐπιφέρουσα. Ὥστε ψεύδεται ἡ ὄψις, ἄπιστον τὸ κριτήριον. Ὑπομνήσθητι δὲ τῶν οἰκείων παθῶν, καὶ παρὰ σεαυτοῦ ἕξεις τῶν λεγομένων τὴν πίστιν. Εἴ ποτε ἀπὸ ἀκρωρείας μεγάλης πεδίον εἶδες πολύ τε καὶ ὕπτιον, ἡλίκα μέν σοι τῶν βοῶν κατεφάνη τὰ ζεύγη; πηλίκοι δὲ οἱ ἀροτῆρες αὐτοί; Εἰ μὴ μυρμήκων τινά σοι παρέσχον φαντασίαν; Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ σκοπιᾶς ἐπὶ μέγα πέλαγος τετραμμένης τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰς ὄψεις ἐπέβαλες, ἡλίκαι μέν σοι ἔδοξαν εἶναι τῶν νήσων αἱ μέγισται; πηλίκη δέ σοι κα τεφάνη μία τῶν μυριοφόρων ὁλκάδων λευκοῖς ἱστίοις ὑπὲρ κυανῆς κομιζομένη θαλάσσης; Εἰ μὴ πάσης περιστερᾶς μικροτέραν σοι παρέσχετο τὴν φαντασίαν; ∆ιότι, καθάπερ ἔφην, ἐνδαπανηθεῖσα τῷ ἀέρι ἡ ὄψις, ἐξίτηλος γινομένη, πρὸς τὴν ἀκριβῆ κατάληψιν τῶν ὁρωμένων οὐκ ἐξαρκεῖ. Ἤδη δέ που καὶ τῶν ὀρῶν τὰ μέγιστα βαθείαις φάραγξιν ἐκτετμημένα, περιφερῆ καὶ λεῖα ἡ ὄψις εἶναί φησι, ταῖς ἐξοχαῖς προσβάλλουσα μόναις, ταῖς δὲ μεταξὺ κοιλότησιν ἐμβῆναι δι' ἀτονίαν μὴ δυναμένη. Οὕτως οὐδὲ τὰ σχήματα τῶν σωμάτων ὁποῖά ἐστι διασώζει, ἀλλὰ περιφερεῖς οἴεται εἶναι τοὺς τετραγώνους τῶν πύργων. Ὥστε πανταχόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι ἐν ταῖς μεγίσταις ἀποστάσεσιν οὐκ ἔναρθρον ἀλλὰ συγκεχυμένην τῶν σωμάτων λαμβάνει τὴν εἰκασίαν. Μέγας οὖν ὁ φωστὴρ, κατὰ τὴν τῆς Γραφῆς μαρτυρίαν, καὶ ἀπειροπλασίων τοῦ φαινομένου. 6.10 Κἀκεῖνο δέ σοι ἐναργὲς ἔστω τοῦ μεγέθους σημεῖον. Ἀπείρων ὄντων τῷ πλήθει τῶν κατ' οὐρανὸν ἀστέρων, τὸ παρ' αὐτῶν συνερανιζόμενον φῶς οὐκ ἐξαρκεῖ τῆς νυκτὸς τὴν κατήφειαν διαλῦσαι. Μόνος δὲ οὗτος ὑπερφανεὶς τοῦ ὁρίζοντος, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔτι καὶ προσδοκώμενος, πρὶν καὶ ὑπερσχεῖν ὅλως τῆς γῆς, ἠφάνισε μὲν τὸ σκότος, ὑπερηύγασε δὲ τοὺς ἀστέρας, καὶ πεπηγότα τέως καὶ συμπεπιλημένον τὸν περὶ γῆν ἀέρα κατέτηξε καὶ διέχεεν. Ὅθεν